[8] incan and Mayan Civilizations |. The-arrival of tha Spanish conquistadors in the New World permanently and drastically reshapea ‘the culture and the lives of the indigenous populations, leading to the disappearance of two of the groatest civilizations in the Americas, the inca and the Maya, shortly after the Eurapeans, discovered them. They leit remarkable cities, with few records about the vanished inhabitants, forcing archaoologists fo try to piece togetne” what remains in an attempt to learn tare suout these lost civilizations. 2 me The majonty of the information that has been collected came from the ruins of their cities, wich have withstood the passage of tine sinos thay worked primariy with stone. Yet, whi bath used the same material, they integrated thei cies very diferenty into the. surrounding environment. For tho Inca, thotr sll enabled them to accomplish this almost saamlessly by scuipting nearby objects ‘and incorporating terraces into their cies for use as farms or gardens. In comparison, Mayan urban planning appears almost haphazard, While lacking ne extensive raat! system anc organized layout of the Incans, Mayan cities tended to gow more organically from @ central plaza that ‘contained the most important buildings, such as the royal palaces. temalss, and battcourts, and since thay had devatoped a moter from crushas limastone, they didn't noad to spend the same jemoun| of ime hewing siones that woukd perfectly complement aach other. 2 mb This laste coivedaration of bulldings was Somewhat indiéative| oF Mayan jgowemnance. Each city, with fs surrounding area, vas headed by tts own supreme hereditary les wha wars the {Ocal point, and as a result, the Mayan ompire wasn't a unified nation, but was comprised of disparate city-states that were bound by a similar culture, The Incas, however, had one ruler, known as the Sapa Inca, or, unique Inca, whe had to be the direct descandant of the original inca tibe and hed absolute power over the entire region, which was broken up into four ragions, with each controlled by a gowamor who in tun oversaw local officials. The hierarchal provinces were also unique i that there were. separate chains of command for the religious and miliary branches of ‘government that effectively acted as 2 system of checks and balances. The Sape ines wasabi fo exert his iAfluence over the region, since there was'a highly-developed road network that enabled messengers Swift passage to the far-fung Teaches of the kingriom. 4 Despite nat having this courier network, the Mava had one Imifeasurable advantage, which many tasaarchers believe to be tha reason why ihe Mayan Fimpire lasted for aver a thousand years, whoroas the Incas lasted for less than two hundred, The Meyans had developed a format wating system, which, while often compared to Egypttan hieroglyahics, was more phonetically based and enabled them to transmit and store vast amounts of information. MWhile over 1,000 cfferent abpphs nave been discovered, it seems thet ro more then SOD were used at any one time and that 200 of those. hac:@ phonetic interpretation, as opposet to the others which were logogeaphic. BWhile much of the language that has hoon reconsirueted has come from works inscrited in stone oF pottery, the Mayans also were known 0 use the baik of tees fe form codices, called primitive books, which unfortunately all were nearty destroyed by Spenish priests. mThere has bean some racent work by linguists whe claim that the Incan quipus, strings of colored knotted cords, could have been used to convey massages, but this view is not widely accepiad since all ‘evidence seems to suggest that massengers ware used to relay all of the information, and proponents have yet fo develop any means to translate them. 40 | ONE RB. Sey wwe, golteckers.com\m spite of tholesirrilar locations and evertapping time frames, the Meyane and incane established vest different cultures, both of which were matked by some of the most speciacular buildings in. pre-Columbian America, Unfortunately, their destruction at the hands of the Spanish resulted in the less of more than just theit relics, but the loss of two. great civikzations. 4. The word "wifista3d" in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) forged (8) deopenod (0) rosistedt (©) appreisoc 2, According to paragraph 2, the reason paris ofthe incan and Mayarr cities survived was (A) the preservation work done by modem arshanclogists {B) a high degree of ski with which the siractures were buit (C) tha imprassive lavet of integration with their surroundings: (0) the durability of the material which they were constructed fram Paragraph 2is marked with an ateow (abl. 3. The word ‘tidptiazait” in the passage is closest in meaning to. (®) valorous {8) unplanned (©) simpiistic (D) makestutt 4. Which of the following can be inferred about the building practices of the Ineans in paragraph 2? (A) They carved stone blocks that world mateh each other. (B} They wore mere cancerrad with the function than the appearance. (G) They showed @ great deat of vatlty trom city to cy, {D) They only worked with materia! that was focelly avaliable. Paragreph 2 is marked wih an arrow fm 5. What does the author mean by “This (apse cinfederation of billdinigs Was Sdinewhat ‘Piicative oF Mayan governanée” In paragraph 3? (A) The permanence of the structures was alsa reflected! in the society. (6) The manner Mayans governed affected the style in the building construction. {C) The Mayan government played a significant role in the construction of bulicings. (0) The manner of building pisnning was sinfar to the organization of the governmant, Paragraph 3:is marked with an arrow {wb}. ghost Tst | 418 10, ‘The word "disparate" in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) united @) diferent (©) intimate, (D) competes Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential infomation in the highlights sentence in the passage? Incerrect shaices change the maaning in important ways er lear ‘ut essential inforenation. (A) In an effor to tighter his reign, the inean King davisad a complioaina systam at reads love quick travol. (@) Because of tne road system by which messages could traverse the realm, the Ince King could maintain controi. (€) The Incan King created the advanced collection of ross to assure that couriers cou {travel throughout tne domain, (O) Messengers that utliized the roact network could carry the commands of the Inean Kit toa distance. ‘can be inferred trom the passaga that a wrting systom (8) usually develope trom a pictorial based systom (8) needs to be phonetically based to be effective (©) ts essentia! to establish a goverrmentsystem (0) helps to ensure the longterm stabilty of a culture Which of the fellowing is NOT mentioned as a mecium used for writing by the Mayans? (A) Outer tayers of trees: (®) Pisces of dried ctay {C) Sections ef rope (©) Fragments of stone ‘The word "immgasutabie" in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) patnetie (B) apprehensive (C) vast (0) tii 42 | SOK MS HREM BE wwe. gotackers.com1 12 Loak at the four squares (mi that indicate where the fotowing sentence could be added to the passage. Current research has been using computers to analyze the knots to search for patterns. Where would the sentence bast fit? Click on. square {€]to add the sentence to the passage. Directions: Select the aopronriate phrases from the. answer choices and match them to the type of civilization they represent, This question ie worth 4 points. Diag your answer chotes tothe ssaces where tay Belang, To remove en answer cholce, cick ont. To review the passane. click on View Text. eee (A) Want through sovera! intetna! wars ‘over the right of suocession {©} Created towns that bagan to aproad from the central square (C) Devised an advanced system of thoroughfares on all sides (©) Had an autocratic monarch wh held absolute authority over the country (©) Created a conerate tke matertatfreen pulverized rocks which is put between bricks (F) Existed for less than two centuries (@) Hada complex system of transiting information using symbols (H) Could tend oif the Spanish conquerors for the first few centuries | () Made oftsets in the hilis for the purpose of cultivating the soi The near The Mayan ee arpa “ti # p20S 22 EOS RE Ape Rate Se ee aa “GEDA BR A RE MLA BEEN! BH MACH. ChampStudy com) aN, ALE Sings est | 43Diagnostic Paton is Directions You have 20 minutes to pian and write your response. Your response wil be fudged on ‘the basis of the qually of your wring ard on haw well your response presents the points inthe feoture ‘and the relationship to the reading passage. Typically an effective response will be 1500 225 words. Dogs ere domesticated animols that have a special and unique bond with humans, which is why they ne often referred to-as “man’s best friend.” There has always been a great deal of interest in the domestication of dogs, and after years of research on the topic, it is now undeystood how, | where and when dogs hecame damesticated. Dogs evolved from wolves that were triined oy humans as hunting companions, It is believed ‘thak ancient people took in orphaned wolf pups and then trained thems to assist with hunting. Qver many generations, these. wolves developed domesticated traits. such as loyslty and friendliness ‘toward humans. As this process: continsed, the wolves were gradually absorbed inzo human ‘comnmities, eventually becoming clogs in. their current forms. ‘Scientists have: also discovered that dogs wore domesticated approximately 16,000 years ago. To find out when domestication occurred, researchers measured the differences in DNA among, ‘modem dogs and calculated the rate at which dog DNA mutates. Using thase values, they were able to determine the length of time dogs have heen evolving from their first ancestor. This dates the eatliest dops to abont 16,000 yearsago. Finally, compelling evidence proves dogs wer domesticated in China and then spread to other areas arounel the world. Experts pinpointed the location of the earliest dags oy comparing genetic information from present-day dogs worldwide. The data showed that the highest genetic diversity ‘exists in dogs fiom a region of southem China. Because species tend to have the highest levels of genetic variation in their places of origin, it appears slags first emerged in China, Now listen ts part of a Lecture or the topic you just read about. @) Track t Bes Case AB) FREE SS womgobacherscom‘Question Summarize the polnis made in the lecture, being sure 0 explain how they oppose the: ‘spezific poinis made in the reading passage.Diagnostic petal eel a Directions lead the question betow. You have 20 minutos to plan, wi, and revise your essey. ‘Typivally, an effective response will contain & minimum of 300 words, ‘Question Do you agree or disagree wih the folowing statement? Movies tell alot about a country. ‘Use spocife reasons arid axamplos io support your answerwands + REDH RR Ha BEM BAALRtaciecpanaconle ABEL Diagnostic Test « 97 Eanes Ra eS