Via Wu months | ater N | TA J a The A “4 Your essential guide to understanding and speaking Germanhugo in 3 MONTHS GERMAN Sigrid-B. Martin A DORLING KINDERSLEY BOOKLONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, MELBOURNE, AND DELHI This edition first published in Great Britain in 2003 by Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL. Penguin Group (UK) First published in Great Britain by Hugo's Language Books Limited, 1990 24681097531 001 - HD033 - Sept/11 Copyright © 1990, 2003 Dorling Kindersley Limited All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. ACIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-4053-9160-3 Hugo German in Three Months is also available in a pack with three CDs, ISBN 978-1-4053-9156-6 001 — HDO18 — Sept/11 Written by Sigrid-B. Martin Lecturer in German School of European Culture and Languages University of Kent at Canterbury Printed and bound by Starlight Development International Ltd. Discover more at [Link] a Preface Hugo German in Three Months has been written for us by Sigrid Martin, whose experience in teaching her native tongue ranges from beginners to post-graduate level. She has drawn on this expertise to produce a simple yet complete course for students aiming to acquire a good working knowledge of the language in a short time, and who will probably be studying alone at home. The book begins with an explanation of German. pronunciation, as far as this is possible without going too deeply into all the nuances and varying sounds involved. If you are working without a teacher, you should find that our system of ‘imitated pronunciation’ simplifies matters considerably. Using the book together with our CDs (allowing you to hear the German text at the same time that you read it) is an ideal combination, giving another dimension to the course. The rest of the course is divided into 13 parts, each of which should take roughly a week to complete. It has always been a principle of the Hugo method to teach only what is really essential for a firm grasp of practical, up-to-date German; the sections contain those rules of grammar that will be of most use in this respect. Constructions are clearly explained, and the order in which everything is presented takes into consideration the need for rapid progress. Week 1 concentrates on pronunciation. Weeks 2-13 include exercises and conversations; later in the course you will move on to the use of idiom and colloquialisms, necessary for a thorough grasp of conversational German. The reading passages following Week 13 provide an introduction to written German, to prepare you for reading German books and magazines. Answers to the exercises, and a full vocabulary list, appear at the back of the book. Ideally you should spend about an hour a day on your work (slightly less, maybe, if you do not have the CDs), although there is no hard-and-fast rule on this. Do as much as you feel capable of doing; if you have no special aptitude for language-learning, there is no point in PREFACEforcing yourself beyond your daily capacity to assimilate new material. It is much better to learn a little at a time, and to learn that thoroughly. When studying each week’s lesson, first read each numbered section carefully and reread it to ensure that you have fully understood the grammar, then work through any following exercise(s) as they occur by writing down the answers. Check these by referring to the key at the back of the book; if you have made too many mistakes, go back over the instruction before attempting the same questions again. The conversational exercises and conversations should be read aloud and their constructions carefully noted. If you have the CDs, you should listen to these at the same time as you read. Listen also to the spoken German of each exercise, both before you complete the written work and again as you check the answers. After you have listened to the conversations and read them aloud, see how closely you can imitate the voices on the recording. It is best to keep your own running list of new words; this way, you will remember them better. When you think you have completed a section satisfactorily (alternatively, just before your daily study period is over), go back over what you have recently done, to ensure that it is firmly committed to memory. When the course is completed, you should have a very good understanding of the language — more than sufficient for general holiday or business purposes, and enough to lead quickly into an examination syllabus if this is your eventual aim. If time allows, you can experiment with what you have learned — and consolidate your learning — by tackling the passages in the Reading Practice section, most of which are typical examples of popular journalism. Each passage focuses on the new material covered by two chapters and should only be attempted after these have been completed. Do not make a written English translation but, at most, take a few notes and from these attempt GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS. to re-tell the contents (to yourself, to a teacher, or to someone learning with you) to check that you have grasped and can convey the sense of the passage. Any vocabulary not found in the German-English Mini- dictionary, which covers only the lessons themselves, is given below the passage concerned. We hope you will enjoy Hugo German in Three Months, and we wish you success with your studies. If you would like to continue studying German, our Advanced German Course will develop and extend your fluency in both spoken and written German and contains reading passages from authentic sources, lively exercises, vocabulary lists and essential grammar notes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank especially her husband John Martin, for many years Director of the Institute of Languages and Linguistics in the University of Kent at Canterbury, without whose help she could never have written Hugo German in Three Months. Thanks also to Naomi Laredo whose expert editing and calming influence in times of stress ensured that the text remained ‘on course’, and to those others who gave their encouragement and made comments on various drafts of this book. PREFACEContents Week io: Speaking German The alphabet and spelling Spelling and pronunciation Vowels Consonants The hiatus or stop Stressed syllables Punctuation Week 2 25. Word endings and word order Greetings, everyday phrases ‘the’ and gender Plural of ‘the’ Plural of nouns Exercises and vocabulary Week 3 32 ‘the’ and case Pronouns; ‘Il, me, we, us’, etc Useful verbs: ‘to be’, ‘to have’ and ‘to make’ Exercises, vocabulary & conversation Week 4 39 ‘a/an’ and gender Numbers Prices The indirect object case Verbs using the indirect object case Exercises, vocabulary & conversation GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS Wea kab mictisiscnsiiste 53. Asking questions Negative sentences Instructions and requests Adjectives and adverbs Exercises, vocabulary & conversation Week 6 67 Prepositions; in, by, of, etc The expression ‘es gibt’ (‘there is/there are’) Exercises, vocabulary & conversation Week Z 76 Words following the same pattern as ‘der’, ‘die’, ‘das’ My, your, his, her, etc Adjectives before nouns Ordinal numbers, fractions Conversation between friends Word order Exercises, vocabulary & conversation Week 8 90 More on word order Auxiliary verbs: will, can, must, may, etc Using auxiliary verbs Conversation Measurements and quantities The expressions ‘es ist’ and ‘es sind’ (‘there is/are’) Verbs expressing location How to say ‘put’ More about prepositions Exercises and vocabulary Week 9 107 More about ‘der, ‘die’, ‘das’ Verbs: the present tense Irregular verbs The pre-present The ‘ge_(e)t’ form Time expressions, seasons, months, dates, time of day, etc The expression ‘nicht wahr?" Exercises, vocabulary & conversation Week 10 133. The possessor case Prepositions taking the possessor case Irregular masculine nouns Using Type II verbs ‘Zu’ plus the infinitive Expressing purpose More useful expressions The obverse process (passive) More on the pre-present Introducing the past tense Exercises, vocabulary & conversation Week 155 Quantifiers and identifiers Making adjectives into nouns: Attached sentences Joiners affecting word order Reflexive pronouns Reflexive verbs Exercises, vocabulary & conversation Week 2 179 More on the past tense Verbs that change stem in the past tense The pre-past (‘I had been’) The oblique past tense The conditional: ‘if, sentences More about the obverse process Affective words Exercises, vocabulary & conversation Week 3 199 Translating the English ‘-ing’ form (‘by doing’ ‘in spite of doing’) Line-of-thought pointers Conversation between intimates Attached sentences with two “en! forms Impersonal expressions The oblique present tense Reported speech Word order in reported speech Enclosed attached sentences Exercises, vocabulary & conversation CONTENTSReading practice 223 Key to exercises 246 Hier geht es um die Wurst ou cee te London auf die Schnelle Mini-dictionary __253 Wein ist im Kommen German-English Versteigerung bei der Lufthansa Leistungstest fiir deutsche Schulen Dimebag cio “enc “tel n'a Jeder vierte Deutsche ist Allergiker Die Sucht nach dem Handy Erdbeeren: hoher Gesundheitswert GréReres Drogen-Risiko Reizende Leute Was Manner abtérnt Autoklau nahm deutlich ab Unruhestand: jeder elfte Rentner geht zur Arbeit Turkei diskriminiert Deutsche GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS Week the German alphabet and spelling pronunciation and its relation to the written language the hiatus or stop where the stress falls in German words German use of punctuation HEM SPEAKING GERMAN Although there are a few sounds in German which will be unfamiliar to you as a native speaker of English, on the whole English speakers find German easier to pronounce than French. Since the main thing is to be understood, don’t worry if your pronunciation is less than perfect; to correct it, keep listening and practising, particularly with the CDs, which are an optional extra to this course. Some concepts introduced here will seem strange at first, but as you work through the course they will become familiar. You will find it worthwhile to refer back to Week 1 at frequent intervals for practice and revision. THE ALPHABET AND SPELLING 1 The German alphabet contains all the 26 letters of the English alphabet. In addition, three of the vowel letters appear in the form a/A, 6/6, w/U, which represent entirely different sounds from the same letters without the ‘umlaut’ symbol (~) above. 2 Note that double ss must be written & (which never starts a word and occurs only as a small letter) when the preceding sound is either a long vowel (see section 4A) or a vowel combination (see section 4B): Kuss but Gru& floss but FloB blass but fraB and Flei& Strau8& au8ern WEEK 110 3 All nouns, not just names, begin with capital letters. The pronoun Sie, the formal word for ‘you’ (see section 15), and related words (e.g. Ihr ‘your’) always begin with capitals. On the other hand, the first person singular pronoun (‘I’) starts with a small letter (ich). 4 Here are the letters of the alphabet with their names given in our imitated pronunciation, which is explained in the following sections. These are the names used when spelling out words. A ah J yot S es B_ beh K_ kah mn teh C tseh L- el U 00 D deh M em Vv fow EB; sebi N en W veh Be cet O oh X iks G geh Eapehy Y= uepsillon H hah Q koo Z_ tset I ee R_eer BEI SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION There is a greater consistency between spelling and pronunciation in German than in English. However, some letters are pronounced differently from the same letters in English, and some letters appear in unfamiliar combinations, so we need to mention these before looking at the sounds of German in detail. Try to say each of the examples in this section and in sections 4, 5, 6, and 7 aloud, preferably with the aid of the CDs. Note that no English meanings are given for the examples in this first week of the course. We want you to concentrate on the sounds of the words, so resist the temptation to worry about meaning for the moment The following letters are pronounced differently from their English counterparts, or are subject to different rules of pronunciation depending on their position: GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS. {sl}, Imitated pronunciation b [bP d [dj], [t] 8 [gl [k] (h}, [kl c iy q [2] At the start of words and syllables pronounced as in English. At the end of words and syllables (standing either alone or in a cluster of consonants of which they may not be the last) these letters MUST be pronounced as p, t, and k (or ch) respectively: this means that habt rhymes with klappt; that wird sounds exactly the same as Wirt, Rad like Rat; that Erd6l is spoken Ert-6l; and that folg could sound like Volk, Krieg like kriech. (All these words actually exist and some are therefore ‘homophones’: words spelt differently but sounding alike.) ls used constantly in the combinations ch and ck but is rarely found on its own except in foreign words. ls almost always spoken as English y at the start of a word (yet, yonder), thus Junge, Jammer. Is always, as in English, in combination with u, but the combination is spoken differently, like English k + v in rapid succession, thus quer, Quatsch, Qualitat. Like the English s, it is pronounced in two different ways: like the s in ‘sits’ and ‘its’, and like the z sound in ‘busy’ and ‘is’. However, distribution of the two types of s in German is exactly opposite to that in English. Whereas in English the s-sounding s occurs at the start of words (and syllables) and the z-sounding s is usually found at the end, German s. WEEK 1 aa12 [sh] th [t] tion [tsiohn] v ff] is always pronounced like z at the start of words (except in the combinations sp and st, see below), and like s at the end of words and syllables: like z: sein, Symbol, Absicht (Ab|sicht), Fiirsorge (Fiir|sorge), Rose (Ro|se), Riese (Rie|se) like s: Gast, langst, Wespe (Wes|pe), Muster (Muslter), meins, meines (mei|nes) Words containing both sounds: siiB, seins, seines (sei|nes), dieses (die|ses) s in the combinations sp and st at the start of words and syllables is pronounced like English ‘sh’: Speck, spat, spiilen, gespannt (ge|spannt), Stamm, sterben, Strecke, steigen, erstaunt (er|staunt), verstimmt (ver|stimmt), Anstand (An|stand). Is never like ‘th’ in ‘this’ or ‘thing’, but pronounced simply as t/t. Found only in words of foreign origin, for example: Apotheke, Hypothek, Thymian, These. Found only in the many ‘imported’ words ending in -tion, thus: Station, Aktion, Funktion, Tradition. Is almost always like English f in ‘from’: Vater, von, Verlag, bevor. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS w [v] Is like English v in ‘very’, for example: was, Wein, Weg, Wirt. y [ue] |s not like the English y in either ‘yet’ or ‘very’, but is pronounced like the German (short) vowel ii (see section 4), thus: System, sympatisch. z [ts] Is NEVER like the English z as in ‘hazard’, but like t + s spoken in rapid succession, almost simultaneously, often with no more than a trace of the t. Something similar is found in the usual English pronunciation of the name ‘Mozart’, though z can also start a word, where the sound seems very odd to speakers of English: Zeit, zu, Zinsen, Zange, Zorn, zusammen, beizeiten, inzwischen (in|zwischen), Weizen (weilzen), Schnauze (Schnau|ze), Konzert, Winzer, Geiz, Sitz, Franz, Holz, Harz, Lenz. The appearance of consonants in unfamiliar groups, or in unfamiliar places in words, can make a written foreign language difficult for the eye to grasp. The following combinations contain only sounds that the English speaker can easily pronounce, so it is well worthwhile getting used to seeing the combinations as ‘blocks’ for which the right pronunciation is ready to hand. dsch [dj] Like the j in ‘jump’. Quite rare and only used for some foreign words: Dschungel, Dschihad, Dschunke. gd [kt} Pronounced ‘kt’, like the end of ‘flicked’. Rare, but the first example given is much used: Jagd, Magd. WEEK 1 1314 hd, hl(t), Ignore the h, which merely shows that hm(t), hn(t), the preceding vowel is pronounced long hr(t), ht (see section 4). Similarly ignore h between vowels, except in compounds: Fehde, Mehl, wahlt, lahm, rahmt, kiithn, wohnt, wahr, lehrt, weht; sehen, ruhen BUT Seehafen (See|hafen), bleihaltig (blei|haltig). ng There is no g sound in this combination when it occurs between vowels, so care is needed with words like Anger, Finger, Hunger. pf This can come at the beginning or end of words and syllables; p + f are spoken in rapid succession, almost simultaneously, often with no more than a trace of the p: Pfeil, Pferd, Pfund, Dampfer, impfen, Kupfer, Sumpf, Krampf, glimpflich. sch, schl, sch is like ‘sh’ in ‘shut’, ‘wish’. While sch schm, schn, can start or end words and syllables, schr, schw — combinations with the further consonant letter can only start them: Schande, Rausch, Schlampe, schmelzen, Schnauze, Schraube, schwitzen. tsch [ch] This is like ‘(t)ch’ in ‘chap’, ‘much’, ‘match’. It is found less at the start than in the middle or at the end of words: tschiis, Tscheche, Matsch, futsch, Deutschland, Rutsch. tz [ts] This only occurs in the middle or at the end of words. It is like the ‘ts’ in ‘gets’, or like German z: pl6tzlich, platzen, sitzen, Fritz, Gesetz. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS, zw Itsvl This is like t + s + v spoken in rapid succession and occurs only at the start of words and syllables: Zwang, bezwingen (be|zwingen), Zwerg, zwei, inzwischen (in|zwischen), Zweck. VOWELS AND VOWEL COMBINATIONS Though there are only eight vowel letters in German (the five of the English alphabet, plus 4, 6, ii), there are potentially 16, in practice 15, vowel sounds, because each vowel letter has two pronunciations, a long and a short one. It is vital to note and produce this distinction, as the long-short contrast is accompanied by a difference in the nature of the sound. The spelling is sometimes an aid to knowing whether a vowel is long or short: A vowel is long if: the vowel letter is doubled: Beet, Saat, Boot the vowel letter is followed by h: Bahn, Huhn, Lohn the vowel i is followed by e: fies, mies, Grie& the vowel letter is followed by B: MaB&, blo&, MuBe, FiiRe, BléBe, MaBe. A vowel is short if: the vowel letter is followed by a doubled consonant letter or by ck: Hiitte, Affe, Zweck the vowel letter is followed by ss: blass, Ross, muss the vowel letter is followed by ng: Rang, jung, ging. All the following vowel descriptions in terms of English sounds are, of course, only approximations and no. substitute for genuine models of pronunciation. One general, though impressionistic, guideline to help you to WEEK 1 15)16 know what to aim at in the vowels is a greater tenseness and energy than with those of English. Avoid at all costs substituting English vowel glides, where the nature of the vowel sound changes progressively (as in standard southern English ‘lane’ and ‘home’), for any of the German single-sound vowels. It is for this reason that we use northern English vowels as benchmarks, especially for the German long vowels. Northern English vowels tend to have more of a single-sound quality than do those of standard southern English. 1 Vowels longa [ah] shorta [ah] longe — [eh] shorte [e] long i(e) [ee] shorti [i] longo [oh] Long a as the vowel in northern English ‘father’, ‘barn’. Short a as in northern English ‘fat’, ‘track’. Bahn/Bann, Kahn/kann, Wahn/wann, kam/Kamm, mahn/Mann, Saat/satt Long e as the vowel in northern English ‘lane’, ‘drape’. Short e as in standard southern English ‘get’, ‘crept’. Beet/Bett, wen/wenn, den/denn, hehl/hell, fehl/Fell, gehl/gell Long i(e) as the vowel in northern English ‘keen’, ‘lean’. Short i as in standard southern English ‘fit’, ‘clip’. ihm/im, schief/Schiff, Stil/still, rief/Riff, siech/sich, mies/miss Long o as the vowel in northern English ‘home’, ‘bone’. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS short 0 longu short u long a short 4 long 6 short 6 long tt short ti [o] [oo] [oo] le] fe] [oe] [oe] Short o as in standard southern English ‘shot’, ‘crop’. Hof/hoff, Ofen/offen, wohne/Wonne, Wohle/Wolle Long u as the vowel in northern English ‘moon’, ‘doom’. Short u as the vowel in standard southern English ‘put’, ‘foot’. Pute/Putte, Ruhm/Rum, Kruke/Krucke, Mus/muss Long 4 similar to northern English vowel in ‘lane’, but more open in the direction of the vowel in standard southern English ‘leg’. Short & exactly like short German e. kame/Kamme, stahle/Stalle, Pfahle/Falle, wahle/Walle For long 6 say German long e while rounding and protruding the lips. For short 6 say German short e while rounding and protruding the lips. Both are similar to the tight, pursed vowel of French ‘oeuf. HGhle/HGlle, Fl6Be/flésse For long ti say German long i(e) while rounding and protruding the lips. For short ti say German short i while rounding and protruding the lips. Both are similar to the tight, pursed vowel in French ‘tu’, ‘une’. Wiiste/wiisste, Hiite/Hiitte, fiihlen/fiillen, fiihrst/Fiirst WEEK 1 1718 2 Vowel combinations or glides Vowel combinations are always pronounced long. All three glides resemble sounds from standard southern English, but they will sound much more German if you move your tongue (and jaw) more dramatically than for the matching English sounds. ai/ei au au/eu [e] ly] [ow] [oy] Similar to the standard southern English glide in ‘bribe’, ‘guide’: Hain, Mai, Kai, wei8, Kleid, weich. Similar to the standard southern English glide in ‘cow’, ‘mouth’: Raum, Zaun, Maul, Haus, Haut, Raub. Similar to the standard southern English glide in ‘void’, ‘annoy’: hauft, lauft, Siume, deutet, freut, neun. Unstressed syllables containing e or er Unstressed syllables containing the vowel letter e require a sound similar to that in English ‘property’, ‘relative’, ‘anemone’, ‘Saturday’, but with a trace more of the short e described above: Befund, Gericht, waagerecht, Hilferuf. The same sound is required if the e ends a word; the final sound of English ‘never’, ‘weather’ is not quite right, because the jaw drops further, resulting in a sound closer to unstressed ‘er’: Hilfe, welche, Menge, ihre. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS. Much the same sound is required if the e is followed by a consonant (other than r}: Hallenbad, Spiegelei, Dankesbrief, deutet. [er] Unstressed syllables containing the letters er require a sound similar to that in standard southern English ‘hut’, ‘clutch’; the r is NOT pronounced in this particular context: Wiederkehr, Kinderwagen, Messerkante, besser, heller, ihrer. The same sound, only lengthened, is required if the er is followed by n. Again the r is not pronounced: gestern, Briidern, andernfalls, kentern. The distinction between e and er, between en and ern, is essential, since understanding correctly and being correctly understood depend on it. The following pairs show the contrast: Ehe/eher, Feste/fester, Silbe/Silber, Giite/Giiter, Lehren/Lehrern, wischen/Wischern, Waschen/Waschern. CONSONANTS You saw in section 3 that most of the consonants are straightforward for the English-speaking learner. The only three consonants that present any difficulty are: ch, 1 andr. ch Although always using the same letters, this has two radically different versions, neither found in English: (i) [A] After e, ei, eu, i, ie, 4, au, ii, and after consonants: The best way to achieve the WEEK 1 1920 sound required is to whisper very forcefully words like ‘Hugo’, ‘human’, and then to use the initial sound of the h for German ch: Blech, Reich, Seuche, mich, riechen, Bache, Bauche, Kiiche, Storch, Dolch, durch. The same sound is used in three common words of foreign origin, Chemie, China, Chirurg, and at the start of the diminutive ending -chen (‘little ..."), no matter what precedes: Madchen, Riemchen, Hauschen, Kiisschen, Glaschen, Frauchen. It is also a common pronunciation of the consonant letter g, either alone or with other consonants, when at the end of a word or syllable following any of the vowel and vowel-glide sounds listed above. It is thus an alternative to the pronunciation of such g's as k's (see section 3): wichtig, grantig, Predigt, liegst, Zweig, giitig. (ii) [k] After a, au, 0, u: This is similar to the Scottish Pronunciation of ‘ch’ in ‘loch’, ‘Pitlochry’, and is made by tensing the back of the throat while forcing plenty of breath through it: auch, Bach, Suche, Loch, brauchen, Sucht, machen. The same sound is also a very common Pronunciation of the consonant letter g, either alone or with other consonants, when at the end of a word or syllable following any of the vowel and GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS vowel-glide sounds listed above. It is thus another alternative to pronunciation of such g's as k's (see section 3): Zug, wagt, mag, saugt, klug, flog, Sog, fragt. Each English speaker has a range of pronunciations of | according to its position in a word and the sounds that surround it. German I, however, whatever its environment, is restricted to one type only. The closest parallels in standard southern English are the | sounds in ‘clean’, ‘leek’, ‘language’ (though even these are not totally right), whereas those in ‘vault’, ‘feel’, ‘Oliver’, ‘culvert’, ‘apple’ are very different from the German sound. Consequently it is the German I in such positions as these that needs the most care and practice: lieb, leben, lang, laut, Leute; Klippe, Klang, Flamme, klug, Flucht; goldig, Walzer, alter, albern, ulkig; belebt, Brille, Rolle, véllig; fallig; Esel, fiihl, voll, wohl, Stahl; wedelt, wahlt, Silber, Felder, Helm. The r sound, if pronounced at all, is best made at the back of the throat in the same place as ch (ii), but with much less breath force. No r sound found in standard southern English is really satisfactory. r must be pronounced as a consonant: alone at the start of a word: Rand, rund, Rasen, Riese after another consonant at the start of a word: Frau, griin, Gras, Gru& WEEK 1 2122 between vowels or vowel glides in the middle of words: Beere, Fahre, Karre, miirrisch, waren. r is not pronounced as a consonant but merely affects the preceding vowel sound, often lengthening it or turning it into a sort of vowel glide alone at the end of a word or syllable: besser, woher, war, klar, Herr, Meer, mehr, fror, gar, wurde, warte, wiirdig (Narr is an exception needing the consonant sound); before another consonant at the end of a word or syllable: Schwert, Wurst, Herz, warnte, horchte. THE HIATUS OR STOP Whereas in standard southern English the words in a phrase or sentence run into one another, so that a word beginning with a vowel appears to borrow the final consonant of the preceding word as a bridge, German does not allow this. Words beginning with a vowel have to start with the hiatus or ‘stop’. This is not difficult to do — simply clear your throat gently in a whisper — but it is difficult to use. It is required even within a word, when the word is a compound of two or more words or contains a prefix before a vowel. The stop is also required to separate a vowel ending from a vowel beginning. For example: mach * aus, im * Auge, hau * ab, Vor*arbeiter, miss*- achten, ge*einigt, im * Ofen, wiirde * ich * auch Compare the pronunciation of hau * ab with the English ‘How are you?’, and Vor*arbeiter with ‘for ages’. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS. STRESSED SYLLABLES Effective speech depends on copying the speech rhythms and tunes of the phrases and sentences of a language. However, as far as individual words are concerned, in German the stress usually falls on the first syllable, though there are many exceptions. One reliable tule is that whereas all English words starting with ‘un-' are unstressed on that first syllable, such words in German have stress on the un-: ungliicklich, tinerfahren, tinfreundlich, ingeduldig, German creates many compound words out of smaller word-units. In these cases the stress is on the stressed syllable of the first word-unit: kréidewei8, Plattenspieler, Brillenetui, Studéntenwohnheim (kreide|wei8, Platten|spieler, Brillen|etui, Studenten|wohn|heim) Most of the exceptions to first-syllable stress are either words of foreign origin or words containing specifically unstressed first syllables or prefixes (see section 47B): foreign words: kontrollieren, telefonieren, Maschine, Pakét, offiziéll unstressed prefixes: be|spréchen, miss|brduchen, ver|raten, gellingen, er|réten However, some short words in frequent use are also exceptions, while combinations with da- and wo- (see week 8, section 40 and week 11, section 63) are usually not stressed on the da- or wo: jed6éch, sogar, damit, dazu, danében, worduf, inzwischen WEEK 1 2324 In our imitated pronunciation, the stressed syllable is always printed in bold type. Good dictionaries give reliable information about stress and also about the length of vowels. BE PUNCTUATION In some respects, German uses punctuation in a more formal way than English, so it is not possible to relate commas to speech pauses and meaning as in the following two examples: My sister, who hates noise, was sent to a hotel next to a disco. The girl who rang yesterday was a friend of my sister’s. In German, there would have to be commas following ‘girl’ and ‘yesterday’. The punctuation used for quoted speech is different from English usage (see week 13, section 80), and colons are used more often, to introduce short inserts into the middle of sentences, for example. Exclamation marks are also used more frequently than in English. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS. Week greetings and useful everyday phrases word order in a German sentence how the word for ‘the’ (‘der’, ‘die’, ‘das’) varies according to the gender of the noun it refers to and whether it is singular or plural how to form the plurals of nouns WORD ENDINGS AND WORD ORDER 1 Words that in English never vary, like ‘the’ and ‘a/an’, and simple invariable suffixes, like adding ‘s’ or ‘es’ for the plural (‘dog/dogs’, ‘class/classes’), have no single equivalents in German but sets of equivalents. 2 The word order in a German sentence is often different from the word order in English. ‘I can’t find the key because it's too dark’ would be ‘| can the key not find because it too dark is’ or ‘The key can | not find because it too dark is’ in German. These two features mean that you have to think differently to speak, write, and understand German. To help you, we separate 1 and 2, firmly establishing the principles behind 1 and then introducing 2 gradually from Week 7. GREETINGS AND EVERYDAY PHRASES All over Germany the most common greeting during the daytime is Guten Tag! (or, in the morning, Guten Morgen!). In the evening people say Guten Abend! In southern Germany and Austria Grii& Gott! is usual at any time of day. All these are often accompanied by a handshake, even within the family. After the greeting, one person will often add Wie geht’s? or Wie geht’s Ihnen? (‘How are you?’), to which the response is usually Danke, gut, or Gut, danke, or simply Danke. WEEK 2 2526 IMITATED PRONUNCIATION goo-ten tahk; goo-ten moer-gen; goo-ten ah-bent; grues got; vee gehts ee-nen; dahng-ke goot Exercise 1 Practise saying the sentences in this dialogue until you know them by heart. Two hard-up customers at a refreshment kiosk KUNDE Guten Tag! BESITZERIN Guten Tag! Bitte sch6n ...? KUNDE Zwei Coca-Cola und eine Wurst mit Brot, bitte. BESITZERIN Was? Sie wollen zwei Cola aber nur eine Wurst? KUNDE Ja ..., das hei&t, ja und nein. Wie teuer ist eine Wurst? BESITZERIN Nur drei Euro. KUNDE Na gut, dann zwei Cola und zweimal Wurst mit Brot. BESITZERIN Bitte sch6n ... Zehn Euro zusammen. kUNDE Danke schén. Auf Wiedersehen! BEsITZERIN Auf Wiedersehen! Translation CUSTOMER Hello! PROPRIETRESS Hello! Yes please ...? CUSTOMER Two Coca-Colas and one sausage with bread, please. PROPRIETRESS What? You want two Colas but only one sausage? CUSTOMER Yes ..., 1 mean yes and no. How much is a sausage? PROPRIETRESS Only three euros. customer All right, then two Colas and two sausages with bread. PROPRIETRESS Here you are ... Ten euros altogether. customer Thank you. Goodbye! PROPRIETRESS Goodbye! GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS. THE’ AND GENDER German has a total of six words for ‘the’: der, die, das, den, dem, des, so it is best to think of the word as d. . plus a variable ending. The correct ending depends on three factors, one of which is gender. All German nouns (naming words) are either masculine (m.), feminine (f.) or neuter (n.). Most nouns for male/female beings are masculine/feminine respectively, but this is not very useful as a guide. It is best to learn each noun with the appropriate der, die, or das in front of it, as shown in the following sentences: der Junge (m.) ist krank (the boy is ill) so der Junge der Preis (m.) ist hoch (the price is high) so der Preis die Tante (f.) ist freundlich (the aunt is kind) so die Tante die Farbe (f.) ist dunkel (the colour is dark) so die Farbe das Kind (n.) ist nett (the child is nice) so das Kind das Haus (n.) ist alt (the house is old) so das Haus IMITATED PRONUNCIATION deer yoong-e ist krahnk; deer prys; hohk; dee tahn-te; froynt-lit; dee fah-be; doong-kel; dahs kint; net; dahs hows; ahlt WEEK 2 27Exercise 2 Learn the lists of words in A about house and family, saying each word with ‘der’, ‘die’, or ‘das’ in front of it. Then cover up the lists and say the jumbled sequence in B giving each word the correct ‘der’, ‘die’, ‘das’, and checking that you also know the meaning. Finally cover up B as well and say the German words (preceded by ‘der’, ‘die’, or ‘das’) for the jumbled English list in C. (NOTE: We shall not use this type of exercise again, but it is one that you will need to devise for yourself with each new set of words, week by week.) A m. (der n. (das Mann = man/ Frau woman/ | Kind child husband wile Madchen girl Vater father | Mutter mother | Haus house Sohn son Tochter daughter | Zimmer room Bruder brother | Schwester sister Fenster window Wirt landlord | Wirtin landlady | Bett bed Tisch _ table Kiiche kitchen | Wasser —_ water Stuhl chair Tir door Auto car Schrank cupboard | Zeitung newspaper] Buch book Flur hall Uhr clock Messer knife Hund dog Katze cat B Auto, Fenster, Wirt, Uhr, Tochter, Haus, Flur, Messer, Tir, Hund, Kiiche, Katze, Bruder, Mann, Kind, Zeitung, Sohn, Schwester, Stuhl, Buch, Wirtin, Schrank, Frau, Bett, Vater, Zimmer, Mutter, Wasser, Madchen, Tisch c book, knife, sister, door, newspaper, woman, room, landlord, car, table, water, clock, house, window, child, cupboard, girl, cat, kitchen, father, dog, brother, daughter, hall, mother, chair, son, man, landlady, bed GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS, IMITATED PRONUNCIATION: mahn; fah-ter; zohn; broo-der; viert; tish; shtool; shrahnk; flooer; hoont; frow; moo-ter; tokter; shves-ter; vier-tin; kue-he; tueer; tsy-toong; ooer; kaht-se; kint; met-hen; hows; tsi-mer; fens-ter; bet; vah-ser; ow-toh; book; me-ser PLURAL OF ‘THE’ When the noun is in the plural (i.e. refers to more than one), die is always used for ‘the’, regardless of gender: Preise sind hoch prices are high die { Farben sind dunkel the if colours are dark Hauser sind alt houses are old Summary: singular plural m. f. n. m. f.n. der die das die IMITATED PRONUNCIATION deer; dee; dahs; dee PLURAL OF NOUNS You have seen in section 12 that though the plural die is simple, the noun itself has no single way of showing the plural. You must therefore learn each noun not only with der, die, das, but also with its plural. There are a few rough guidelines for emergency use: 1. Feminine nouns usually add -n or -en to the singular: Kiiche> Kiichen but Mutter» Miitter Zeitung Zeitungen Tochter~ Téchter Frau Frauen Wirtin> Wirtinnen WEEK 2 2930 2 Masculine and neuter nouns often add: Fe} Hund Hunde -en Bett Betten -er Kind Kinder and any of these endings may be accompanied by a change in the sound of the following vowels: -a- Mann-> Manner -o- Sohn Séhne -u- Stuhl-> Stiihle -au- Haus» Hauser 3 Some masculine and neuter nouns don't change at all: Zimmer Zimmer Messer Messer 4 With some masculine and neuter nouns the only change is in the vowel sound, which is changed by adding an umlaut: Vater Vater Bruder~ Briider 5 Some words taken from other languages add -s: Auto Autos GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS Exercise 3 A lists the words you learned in Exercise 2, but they are now shown first with the plural abbreviation used in dictionaries* and then in the full plural form. Learn these, then cover up A and try to say the plurals of all the jumbled singular words in B. A Mann (er) Manner | Frau (-en) Frauen Vater (-) Vater Mutter (-) Miitter Sohn (-e) Séhne Tochter (=) Téchter Bruder (=) Briider | Schwester (-n) Schwestern Wirt (-e) Wirte Wirtin (-nen) Wirtinnen Tisch (-e) Tische Kiiche (-n) Kiichen Stuhl (Ze) Stiihle __| Tiir (-en) Tiiren Schrank (“e) Schranke | Zeitung (-en) Zeitungen Flur (-e) Flure Uhr (-en) Uhren Hund (-e) Hunde | Katze (-n) Katzen Kind (-er) Kinder | Bett (-en) Betten Madchen (-) Madchen] Wasser No plural Haus (“er) Hauser | Auto (-s) Autos Zimmer (-) Zimmer | Buch (-er) Biicher Fenster (-) Fenster | Messer (-) Messer *In later word lists and in the Mini-dictionary at the back of this book, the plural of each noun is given by the appropriate abbreviation in brackets. B Auto, Fenster, Wirt, Uhr, Tochter, Haus, Flur, Messer, Tiir, Hund, Ktiche, Katze, Bruder, Mann, Kind, Zeitung, Sohn, Schwester, Stuhl, Buch, Wirtin, Schrank, Frau, Bett, Vater, Zimmer, Mutter, Madchen, Tisch IMITATED PRONUNCIATION me-ner; fe-ter; zoe-ne; brue-der; vier-te; ti-she; shtue-le; shreng-ke; floo-re; hoon-de; frow-en; mue-ter; toeh-ter; shves-tern; vier-ti-nen; kue-hen; tue-ren tsy-toong-en; 00-ren; kaht-sen; kin-der; met-hen; hoy-zer; tsi-mer; fens-ter; be-ten; ow-tohs; bue-her; me-ser WEEK 2 3132 Week the important principle of ‘case’ in the German language more about the German word for ‘the’ the pronouns ‘I’ and ‘me’, ‘we’ and ‘us’, etc the present tense of ‘to be’ (‘sein’) and ‘to have’ (‘haben’) the present tense of verbs which follow a regular pattern ‘THE’ AND CASE You have seen that the choice of der, die, or das is affected by: 1 gender (m,/f/n.) 2 number (singular/plural) The third factor determining the choice is case, which means the function of a noun in the sentence. Compare: A Der Hund ist harmlos. The dog is harmless. B Der Junge liebt den Hund. The boy loves the dog. In A it is the dog that is or does something, while in B it is the boy that is or does something, and the dog has become the thing affected by this. The ‘be-er’ or ‘doer’ is called the ‘subject’ of a sentence, and the thing directly affected is the ‘direct object’. We shall need to use these terms often, so will use the abbreviations SU for subject and DO for direct object. In A, der Hund is the subject (SU); in B, der Junge is the subject and den Hund is the direct object (DO) . Note the change from der to den. This change, required when a m. noun is used as DO instead of SU, does not apply to singular f. and n. nouns or to plural nouns. singular plural Di oe m. fn. SU der die das die DO den die das die GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS PRONOUNS: ‘I, ME, WE, US, YOU; ETC 1st person | 2nd | 3rd person ers. caseSU ich wir | Sie* |er sie es sie I we you |he she it they case DO mich uns | Sie* | ihn sie es sie me us you |him her it them *Except when addressing children, family, friends and animals (see sections 31 and 76). IMITATED PRONUNCIATION dehn; ih; mih; veeer; oons; zee; eer; een; zee; es; zee USEFUL VERBS: ‘TO BE’, ‘TO HAVE’ AND ‘TO MAKE’ In order to make sentences, we need verbs (process words) as well as nouns and pronouns. Sein (‘to be’) and haben (‘to have’) are irregular verbs, which means they do not follow a set pattern. However, machen (‘to make’) is a model for all standard German verbs. Here are the different verb forms needed to form the present tense (e.g. ‘I work’, ‘lam working’, ‘| do work’). 1 to be, sein Tam ich bin we are wir sind you are Sie sind they are sie sind he is er ist she is sie ist it is es ist WEEK 3 3334 2 to have, haben I have ich habe we have wir haben you have Sie haben they have sie haben he has er hat she has sie hat it has es hat 3 to make, machen I make ich mache we make wir machen you make Sie machen they make sie machen he makes er macht she makes sie macht itmakes es macht Verbs are found in a dictionary, and in the Mini-dictionary, in the form stem + en, e.g. mach + en> machen. To make the present tense of most verbs, you simply take the stem and add these endings: 1st person singular (I...) -e 1st person _ plural (we ...) -en 2nd person singular (you...) -en 2nd person _ plural (you ...) -en 8rd person _ plural (they ...) -en -t -et for stems ending in -d or -t 3rd person singular (he, etc IMITATED PRONUNCIATION ____ Exercise 4 A Learn the following verbs and then translate the sentences in B: lieben to love kaufen to buy machen to make holen to fetch rufen to call kommen to come bringen to bring trinken to drink B Translate into German: The father loves the landlady. Tt is harmless! He buys the newspaper. She makes the beds. The daughter fetches the car. She calls the cat and the dog. The cat and the dog come. The landlady brings water. Father, landlady, daughter, dog and cat drink the water. CONMRHAWHNH = zyn; bin; zint; ist; hah-ben; hah-be; haht; mah-ken; mah-ke; mahkt; (Ex. 4) lee-ben; kow-fen; mah-ken; hoh-len; roo-fen; ko-men; bring-en; tring-ken GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS VOCABULARY Practise all the sentences in the conversation that follows until you know them by heart. These are new words: Entschuldigung! Excuse me! suchen to look for die Touristeninformation tourist information office liegen to be (situated) am in/on the der Theaterplatz Theatre Square wie? how? dahin (to) there WEEK 3 3536 die die der die das die der nicht leicht Moment mal gehen tiber Kreuzung (-en) zweite StraBe (-n) rechts Marktplatz (=e) sehen. dann Kirche (-n) Gasthaus (-er) Rose (-n) nehmen zwischen eins zwei drei vierte immer geradeaus fur etwa fiinfhundert Meter (-) finden sofort furchtbar schwierig es macht nichts um dieser Zeit (-en) sowieso geschlossen GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS not easy just a moment to go over, across crossroads second street on the right marketplace to see then church inn rose to take between one two three fourth straight ahead for about five hundred metre to find immediately terribly difficult it doesn’t matter at (time of day) this time anyway closed IMITATED PRONUNCIATION ent-shool-di-goonk; zoo-ken; dee too-ris-ten*in-foe-mah- tsiohn; lee-gen; ahm; deer teh-ah-ter-plahts; vee; dah-hin; niht; lyht; moh-ment mahl; geh-en; ue-ber; dee kroy-tsung; tsvy-te; dee shtrah-se, rehts; deer mahkt-plahts; zeh-en; dahn; dee keeer-he, dahs gahst-hows; dee roh-ze; neh-men; tsvi-shen; yns; tsvy; dry; feeer-te; i-mer ge-rah-de*ows; fueer; et-vah; fuenf-hoon-dert; deer meh-ter; fin-den; zoh-foert; fooerht-bah; shvee-rih; es mahkt nits; oom; dee-zer; dee tsyt; zoh-vee-zoh; ge-shlo-sen CONVERSATION An encounter in the street TOURISTIN Entschuldigung! ... ich suche die Touristeninformation. PASSANT Ja ... die liegt am Theaterplatz. TourISTIN Und wie komme ich dahin? PASSANT Das ist nicht so leicht .... Moment mal .... Sie gehen iiber die Kreuzung, zweite StraRe rechts, iiber den Marktplatz. Sie sehen dann die Kirche und das Gasthaus Zur Rose. Sie nehmen die Stra&e zwischen Gasthaus und Kirche, dann ... eins ... zwei ... drei ... ja, dann die vierte StraBe rechts, dann immer geradeaus fiir etwa fiinfhundert Meter. Sie finden dann sofort den Theaterplatz. TOURISTIN O, das ist furchtbar schwierig! PASSANT Es macht nichts, die Touristeninformation ist um diese Zeit sowieso geschlossen. WEEK 3 3738 TRANSLATI An encounter in the street Tourist Excuse me ... I’m looking for the tourist information office. PASSER-BY Oh ... that’s in Theatre Square. Tourist And how do I get there? PASSER-BY That’s not so easy .... Just a moment .... You go over the crossroads, second street on the right, across the marketplace. You'll then see the church and the Rose Inn. You take the street between (the) inn and (the) church, then ... one ... two ... three ... yes, then the fourth street on the right, then straight ahead for about five hundred metres. You'll then find (the) Theatre Square immediately. Tourist Oh, that’s terribly difficult! PASSER-BY It doesn’t matter, the information office is closed at this time anyway. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS Week the German words for ‘a/an’ and ‘not a/an’, and how they vary with the gender and case of the noun numbers from zero to a million how to talk about years and prices the ‘indirect object’ case some verbs that are used with the indirect object case ‘AIAN’ German uses the same word for ‘a/an’ as it does for ‘one’: ein. When ein is used to mean ‘a/an’ (or ‘one’ before nouns, e.g. ‘one cup’), it has the following endings: Has ig fomed Bina SU ein eine ein DO einen eine ein Used like this, ein has no plural as its meaning is singular by definition. As in English, sometimes the plural noun is used alone. Other times the noun is preceded by words like einige (‘some’), mehrere (‘several’), or ein paar (‘a few’). These words are always found in the same form, without changing endings. Freunde Wir haben + einige Freunde hier. mehrere Freunde ein paar Freunde ein has a parallel, kein, which means ‘not a/not an’ or ‘no...'. This naturally does have a plural (cf. ‘no friends’). singular plural m= tae nba m.f.n SU kein keine kein | keine BO keinen keine kein | keine Whereas in English we say, for example, ‘| haven't any friends’, in German the expression is Ich habe keine Freunde. Therefore kein is in constant use, as the WEEK 4 39following examples show (the phrases in brackets give the literal meanings): Wir trinken kein Bier. We don’t drink beer. (We drink no beer.) Ich habe keine Ahnung. Thaven’t a clue. (I have no clue/no idea.) Kein Mensch glaubt so etwas. Nobody would believe anything like that. (No person believes such a thing.) Sie hat Angst, aber er hat keine Angst. She is afraid but he is not. (She has fear but he has no fear.) Er hat keinen Beruf. He isn’t trained for anything. (He has no profession/trade.) Wir sind keine Anfanger. We aren't beginners. (We are no beginners.) Saying what someone's job is does not involve using ein. Stating what someone's job is not is usually done with nicht (‘not’): Die Mutter ist Lehrerin. The mother is a teacher. Er ist nicht Zahnarzt, er ist Kinderarzt. He’s not a dentist, he’s a paediatrician. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS ____ Exercise 5 u aPpwn No Translate the following sentences into German. You will need these new words: bauen to build die Wohnung (-en) flat das Problem (-e) problem installieren to install das Wassersystem (-e) water system die Elektrizitat electricity der Elektriker (-) electrician die Katastrophe (-n) catastrophe They are buying a house and making flats. One flat hasn’t got a kitchen. That’s a problem and they are building a kitchen. One flat hasn’t any water. That’s also a problem but the father is installing a water system. One flat hasn’t got electricity. That’s no problem. The son is an electrician. One flat has a kitchen, water, electricity, and some cupboards, but no windows. That’s not a problem, it’s a catastrophe. IMITATED PRONUNCIATION bow-en; dee voh-noong; dahs prob-lehm; in-stah-lee-ren; dahs vah-ser-zues-tehm; dee*e-lek-tri-tsi-tet; deer*e-lek-tri-ker, dee kah-tahs-troh-fe WEEK 4 4142 NUMBERS First learn to count from 0 to 10. Null is needed mainly when citing decimals or reading out single digits (as sometimes in telephone numbers). 0 null 6 sechs 1 eins 7 sieben 2 zwei 8 acht 3 drei 9 neun 4 vier 10 zehn 5 fiinf Now count up to 20. Always stress the first syllable. is elt: 12 zwolf 13 dreizehn 14 vierzehn 15 fiinfzehn 16 sechzehn (note that the -s of sechs disappears) 17 siebzehn (note that the -en of sieben vanishes) 18 achtzehn 19 neunzehn 20 zwanzig Next count from 21 to 30. Be careful to stress the first syllable. Note that the units precede the tens and are joined to them by und. 21 einundzwanzig 22 zweiundzwanzig 23 dreiundzwanzig 24 vierundzwanzig 25 fiinfundzwanzig 26 sechsundzwanzig (because this means ‘six-and-twenty’ the -s of sechs has returned!) 27 siebenundzwanzig (the -en is back) 28 achtundzwanzig 29 neunundzwanzig 30 dreifig GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS Now count from 10 to 100 in tens. 10 zehn 20 zwanzig 30 = dreiBig 40 vierzig 50 fiinfzig 60 sechzig (note that the -s is lost again) 70 siebzig (the -en of sieben is again lopped off) 80 achtzig 90 neunzig 100 hundert Then learn the following examples combining units and tens. Because you are saying isolated numbers, instead of counting in sequence, the stress is always on the second-to-last syllable. 31 einunddrei&ig 42 zweiundvierzig 53 dreiundfiinfzig 64 vierundsechzig 66 sechsundsechzig 75 fiinfundsiebzig 77 siebenundsiebzig 86 sechsundachtzig 97 siebenundneunzig Beyond 100, any written number below the millions appears as one word. There is hardly ever an und after the hundreds in German and never in sequence counting. The units and tens appear in the reverse order to English, with und in between. However long the number, a number spoken in isolation has the stress on the normally stressed syllable of its final component (300 dreihtindert, 507 fiinfhundertsieben, 629 sechshundertneunundzwanzig). WEEK 4 43Practise saying these examples: 101 hunderteins, (or, less usually) einhunderteins 212 zweihundertzwélf 323 dreihundertdreiundzwanzig 434 vierhundertvierunddreifig 545 fiinfhundertfiinfundvierzig 656 sechshundertsechsundfiinfzig 666 sechshundertsechsundsechzig 767 siebenhundertsiebenundsechzig 777 +siebenhundertsiebenundsiebzig 878 achthundertachtundsiebzig 989 neunhundertneunundachtzig Now count in hundreds from 100 to 1000: 100 (ein)hundert 200 zweihundert 300 dreihundert 400 vierhundert 500 fiinfhundert 600 sechshundert 700 siebenhundert 800 achthundert 900 neunhundert 1,000 tausend A million is eine Million (-en), so the figure 5,723,926 would be spoken: fiinf Millionen siebenhundertdrei- undzwanzigtausendneunhundertsechsundzwanzig. A number of more than four figures is separated in thousands by thin spaces, not by commas (e.g. 2 344). Note also (section 19) that a comma is used for the decimal point in German (e.g. 3,06). Years before 2000 are designated, as in English, using only hundreds, so 1992 is neunzehnhundertzweiund- neunzig. 2005, however, is zweitausendfiinf. ‘The 1920s’ is die zwanziger Jahre, ‘the 1980s’ die achtziger Jahre, with the ending -er added on to the GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS. cardinal number. Unlike most endings this one never changes. All the numbers given here can be used both in counting (1, 2, 3, etc) and as single items in front of nouns ("fifty pages’, fiinfzig Seiten), without any change. The sole exceptions are any numbers ending in -eins, where the -s is dropped before a noun: ‘The book has 201 pages’ is either A Das Buch hat zweihundertundeine Seite. or B Das Buch hat zweihundert(und)ein Seiten. In A the -ein is given the f. singular ending -e and the noun is singular; in B the -ein is left without ending, the und can be dropped as in sequence counting, and the noun is plural Cardinal numbers are usually followed by a plural noun, but there are common exceptions, such as units of currency (see section 19) and of measurement (see section 36). IMITATED PRONUNCIATION nool, yns, tsvy, dry, feeer, fuenf, zeks, zee-ben, ahkt, noyn, tsehn; elf, tsvoelf, dry-tsehn, feeer-tsehn, fuenf- tsehn, zeh-tsehn, zeep-tsehn, ahkt-tsehn, noyn-tsehn, tsvahn-tsi/; yn*oont-tsvahn-tsih, tsvy*oont-tsvahn-tsi, ...1 dry-sil, feeer-tsih, fuenf-tsih, zeh-tsih, zeep-tsih, ahkt-tsih, noyn-tsiz, hoon-dert; hoon-dert*yns; tow-zent; y-ne mi-li-yohn PRICES The basic unit of German currency is the Euro (m.), which is divided into 100 Cent (m.). Though often preceded by cardinal numbers, Euro and Cent are hardly ever found in the plural. Price tags are usually written, and the sums spoken, as follows: WEEK 4 4546 written spoken €0,55 fiinfundfiinfzig Cent or 55 Cent €1,20 ein Euro zwanzig eins zwanzig (equally common) ein Euro und zwanzig Cent (less common) €4,85 vier Euro fiinfundachtzig vier fiinfundachtzig vier Euro und fiinfundachtzig Cent Price tags are sometimes more explicit, for example: written spoken and meaning Kilo €4,80 vier Euro achtzig das Kilo €4,80 per kilo Pfd €2,40 zwei Euro vierzig das Pfund €2.40 per pound (the German pound = 500 grams) Stiick €3,00 das Stiick drei Euro Stck €3,00 or drei Euro das Stiick €3.00 for one item or each You ask how much things cost as follows: Was kostet das? or Wie teuer ist das? How much is that? Was kosten die Kartoffeln? or Wie teuer sind die Kartoffeln? How much are the potatoes? IMITATED PRONUNCIATION tsent; yn-oy-roh; dahs keelo; dahs pfoont; dahs shtuek GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS Exercise 6 1 2 10 Fin Buch kostet €12,80 (zwélf Euro achtzig). Zwei Biicher kosten €25,60 (fiinfundzwanzig Euro sechzig). Now continue the pattern with the following, writing out the missing sentences and giving the prices in figures and words: Ein Brot kostet €2,50 (zwei Euro fiinfzig). Zwei ... Eine Wurst kostet €1,50 (ein Euro fiinfzig). Zwei ... Eine Uhr kostet €85,00 (fiinfundachtzig Euro). Zwei ... Eine Zeitung kostet €1,75 (ein Euro fiinfundsiebzig). Zwei ... Ein Bett kostet €344,00 (dreihundert vierundviertzig Euro). Zwei ... Ein Schrank kostet €505,00 (fiinfhundertfiing Euro). Zwei ... Ein Messer kostet €3,60 (drei Euro sechzig). Zwei ... Eine Rose kostet €2,15 (zwei Euro fiinfzehn). Zwei ... Ein Auto kostet €18 000,00 (achtzehntausend Euro). Zwei ... WEEK 4 47THE INDIRECT OBJECT CASE The English sentence ‘I am lending him it’ has not one but two objects: ‘it’ denotes the item directly affected by the process ‘am lending’ and is the direct object, while ‘him’ denotes the recipient or beneficiary of the verb, so may be called the indirect object (IO). In English we are hardly aware of the IO as a case, since we either use words like ‘to’ or ‘for’ to indicate a recipient, or just let the noun stand alone. Iam lending him it. Iam lending it to my friend. Iam lending the book to my friend. Tam lending my friend the book. German speakers, however, have a strong sense of case, and the indirect object (IO) has a distinctive set of words for ‘the’, (not) a/an’, and ‘no’, as well as a separate set of pronouns. 1 ‘(to/for) the, (not) a/an, no’ singular plural 10 dem der dem den 10 (k)einem (k)einer (k)einem | keinen 2 Indirect object pronouns 10 mir uns Ihnen ihm ihr ihm ihnen (to/for) me us you him/_ her/ it (n.) them it (m.) it (f.) Summary of SU, DO, and IO cases for ‘the’, ‘(not) a/an’, and ‘no’: singular plural me f. Do SU der die das die (k)ein (k)eine (k)ein keine GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS. DBO den die das die (k)einen (k)eine (k)ein keine 10 dem der dem den (k)einem (k)einer (k)einem | keinen Summary of SU, DO, and IO cases for pronouns: 1st pers. 2nd pers. | 3rd pers. sing. plural singular plural ae bay das Anew pony SU ich wir | Sie (ely Slewes. 47 sie DO mich uns | Sie ihn®; sie*'es! “sie 10 mir uns | Ihnen ihm ihr ihm ihnen It may help to note that, with der, die, das, etc, (k)ein, and the pronouns, the m. and n. singular |O case always ends with the letter m; that the f. singular |O case always ends with the letter r; and that the plural |O case of der, die, das, and kein, along with the 2nd person and the 3rd person plural pronouns, all end with the letters en. IMITATED PRONUNCIATION deer, yn, kyn; dehn, y-nen, ky-nen; dehm, y-nem, ky- y-ne, ky-ne; deer, y-ner, ky-ner; dahs, yn, , mih, meeer; veeer, oons; zee, €€-nen; eer, een, eem; zee, eeer; es, eem VERBS USING THE IO CASE Apart from verbs like: bringen to bring (someone something) geben to give (someone something) schenken to give (someone something) as a present wiinschen to wish (someone something) which may relate to both a direct object and an indirect object, German has some verbs which, if they have an WEEK 4 4950 object that is human, require this to be an indirect object. For example: begegnen to meet (someone) helfen to help (someone) gefallen to please (someone) glauben to believe (someone) verzeihen to forgive (someone) raten to advise (someone) IMITATED PRONUNCIATION bring-en; geh-ben; sheng-ken; vuen-shen; be-gehg-nen; hel-fen; ge-fah-len; glow-ben; fer-tsy-en; rah-ten Exercise 7 Rewrite the following sentences, substituting the nouns in brackets for those that precede them and making the other changes needed. The words that have to be changed are in italic. Ich bringe meiner Mutter (Vater) eine Zeitung (Buch). Ich gebe sie ihr in der Kiiche (Flur). Ich schenke meiner Schwester (Bruder) eine Katze (Hund) und wiinsche ihr einen guten Tag. VOCABULARY Study the conversation that follows until you know all the sentences (and their meaning) by heart. These are new words: heute Abend this evening eingeladen __ invited (out) man one netten nice die Dame (-n) lady rote red GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS bestimmt definitely gut fine wieviele? how many? sollen shall, is to, are to ach! oh! verheiratet — married vielleicht perhaps nie never wieso denn? why is that? bedeuten to mean gelbe yellow die Nelke (-n) carnation bitte schén! _ there you are! you're welcome! viel SpaB! (have) a nice time! IMITATED PRONUNCIATION hoy-te*ah-bent; yn-ge-lah-den; mahn; ne-ten; dee dah-me; roh-te; be-shtimt; goot; ve -le; Zo-len; ahk; fer-hy-rah-tet; fee-lyt; nee; vee-zoh den; be-doy-ten; gel-be; dee nel-ke; bi-te shoen; feel shpahs CONVERSATI A problem of etiquette at the florist’s KUNDE Ich bin heute Abend eingeladen. Was schenkt man einer netten Dame? BESITZERIN Moment bitte .... Ich helfe Ihnen sofort. Rote Rosen gefallen ihr bestimmt. KUNDE Wie teuer sind rote Rosen? BESITZERIN Sie kosten ein Euro fiinfzig das Stiick. KUNDE Gut, ich nehme Rosen. BESITZERIN Wieviele sollen es sein? ... fiinf ... sieben ... meun..7 WEEK 4 5152 Week KUNDE Geben Sie mir fiinf Stiick bitte? ... Ach ja, bringe ich ihrem Mann auch etwas? BESITZERIN Was!? Die Dame ist verheiratet!!?? Rote Rosen gefallen ihr vielleicht, aber ihr Mann verzeiht Ihnen nie, glauben Sie mir. KUNDE Wieso denn? BESITZERIN Rote Rosen bedeuten Liebe. Ich rate Ihnen, schenken Sie ihr gelbe Nelken .... Bitte schon .... Ich wiinsche Ihnen viel Spa heute abend! NSLATION CUSTOMER I am invited out this evening. What does one give a nice lady? PROPRIETRESS Just a moment please ... I’ll help you straight away. Red roses will definitely please her. CUSTOMER How much are red roses? PROPRIETRESS They cost one euro fifty each. CUSTOMER Fine, I'll take roses. PROPRIETRESS How many is it to be? ... five ... seven ... nine? CUSTOMER Will you give me five please? ... Oh yes, shall I take something for her husband too? PROPRIETRESS What!? The lady is married!!?? Red roses will perhaps please her, but her husband will never forgive you, believe me! CUSTOMER Why is that? PROPRIETRESS Red roses mean love. I advise you, give her yellow carnations .... There you are .... I wish you a pleasant time this evening! GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS. how to ask questions and give instructions question words such as ‘who?’, ‘when?’, and ‘why?’ using ‘nicht’ (‘not’) to make negative sentences word order in instructions and requests some common descriptive words (adjectives and adverbs) comparatives and superlatives (e.g. ‘old, older, oldest’) ASKING QUESTIONS 1 When the answer is expected to be ja (‘yes’) or nein (‘no’) To ask a question requiring a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer, simply begin with the verb and follow immediately with the SU Ist er Elektriker? Is he an electrician? Kommt er heute? Is he coming today? Kommt er oft? Does he come often? Hat sie Geschwister? Has she (got)(any) brothers and sisters? Arbeiten sie? Are they working? 2 When the answer is expected to be a piece of information To ask a question requiring particular information in the answer, start with the appropriate question word: was? what? wie? how? wo? where? wer? who? wen? who(m)? wem? — who(m) to/for? wann? = when? warum? why? WEEK 5 5354 Follow this with the verb, then with the SU, except when the SU is the question word itself, as is sometimes the case with wer? and was? (e.g. questions marked with an asterisk below): Was kosten die Kartoffeln? What do the potatoes cost? Was macht das? How much is that? *Was kommt jetzt? What is coming now? Wie fahren Sie? How are you travelling (i. Wie hei&t der Sohn? What is the son’s name? (literally: How is the son called?) Wo wohnt die Freundin? Where does the girlfriend live? *Wer wohnt hier? Who lives here? Wer ist der Besitzer? Who is the proprietor? Wen kennt der Junge? Who(m.) does the boy know? Wem bringt er die Blumen? Who(m.) is he taking the flowers to? Wann fahren wir? When are we travelling (i.e. when do we leave)? by what means)? This list of question-words is not exhaustive. IMITATED PRONUNCIATION ist * eer * e-lek-tri-ker; komt * eer hoy-te; komt * eer * oft; haht zee ge-shvis-ter; ah-by-ten zee; vahs; vee; voh; veer; vehn; vehm; vahn; vah-room; vahs kos-ten dee kah-to-feln; vahs mahkt dahs; vahs komt yetst; vee fah-ren zee; vee hyst deer zohn; voh vohnt dee_ froyn-din; veer vohnt heeer; veer * ist deer be-zit-ser; vehn kent deer yoong-e; vehm bringt * eer dee bloo-men; vahn fah-ren veeer GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS NOTES 1 If the person you are asking does not know the answer, a typical response might be: Ich wei (es) nicht. ‘I don’t know. The use of nicht is explained in section 23. 2 Questions in German are often used as a way of making polite requests. They may take the same form as the English ‘Would you ...?’ (see section 69) or be more direct, in a form that would be considered rude in English: Geben Sie mir bitte die Zeitung? Will you give me the paper, please? (literally: Are you giving me the paper, please?) Reichen Sie bitte den Zucker? Will you pass the sugar, please? 3 The phrase was fiir (ein)? means ‘what sort of (a)?’: Was fiir ein Auto haben Sie? What sort of (a) car do you have? Was fiir Blumen bringt er? What sort of flowers does he bring? Was fiir einen Teppich sucht sie? What sort of (a) carpet is she looking for? Was fiir ein Mensch ist er? What sort of a person is he? In was fiir ein?, the ein has the same ending as in the hypothetical statement on which the question is based: Sie haben ein Auto. Was fiir ein Auto haben Sie? You have a car. What sort of a car do you have? Sie sucht einen Teppich. Was fiir einen Teppich sucht sie? She’s looking for a carpet. What sort of a carpet is she looking for? WEEK 5. 55IMITATED PRONUNCIATION NEGATIVE SENTENCES ih vys * es niht; geh-ben zee meeer bi-te dee tsy-toong; ry-hen zee bi-te dehn tsoo-ker; vahs fueer * yn * ow-toh Section 17 showed the wide use of kein to make hah-ben zee; vahs fueer bloo-men bringt * eer; vahs negative sentences. But kein can only be used before fueer * y-nen te-pih zookt zee; vahs fueer nouns and can only mean ‘not a/an’ or ‘no’, never ‘not * yn mensh * ist * eer; zee hah-ben * yn * ow-toh; vahs the’. Where kein is not possible, nicht (‘not’) is used. fueer * yn * ow-toh hah-ben zee; zee zookt * y-nen te-pi; vahs fueer * y-nen te-pih zookt zee nicht often comes late in the sentence, or even last. It never comes between the SU and the verb, and it has no effect on the verb: Exercise 8 Insert the correct question-word from the column on the right in the following questions: Er schwimmt nicht immer. He doesn’t always swim. Wir kennen sie noch nicht. We don’t know her yet. Es funktioniert nicht gut. It isn’t working well. 1... fiirein Auto hat er? Wen 2... kommt er? Wer The same principle applies to questions: 3... besucht er? Was . i a 4 vartpaliond din? 5 Ist er nicht Elektriker? Isn’t he an electrician? Se ceca Kommt er nicht heute? Isn’t he coming today? 5... ist sie? Warum Kommt er nicht oft? Doesn’t he come often? 6 ... heif&t sie? Wann Warum arbeiten sie nicht? Why aren’t they working? 7 ... liebt er sie? Wo ea Hat sie keine Geschwister? Has she no brothers or sisters? or Hasn’t she any brothers or sisters? INSTRUCTIONS AND REQUESTS To give an order or instruction, say the basic form of the verb, with its -en ending, and follow it directly with Sie: Kommen Sie sofort! Come at once! This is less abrupt than the English equivalent and can be toned down further by adding bitte (‘please’): Geben Sie mir bitte die Zeitung! Give me the paper please! GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS WEEK 558 Exercise 9 Note the distinction between this sentence and the apparently identical question sentence in section 22. They look the same but are spoken differently. The only irregular instruction form is that for the verb ‘to be’ (sein): seien Sie! For example: Seien Sie so nett und bringen Sie mir die Zeitung! Be so kind and bring me the paper! VOCABULARY bitte schén ...? yes please ...? der Fiihrer (-) guide der Stadtfiihrer (-) town guide fragen to ask der Chef (-s) boss, manager suchen to look for so etwas such a thing sicher certainly driiben over there gucken to have a look (pronounced kucken) dort there verriickt crazy von of natiirlich of course brauchen to need hier here kennen to know die Stadt (-e) town IMITATED PRONUNCIATION bi-te shoen; deer fue-rer; deer shtaht-fue-rer, frah-gen; deer shef; zoo-ken; zoh * et-vahs; zi-her, drue-ben; koo-ken; doert; fer-ruekt; fon; na-tueer-lih; brow-ken; heeer, ke-nen; dee shtaht GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS, Translate this encounter into German. Only translate what the speakers say. You will need the new words in the vocabulary opposite. Correct your translation with the help of the Key, then learn the dialogue by heart. A stranger (Fremde) tries to buy a town guide in a bookshop in Bunsenheim ASSISTANT Yes please ...? STRANGER Hello. Have you got a guide? ASSISTANT What sort of a guide? STRANGER A town guide. assistant I don’t know. Please ask the boss. STRANGER (to Manager) Hello. I’m looking for a town guide. Have you got such a thing? MANAGER Yes, certainly. The town guides are over there. Have a look there. Ten minutes later STRANGER It’s crazy. I find town guides of Frankfurt, Gie&en, Marburg, and Kassel but I don’t find a town guide of Bunsenheim. MANAGER Of course not. Why do we need town guides of Bunsenheim? We live here and know the town! ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Adjectives and adverbs are descriptive words. Adjectives either precede nouns directly (‘fine weather’) or follow them and refer to them by having the verb ‘to be’ (sein in German) sandwiched in between (‘the weather was fine’). Adverbs are used more loosely and describe the process indicated by the verb (‘he stumbled badly’) or by the sentence as a whole (‘she thumped the table violently). In German the same word can be used as either adjective or adverb: Das Wetter ist schlecht. The weather is bad. Das Kind singt schlecht. The child sings badly. We shall look at adjectives preceding nouns in section 29. WEEK 5 5960 Adjectives and adverbs are often preceded by words that qualify them: sehr very zu too so so ziemlich fairly, rather, pretty etwas rather, somewhat nicht not nicht so not so gar nicht not at all Der Chef ist gar nicht héflich. The boss isn’t at all polite. Das Kind trinkt die Milch ziemlich schnell. The child drinks the milk pretty quickly. IMITATED PRONUNCIATION zeher; tsoo; zoh; tseem-lih; et-vahs; nit; niht zoh; gah nift Adjectives and adverbs share the same methods of making comparisons. 1 Comparatives (‘more’, ‘less’, etc) To make comparatives add -er to the basic adjective or adverb and, if you need ‘than’, use als: Das Wetter ist heute schlechter als gestern. The weather is worse today than yesterday. Das Kind singt schlecht, aber die Mutter singt schlechter. The child sings badly, but the mother sings worse. With some adjectives and adverbs you also have to change the sound of the vowel: alt old alter older arm poor armer poorer GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS groB big gréBer bigger hart hard harter harder jung young jiinger younger kalt cold kalter colder klug clever kliiger cleverer krank ill kranker more ill kurz short kiirzer shorter lang long langer longer oft often 6fter more often schwach weak schwacher weaker stark strong starker stronger warm = warm warmer warmer These vowel changes are carried over into the superlative. 2 Superlatives (‘most’, ‘least’, etc) To make superlatives, put am before the adjective or adverb and add -(e)sten to the word itself: Das Wetter war vorgestern am schlechtesten. The weather was worst (of all) the day before yesterday. Der Vater singt am schlechtesten. The father sings worst (of all). Das Wetter war vorvorgestern am schénsten. The weather was nicest (of all) three days ago (literally: the day before the day before yesterday). Die Kusine singt am schénsten. The (female) cousin sings the most beautifully (of all). The -(e) is generally used when the word (i.e. the stem) ends in -s, ss, -B (but not gro®- am gr6Bten), -d, -t, and -z. fies nasty am fiesesten nastiest blass pale am blassesten palest hei& hot am heif®esten hottest gesund healthy am gesundesten healthiest hart hard am hartesten hardest schwarz black am schwarzesten blackest WEEK 5 6162 However, when a superlative adjective precedes the noun (as in English ‘the finest weather’), am is not used and the ending may be other than -en (see section 29). IMITATED PRONUNCIATION ahlt, el-ter; ahm, eer-mer; grohs, groe-ser; hahert, heer-ter; yoong, yueng-er; kahlt, kel-ter; klook, klue-ger; krahnk, kreng-ker; kooerts, kueert-ser; lahng, leng-er; oft, oef-ter; shvahk, shve-her; shtahk, steer-ker; vahm, veer-mer 3 Like English, German has a few adjectives that don’t follow the usual pattern: gut good besser better am besten best viel much mehr more ammeisten most hoch high hdher higher am héchsten_ highest nahe near ndher nearer am nachsten nearest 4 To say ‘as ... as’, German uses so... wie: Das Haus ist so klein wie ein Schuppen. The house is as small as a shed. Ich komme so schnell wie méglich. Yl come as quickly as possible. ‘just as ... as’ is ebenso ... wie: Das Schlafzimmer ist ebenso gro& wie das Wohnzimmer. The bedroom is just as big as the living room. Der Vetter singt ebenso schén wie die Kusine. The (male) cousin sings just as beautifully as the (female) cousin. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS IMITATED PRONUNCIATION goot, be-ser, ahm bes-ten; feel, meher, ahm mys-ten; hohk, hoe-er, ahm hoehs-ten; nah-e, ne-er, ahm nehs-ten; zoh ... ____ Exercise 10 vee; eh-ben-zoh ... vee 1 Meine Mutter ist alt, aber mein Vater ist alter. Now complete the following sentences in the same way: NOOR WHND Mein Bruder ist gro, aber meine Schwester ist ... Die Frau ist jung, aber die Wirtin ist ... Der Sohn ist klug, aber die Tochter ist ... Das Zimmer ist warm, aber das Bett ist ... Die gelbe Nelke ist lang, aber die rote Rose ist ... Die Frau ist nett, aber der Mann ist ... VOCABULARY You will need these new words to translate the conversations on page 65 into English: Hausbesitzerin (-nen) house owner die das das der der die der die dies. . Wohnzimmer (-) Schlafzimmer (-) Mieter (-) Flur (-e) dunk(e)I* StraBe (-n) laut eigentlich oben hell Raum (-e) bestimmt breit unten Decke (-n) this living room. bedroom tenant hall dark street noisy really, actually upstairs light, bright room, space definitely wide downstairs ceiling WEEK 5 6364 niedrig winzig gegeniiber die Aussicht (-en) wunderschén der Garten (*) liegen. namlich hinten ruhig vorn nehmen iibrigens der Monat (-e) teu(e)r* jetzt zahlen low tiny opposite view glorious, splendid garden to lie you see (in explanation) at the back, rear quiet at the front to take by the way month dear, expensive now, at present to pay * The bracketed letter disappears when-another syllable, like -er, is added to the adjective/adverb. IMITATED PRONUNCIATION dee hows-be-zit-se-rin; dees; dahs vohn-tsi-mer; dahs shlahf-tsi-mer; deer mee-ter; deer flooer; doong-kel; dee shtrah-se; lowt; y-gent-lit; oh-ben; hel; deer rowm; be-shtimt; bryt; oon-ten; dee de-ke; nee-drik; win-tsih; geh-gen*ue-ber; dee ows-ziht; voon-der-shoen; deer gah-ten; lee-gen; nem-li/; hin-ten; foern; neh-men; ueb-ri-gens; deer moh-naht; toy-er; yetst; tsah-len GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS CONVERSATION A house owner shows three vacant flats to a prospective tenant In the ground floor flat: HAUSBESITZERIN MIETER HAUSBESITZERIN In the first floor HAUSBESITZERIN MIETER In the first floor HAUSBESITZERIN MIETER Diese Wohnung ist schén gro&, zwei Wohnzimmer, vier Schlafzimmer, zwei Toiletten .... Der Flur ist zu dunkel, und die StraBe ist ziemlich laut. Diese Wohnung ist mir eigentlich zu gro&. Ich brauche keine vier Schlafzimmer, eigentlich nur zwei .... Sind die Wohnungen oben kleiner? Ja. Sie sind auch etwas heller als diese. flat at the front: Diese Raume gefallen Ihnen bestimmt ... nur ein Wohnzimmer, aber breiter und langer als das Wohnzimmer unten. Ja, schén, aber die Decke ist niedriger als unten. Die drei Schlafzimmer sind mir zu winzig, und es ist ebenso laut hier wie unten. flat at the rear: Diese Wohnung ist am schénsten. Hier sind nur zwei Schlafzimmer. Sie sind aber etwas gréfer als die Schlafzimmer gegeniiber. Die Aussicht ist wunderschén, der Garten liegt ndamlich hinten. Ja, und diese Wohnung ist auch viel ruhiger als die Wohnungen vorn. Ja, ich nehme sie .... Wie hoch ist iibrigens die Miete? WEEK 5 6566 Week HAUSBESITZERIN Siebenhundertfiinfzig Euro pro Monat. MieTeR Was!!?? Nein, das ist mir zu teuer. Das ist viel mehr, als ich jetzt zahle. TRANSLATION In the ground floor flat: HOUSE OWNER This flat is beautifully spacious, two living rooms, four bedrooms, two toilets .... TENANT The hall is too dark, and the street is rather noisy. This flat is really too large for me. I don’t need four bedrooms, only two really .... Are the flats upstairs smaller? HOUSE OWNER Yes. They’re somewhat lighter than this one, too. In the first floor flat at the front: HOUSE OWNER You'll definitely like these rooms ... only one living room, but wider and longer than the living room downstairs. TENANT Yes, fine, but the ceiling is lower than downstairs. The three bedrooms are too tiny for me, and it’s just as noisy here as downstairs. In the first floor flat at the rear: HOUSE OWNER This flat is the nicest of all. Here there are only two bedrooms. But they’re somewhat larger than the bedrooms opposite. The view is glorious. The garden’s at the back, you see. TENANT Yes, and this flat is quieter than the flats at the front, too. Yes, I’ll take it .... By the way, how much is the rent? HOUSE OWNER Seven hundred and fifty euros a month. TENANT What!!?? No, that’s too dear for me. That's much more than I’m paying now. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS prepositions (‘in’, ‘by’, ‘of, etc) how prepositions affect the case of the following noun or pronoun using the expression ‘es gibt’ (‘there is/there are’). PREPOSITIONS Prepositions are short words which are used to link together nouns, adjectives, and verbs to construct more complex sentences. They are called prepositions because they usually precede nouns or pronouns: going into the house stolen by a thief a letter from you fond of her mother insist on payment In English we can simply place a preposition in front of any noun or the pronouns ‘me’, ‘us’, ‘you’, ‘him’, ‘her’, ‘it’, and ‘them’, without further complication. In German, however, each preposition alters the case of the noun or pronoun following it. Some prepositions take the DO case, some the IO case, and some take either the DO or 10 case, depending on the sense or meaning, Here are the most important German prepositions, grouped according to the cases they take, together with their most common English equivalents. Note, though, that it is not really possible to translate prepositions out of context. You must learn them by observing how they are employed, noting any idiomatic or unusual usage. 1 Prepositions followed by the DO case durch through, by, by means of fiir for gegen against, towards ohne without um round, at (time of day) WEEK 6 67Note three contracted forms frequently found when das follows: durchs (= durch das) Fenster through the window fiirs (= fiir das) Theater for the theatre ums (= um das) Feuer round the fire 2 Prepositions followed by the |O case aus bei mit nach seit yon zu out of, from with, at (so-and-so’s house), near, in (such-and-such conditions or weather), during, in the process/course of with to (certain locations, including one’s own house: nach Hause), after (time), according to since, for (period of time up to now) from (place and time), by (indicating agency or authorship), of (possession) to (certain locations), at (e.g. at home: zu Hause) Note these contracted forms when dem follows: beim (= bei dem) Gewitter in/during the thunderstorm vom (= von dem) Dach from the roof zum (= zu dem) Arzt to the doctor and when der (f. 1O case) follows: zur (= zu der) Seite to the side, aside GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS. 3 Prepositions followed by either the DO or |O case If the context indicates a change of location or condition, these prepositions are followed by the DO case; otherwise they are followed by the IO case. DBO 10 an on to (the side of); at, by, on (the side up to (the edge of) of a non-horizontal surface); on (with days and dates) auf on to (the top of a on (the top of a horizontal surface) horizontal surface) hinter (to) behind behind in into in (spatial, and temporal, though year numbers need im Jahre, e.g. im Jahre 2003); inside, within neben (to) next to, (to) next to, alongside, alongside along with iiber across, over (i.e. above, over (i.e. on from one side to top of) the other), via unter (to) underneath, (to) _ below, underneath, below, under (from under one side to the other) vor (to) in front of, (to) in front of, before; (in before past time contexts) ago zwischen (to) in between between WEEK 6 6970 Note these contracted forms when das follows: ans (= an das) Feuer up to the fire aufs (= auf das) Wasser on to the water ins (= in das) Netz into the net vors (= vor das) Auto in front of the car and when dem follows: am (= an dem) Montag on Monday im (= in dem) Schnee in the snow The following sentences illustrate the principle underlying the selection of DO or lO: Fritz geht an den Schrank, Liese steht am Schrank. Fritz goes to the wardrobe. Liese stands by the wardrobe. Er legt die Zeitung auf den Schrank, sie liegt jetzt auf dem Schrank. He puts (lays) the newspaper on the wardrobe. It’s now (now lies) on the wardrobe. Fritz springt hinter den Schrank, Liese ist schon hinter dem Schrank. Fritz jumps behind the wardrobe. Liese is already behind the wardrobe. Fritz geht jetzt in den Schrank, Liese singt im Schrank. Fritz now goes into the wardrobe. Liese is singing in the wardrobe. Die Katze geht neben den Stuhl, der Hund liegt schon neben dem Stuhl. The cat goes next to the chair. The dog is already lying next to the chair. Die Katze springt iiber den Tisch, die Uhr hangt iiber dem Tisch. The cat jumps over the table. The clock is hanging above the table. Fritz kriecht unter den Tisch, die Zeitung liegt unter dem Tisch. Fritz creeps under the table. The newspaper is (lies) under the table. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS 4 The preposition bis can be used in two ways When expressing time/numbers, it means ‘until’, ‘up to’, ‘by’. The DO case follows: bis nachstes Jahr till next year bis nachsten Montag till next Monday In other expressions, it means ‘up to’, ‘as far as’. In this usage bis cannot stand alone, except before place names. It must be followed by another preposition such as an, auf, or in. The case of the noun or pronoun is determined by this second preposition. The following example shows both usages Fritz kommt nur bis Bunsenheim, findet ein Gasthaus, geht bis an die Tiir, wartet bis fiinf Uhr, zahlt bis fiinfzig, kommt dann bis in die Gaststube, aber: keiner ist da! Fritz only gets as far as Bunsenheim, finds an inn, goes up to the door, waits until five o’clock, counts up to fifty, then gets as far as the lounge, but — no one is there! 5 The preposition gegeniiber means ‘opposite’, ‘towards’, ‘compared to’ Usually gegeniiber follows the (pro)noun to which it relates, and takes the IO case: Die Kirche steht am Marktplatz dem Gasthaus Zur Rose gegeniiber, und Sie finden das Theater am Theaterplatz der Touristeninformation gegeniiber. The church is on the marketplace opposite the Rose Inn, and you'll find the theatre on Theatre Square opposite the tourist information office. WEEK 6 7172 VOCABULARY You will need the following new words to complete exercises 11 and 12. der Verbrecher (-) der Pinsel (-) die Palette (-n) die Hand (-e) das Bild (-er) die Sache (-n) die Tischdecke (-n) das Brot (-e) das Glas (-er) die Flasche (-n) der Korken (-) das Etikett (-en) wichtig die Feile (-n) der Einbrecher (-) die Haustiir (-en) klopfen niemand, keiner gucken finden das Nummernschild (-er) die Garage (-n) zuriick stecken der Rahmen (-) éffnen die Treppe (-n) sitzen das Skelett (-e) die Axt (-e) GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS criminal paintbrush palette hand picture thing tablecloth loaf glass bottle cork label important file burglar/intruder front door to knock no one to peep to find number plate garage back to put (inside or between) frame to open stairs (i.e. staircase) to sit skeleton. axe Exercise 11 The story that follows describes a prisoner painting a picture of objects on a table. On the tablecloth is a loaf of bread cut open to reveal a file, which has been inserted into it. Next to the loaf is a glass of wine and behind it, a wine bottle. Complete the story by insert- ing prepositions in the gaps marked (P) and putting the right case-endings on ‘d. ! and ‘ein’. The prepositions, listed in the order in which they are required, are: mit, in, vor, auf, auf, neben, hinter, mit, auf, fir, in Der Verbrecher steht (P) ein. . Pinsel und ein. . Palette (P) d..Hand (P) ein..Bild. (P) d.. Bild sind mehrere Sachen. (P)__ ein. . Tischdecke liegt ein Brot. (P) d..Brotist ein Glas,und (P) d.. Brot ist eine Flasche (P) ein..Korken. (P) d.. Flasche ist ein Etikett. Was ist aber (P) d.. Verbrecher am wichtigsten? Die Feile (P) d.. Brot natiirlich! ____ Exercise 12 Translate the following sentences into German. You will need the words given in the vocabulary list on the opposite page. The appropriate prepositions are indicated at the end of each English sentence. The English words in brackets are just there to help with the sense of the sentences. You do not have to translate them. The intruder goes (right) up to the front door. (bis an) He knocks on the door. (an) No one comes to the door. (zu) He goes round the house and peeps through the windows. (um, durch) He finds a car without (a) number plate between the house and the garage. (ohne, zwischen) He goes back to the front door. (an) He pushes a file between the door and the frame. (zwischen) He opens the door with the file and goes into the hall. (mit, in) Opposite him on the stairs sits a skeleton with an axe in the (its) hand. (gegeniiber, auf, mit, in) WEEK 6 7374 THE EXPRESSION ‘ES GIBT’ (‘THERE IS’, “THERE ARE’) In any language there is a way to express the idea that something exists or doesn't exist, is available or not available. This is done in English with the expression ‘there is/are’. In the following English examples, note how the verb changes, not only according to time but also to match the thing it is referring to, showing whether it is singular or plural: There’s a mouse in the larder. There are rats by the river. There was cake for tea. There were hamburgers for supper. German has es gibt (from geben, ‘to give’) as its equivalent of ‘there is/are’ in sentences saying whether something exists or is available. In this expression es is the SU, so the item(s) being talked about must be in the DO case: Es gibt heute einen Film im Fernsehen. There’s a film on television today. Gibt es keinen Kuchen mehr? Is there no more cake? Es gibt mehrere Fehler in dem Brief. There are several mistakes in the letter. Es gibt einige Auslander im Hotel. There are some foreigners in the hotel. Es gibt jetzt Abendbrot! Now we're going to have supper! (There is supper now.) You will see from these examples that es gibt does not change for the plural. The question Was gibt es? (usually spoken Was gibt’s?) means ‘What is there?’ (e.g. for a meal, available in a shop, on television, etc). GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS der Hotelgast (-e) das Fernsehen im Fernsehen heute Abend der Kellner (-) die Fernsehzeitung (-en) die Woche (-n) diese Woche die Tageszeitung (-en) hier leider gestern Exercise 13 VOCABULARY hotel guest television on television this evening waiter TV magazine week this week daily paper here unfortunately yesterday Translate the following short conversation into German. You will need the words in the vocabulary list above. In the television lounge of a hotel HOTEL GUEST What is there on television this evening? waiter I don’t know. HOTEL GUEST Look in the TV magazine please. (in + DO) waiter There is no TV magazine this week. HOTEL GUEST Is there a daily paper? waiter Yes, here is a daily paper ... but it is unfortunately from yesterday. (von) WEEK 6 7576 Week words which follow the same pattern as ‘der’, ‘die’ ‘das’ including the words for ‘this’ and ‘that’ / words which follow the same pattern as ‘ein’ — the possessive words ‘my’, ‘your’, etc endings that are added to adjectives when they precede a noun ordinal numbers (first, ‘second’, etc) and fractions the ‘familiar’ forms used when talking to friends or children the order of words in a simple German sentence WORDS FOLLOWING THE SAME PATTERN AS (DER, (DIED ‘DAS! There are six other words that are like the d. . words (der, die, das, etc) in that they appear in the same position before the noun and have the d. . endings. These words are: dies. . this, these, sometimes that, those jed.. each, every, any welch. . ?/! which? what? what (a)! jen.. that, those solch. . such manch. . quite a few, a fair number of NOTES 1 The usual way to say ‘that’ is der, die, or das spoken with stress, or dies. . jen. . is not used often, unless paired with dies. . in the expression jen. ., dies. . ‘the former, the latter’. 2 solch. . and manch. . in the singular have the alternatives solch ein and manch ein, where only the ein takes endings. To convey the meaning of solch ein there are the further alternatives ein solch. . (endings as in section 29) and the frequently used so ein. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS 3 manch. . has no exact equivalent in English. It means more than ‘some’ and fewer than ‘many’. Whether singular or plural in form it is plural in meaning. Here is a summary of d. . type endings, using dies. . as a model: singular plural oa ‘fa DM m.f.n. SU dieser diese dieses* | diese DO diesen diese dieses* | diese 10 diesem dieser diesem | diesen *The neuter ending -as is replaced by -es in all six of these d. .-type words. Examples: dies. . Kennen Sie dieses Buch aus der Hugo-Reihe? Do you know this book from the Hugo series? jed.. Jedes Kind bekommt ein Ei. Each (or Every) child will get an egg. Ich bin fiir jeden Vorschlag offen. Iam open to any suggestion. welch. .?/!| Auf welchen Bus warten Sie? Which bus are you waiting for? Welchen Druck hat der Reifen? What pressure does the tyre have? jen. . Der Film stammt aus jener Zeit vor dem 1. Weltkrieg. The film comes from that period before World War I. Wir sprechen oft iiber dieses und jenes. We often talk about this and that. WEEK 7 7778 solch. . Er hat solche Schwierigkeiten mit seinem Vater. He has such difficulties with his father. Wir haben solches Gliick mit dem Wetter. We're having such luck with the weather. manch. . Mancher Polizist trinkt selbst zu viel. Quite a few policemen drink too much themselves. All this group of words can be used not only before nouns but on their own, with a noun being understood from the context: Ich trinke aus diesem Glas. Trinken Sie aus diesem? T'll drink from this glass. (Indicating) Will you drink from this one? jeder (DO jeden, |O jedem) on its own means ‘everybody’, just as keiner (DO keinen, |O keinem) on its own means ‘no one’, ‘nobody’. WORDS TAKING THE SAME ENDINGS AS EIN As well as words that are like the d. . words, there are others that are parallel to ein. The ein endings are exclusive to words indicating possession. 1st person 2nd pers. | 3rd person singular plural singular plural mamgeiss | pe mein unser | Ihr sein ihr sein ihr my our your jhisizoiher: its their GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS Here is a summary of ein-type endings, using unser and Thr as examples: singular plural me ie De m.f.n. SU unser unsere unser unsere DO unseren unsere unser unsere 10 unserem unserer unserem | unseren It is important not to mistake unser, in which the -er belongs to the stem, for a d. .-type word, in which the -er occurs only as an ending singular plural me fe ne mfin SU Ihr Thre Thr Thre DO Ihren Ihre ihr Ibre 10 Ihrem Ihrer ihrem Ihren All the words in this group, which indicate possession, can be used not only before nouns but on their own, to mean ‘mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs’. The endings are the same as above, except that the m. singular SU adds -er and the n. singular SU and DO add -s: Leihen Sie mir bitte Ihren Bleistift. Meiner ist weg. Lend me your pencil please. Mine has vanished (literally: is away). Mein Fahrrad ist fiinf Jahre alt. Wie alt ist Ihrs? My bicycle is five years old. How old is yours? WEEK 7 79y 80 ____ Exercise 14 1 Geht er ohne seine Freundin ins Theater? Nein, er geht mit seiner Freundin ins Theater. Complete the following sentences in the same way. 2 Ist sie ohne ihre Schwester bei Miillers eingeladen? Nein, ... 3 Kommt der Vater mit unserem Geschenk fiir die Mutter? INGO ee 4 Esse ich den Kuchen ohne eine Tasse Kaffee? NGL 5 Geht er ohne seinen Stadtfiihrer durch Frankfurt? INeiiie 6 Mache ich das Abendbrot mit meiner Tochter? Nery rs 7 Geht sie mit ihrem Bruder zur Tante? Nein, ... 8 Kaufen wir die Wurst mit einer Cola? Nemes. ADJECTIVES BEFORE NOUNS When adjectives are not used in isolation after the noun (see section 25), but become part of the group of words directly preceding the noun, they require sets of endings similar to — but not identical with — those of d. . and ein. There are three sets to learn, depending on whether (a) a d. .-type word is also present, (b) an ein-type word is also present, or (c) neither a d. . type nor an ein-type word is present 1 Adjectives after d. .-type words These adjectives have -en in all positions except for five positions with -e: GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS singular plural m_ heat oD m. f.n. SU derarme diearme das arme die armen Mann Frau Kind Leute DO denarmen die arme das arme die armen Mann Frau Kind Leute |O dem armen der armen dem armen | den armen Mann Frau Kind Leuten* *Plural nouns in the IO case always have -n added to the plural form unless the plural already ends in -n or is a foreign plural like Autos. Summary of endings after d. .-type words: singular plural mei nm pmo SU -e > -e -e -en DOF cenm=6 bi-e! -en 10 -en -en -en |-en 2 Adjectives after ein-type words These also have -en in all positions except five, but three of these undergo change compared with 1: singular plural me ‘faa nas m. f.n. SU ihrarmer seine arme ihrarmes | ihre armen Mann Frau Kind Kinder DO ihren armen seine arme ihrarmes | ihre armen Mann Frau Kind Kinder !O ihrem seiner ihrem ihren armen armen armen armen Mann Frau Kind Kindern WEEK 7 8182 Summary of adjective endings after ein-type words: singular plural Tan ples m. fn SU -er -e -es |-en DO -en -e -es |-en 10 -en -en -en | -en 3 Adjectives preceded by neither d. .-type nor ein-type words These endings are easy to learn if you remember where they come from - see below: singular plural mes is ines m. fn. SU kalter kalte kaltes kalte Wein Limonade Bier Getranke DO kalten kalte kaltes kalte Wein Limonade Bier Getraénke 10 kaltem kalter kaltem | kalten Wein Limonade Bier Getranken Summary of adjective endings without d. .- or ein-type words: singular plural ia he ney lamin SU -er -e -es |-e DO -en -e -es |-e 10 -em -er -em | -en The principle behind the adjective endings for 2 and 3 above is that any letters in the endings of d.. which have been lost must appear in the adjective ending. So with ein, -r is lost in the m. singular SU case and -s is lost in the n. singular SU/DO cases. They are therefore transferred to the adjective. In 3, all the d. . endings are lost, so they are transferred to the adjective, except that the n. singular SU/DO d + as becomes -es when transferred (as with the d. .-type words in section 28). GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS, FE ORDINAL NUMBERS AND FRACTIONS 1. The ordinal numbers (‘first’, ‘second’, ‘third’, etc) are as follows: first: erst second to nineteenth: add -t to the cardinal number (section 18), so ‘second’ is zweit; ‘ninth’, neunt; and ‘eighteenth’, achtzehnt. Exceptions: third dritt (-ei- becomes -i-) seventh siebt (sieben loses the -en) eighth acht (acht does not get the additional -t) twentieth onwards: add -st to the cardinal number, so ‘thirty fifth’ is fiinfunddreifigst; ‘hundredth’, hundertst; and ‘thousandth’, tausendst. Ordinal numbers are mostly used as adjectives before nouns, so they take the endings described in section 29: Die fiinfte Person von rechts ist mein Vater. The fifth person from the right is my father. Ich nehme gern ein drittes Glas von dem herrlichen Wein. I'd enjoy a third glass of that splendid wine. The following examples use the same endings as in section 29 (3): Sie benutzen als Erster (or Erste if person spoken to is female) unsere neue Maschine. You're the first to use our new machine. Ich bin als Siebter mit der Priifung fertig. I'm the seventh to finish the test. 2 Apart from ‘half’, die Halfte (-n), fractions are formed by adding -el to the ordinal number, which then becomes an. noun: for example, ‘quarter’, das Viertel (-); ‘tenth’, WEEK 7 8384 das Zehntel (-). So ‘two-thirds’ is zwei Drittel; ‘three-eighths’, drei Achtel. ‘Half (of) the ..." is often die Halfte von ... (or, instead of von, the possessor case, section 50) Die Halfte von dem Geld gehért mir. Half (of) the money belongs to me. However, when ‘half’ is followed not by ‘the’ but by ‘a/an’, you must use the adjective halb. Thus ‘half an hour’ is eine halbe Stunde and ‘half a loaf’ is ein halbes Brot. Viertel forms a lot of compounds, such as ‘a quarter of an hour’, eine Viertelstunde; ‘a quarter of a litre’, ein Viertelliter (m. or n., no change in the plural). ‘One and a half’ is anderthalb, eineinhalb, or even einundeinhalb, and ‘five and a half’ is fiinfeinhalb or fiinfundeinhalb. These do not take any adjective endings even when they precede nouns. CONVERSATION BETWEEN FRIENDS For conversation within the family, or between children, students, etc, you use the familiar 2nd person pronouns (‘you/your’) and verb forms. For now we shall just look at how these are formed in the singular: pronouns | ein-type word | verbs instructions/ ossession) | present tense | requests SU du_ | dein (your) | of sein: bist | using sein: sei DO dich of haben: hast | other verbs: 10. dir of other verbs: | stem only, stem + (e)st* |no pronoun following (see section 24) *The (e) is added after stems ending in -t or -d. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS WORD ORDER German word order was mentioned in week 2, section 9. You already began to practise it in week 6 : location verb | SU_ Auf dem Bild sind | mehrere Sachen. Auf einer Tischdecke | liegt | ein Brot. Neben dem Brot ist ein Glas. Hinter dem Brot ist eine Flasche mit einem Korken. Auf der Flasche ist ein Etikett. In simple statements of this sort the ‘natural’ word order in German can easily be translated into ‘natural’ English, with information about time or place followed by the verb and then the subject. In German, however, starting statements with something other than the standard SU can be taken much further, with, for example, a DO or IO at the beginning of the statement. This is because whatever comes first, the verb must come second. Whatever comes first must be, or refer to, something already mentioned. Here are some examples: DBO verb subject rest zwei Cola wollen | Sie aber nur eine Wurst den finden Sie dann sofort Theaterplatz so etwas glaubt kein Mensch viel Spa wiinsche | ich Ihnen heute Abend einen suche ich Stadtfiihrer 1o_ verb subject rest ihr gefallen | rote Rosen | bestimmt Ihnen wiinsche | ich viel Spa8 heute Abend WEEK 7 8586 ____ Exercise 15 Put the correct word from the column on the right into the following sentences. There may be more than one grammatical possibility, but you will see that they do not all make sense. 1... glaubt einem Verbrecher. Solches 2... Blumen sind fiir die Freundin? Keiner 3... Kuchen haben sie fiir das Kind. Welches?/! 4 ... Mann finde ich nett. Jeder 5... Wein schmeckt wunderbar. Dieser 6 ... Glick haben wir mit dem Wetter. Welche?/! 7 ... Buch aus der Hugo-Reihe kennen Sie? Jede 8 ... Hausbesitzer hat Schwierigkeiten. Keinen 9... Katze kommt ins Haus./? Diesen einkaufen jawohl! die Einkaufsliste (-n) alles erst holen der Backer (-) das Wei8brot (-e) frisch das Brétchen (-) billig (der) Marktkauf fahren heute Nachmittag dorthin na gut! der Metzger (-) halb das Pfund (-e) (-) after numbers GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS VOCABULARY to do the shopping (yes) certainly! shopping list everything first (of all) to fetch, bring baker white loaf fresh roll cheap (typical hypermarket name) to go (other than on foot) this afternoon (to) there all right (then)! butcher half pound das der das die das der die die die der das der Hackfleisch gekocht Schinken bedienen man immer Fleisch lieber Altstadt miissen dahin Gemiisegeschaft Kopfsalat (-e) fest Gurke (-n) Bohne (-n) griine Bohnen Sache (-n) Salat (-e) ander. . Gemiise eilen doch Markt (e) unbedingt Ei (-er) Edeka noch viele kriegen mince boiled ham to serve one/they/people always meat rather old town to have to (to) there greengrocer’s lettuce firm: cucumber bean French beans thing, item salad other vegetables to be urgent after all market definitely egg (chain of small supermarkets) still many/a lot to get WEEK 7 8788 CONVERSATION Translate this conversation into English. You will find the vocabulary you need on pages 86-87, ‘She’ tries to organise ‘him’ to do the shopping SIE ER SIE EI a SIE ER ER ER SIE ER SIE Gehst du bitte jetzt einkaufen? Jawohl! Hast du eine Einkaufsliste fiir mich? Nein, ich sage dir alles ..., Erst hol bitte vom Backer ein kleines Weifbrot und zehn frische Brétchen. Sie sind billiger bei Marktkauf, und wir fahren heute Nachmittag dorthin. Na gut! Dann kauf beim Metzger ein halbes Pfund Hackfleisch und zweihundertfiinfzig Gramm gekochten Schinken. Beim Metzger bedient man mich immer schlecht. Ich kaufe Fleisch lieber in der Altstadt, und heute Nachmittag miissen wir auch dahin. Na gut! Vom Gemiisegeschaft brauche ich dann einen Kopfsalat, anderthalb Pfund kleine feste Tomaten, eine schéne Gurke, zehn Pfund Kartoffeln und ein Pfund griine Bohnen. Die Sachen fiir den Salat und das andere Gemiise eilen nicht, und morgen ist doch Markt. Na gut, aber ich brauche unbedingt Eier von Edeka. Nein, brauchst du nicht. Wir haben noch viele. Eier kriegen wir dann auch vom Markt. Na gut, dann brauchst du nicht einkaufen gehen. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS ____ Exercise 16 Practise repeating the conversation from memory, using the following key words as a guide si— einkaufen? Er Hinkaufsliste? slE sage alles ... Backer ...Weifbrot ... Brétchen ER Marktkauf fahren sie Metzger ... Hackfleisch ... Schinken ER schlecht ... Altstadt ... Nachmittag sie Gemiisegeschaft ... Kopfsalat ... Tomaten ... Gurke ... Kartoffeln ... Bohnen Er eilen nicht ... Markt siE Hier er brauchst nicht ... noch viele ... Markt siE nicht einkaufen ____ Exercise 17 Construct a dialogue in which each pair of sentences is based on a pair of items/locations listed. The first sentence should be an instruction to buy the item(s) somewhere; the second a response preferring (‘lieber’) to buy the item(s) elsewhere. The first pair is done for you. 1 anderthalb Pfund kleine feste Tomaten auf dem Markt Hol bitte anderthalb Pfund kleine feste Tomaten vom Gemiisegeschaft. Die Tomaten kaufe ich lieber auf dem Markt. 2 ein Kleines Weifbrot bei Marktauf 3 250 Gramm gekochter Schinken in der Altstadt 4 ein Kopfsalat auf dem Markt 5 zwanzig Hier auf dem Markt 6 eine schéne Gurke auf dem Markt 7 zehn frische Brétchen bei Marktkauf 8 ein halbes Pfund Hackfleisch in der Altstadt 9 zehn Pfund Kartoffeln auf dem Markt 10 ein Pfund griine Bohnen auf dem Markt WEEK 7 8990 Week word order in sentences with more than one verb auxiliary verbs — ‘can’, ‘must’, ‘will, etc — and how they are used with a main verb quantities and measurements ways of saying where something ‘is’ and where something is ‘put’ the use of ‘da-' or ‘dar’ with prepositions to express ‘on it’, ‘about them’, etc MORE ON WORD ORDER So far we have concentrated on sentences containing only one verb. But look at the first sentence of the conversation in week 7, page 88: Gehst du jetzt bitte einkaufen? This simple sentence contains two verbs: gehst and einkaufen. The verb gehst is matched up with the familiar 2nd person singular du and might be thought of as ‘personalised’. This type of verb is often called ‘finite’ because it is restricted to a particular person (1st or 2nd or 3rd person, singular or plural). The verb einkaufen is not matched up with anything or anybody but completes the sense of gehst. It is a non-personalised, non-finite form of the verb, often known as the ‘infinitive’. We shall call it the ‘-en form’. The important point to note is that if a simple sentence contains a finite verb and a non-finite verb, the non-finite verb always stands at the end of the sentence. gehen can be combined with other verbs: Ich gehe zweimal in der Woche schwimmen. I go twice in the week swimming (i.e. for a swim). Gehen wir morgen Abend mit der Gruppe essen? Shall we go tomorrow evening with the group eating (i.e. out for a meal)? GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS Meine Mutter geht immer friih schlafen. My mother goes always early sleeping (i.e. to bed). Manchmal gehen wir stundenlang im Wald spazieren. Sometimes we go for hours in the forest walking (ie. for a walk). AUXILIARY VERBS: WILL, CAN, MUST, ETC. The same pattern is followed when the finite verb is one of the verbs similar to English ‘will’, ‘can’, ‘must’, ‘may’, ‘shall’. These have little meaning of their own, but modify the way in which the main verb is understood. They are therefore called auxiliary verbs. In German auxiliaries include a verb for expressing the future (werden) and another for expressing the idea of causing or permitting something to happen (lassen). Here is the complete set of eight auxiliary verbs, with all the forms of the present tense. They are all irregular. diirfen kénnen may, can may, can (permission) (possibility) ich/er/sie(she)/es darf kann wir/Sie/sie(they) diirfen kénnen du darfst kannst mégen miissen may, can (poss.), must, to like to to have to ich/er/sie(she)/es mag muss wir/Sie/sie(they) mégen miissen du magst musst WEEK 8 9192 ich/er/sie(she)/es wir/Sie/sie(they) du ich wir/sie/sie(they) du er/sie(she)/es sollen must, to be to, to be said to soll sollen sollst lassen to get/allow to, to have done lasse lassen. lasst lasst USING AUXILIARY VERBS wollen to want to, to intend to will wollen willst werden will (future) werde werden wirst wird 1 diirfen: may/can (permission), mustn’t Darf ich hier rauchen? Can I smoke here? Darf ich meinen Freund vorstellen? May I introduce my friend? In der Kirche darf man nicht laut reden. One mustn't talk loudly in church. 2 kénnen: may/can (possibility), be able to Fir seine sechs Jahre kann er sehr gut schwimmen. He can swim very well considering he’s only six. Seine Rede kann noch lange dauern. His speech may go on for a long time yet. Wir kénnen seine Experimente nicht finanzieren. We aren't able to finance his experiments. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS 3 mégen: may (possibility), to like to Er mag wohl reich sein, er kommt trotzdem nicht in den Club. He may have a lot of money, but he’s still not going to get into the club. Ich mag nicht iiber alles klagen, aber I don’t like complaining about everything, but .... 4 miissen: must, to have to, needn't, don’t have to Ich muss um zwélf zu Hause sein, sonst kommt das Mittagessen zu spat auf den Tisch. I must be home at twelve, or else I shall be late with lunch. Dieser Brief ist an dich. Du musst nicht unbedingt antworten. This letter is (addressed) to you. You aren’t absolutely obliged to reply. 5 sollen: must, to be supposed/expected to, to be to, to be said to Du sollst erst essen und dann ins Kino gehen. You're to eat first and then go to the cinema. Ich kann nicht langer auf ihn warten, er soll sofort kommen. I can’t wait for him any longer, he’s to come at once. Ich kann ihn empfehlen, er soll ein sehr guter Klavierlehrer sein. Ican recommend him. He's said to be a very good piano teacher. 6 wollen: to want to, to be determined to, to intend to Er ist vollkommen satt, er will nichts mehr essen. He’s completely full. He doesn’t want to eat another thing. WEEK 8 9394 Er will gar nichts mehr von der Sache héren. He doesn’t want to hear anything more at all about the matter. Er will seine Ferien in den Bergen verbringen. He intends to spend his holidays in the mountains. 7 lassen: to get someone to, to make/have someone do, to have something done, to let/allow someone (to) do Der Chef lasst seine Sekretarin unwichtige Briefe unterschreiben. The boss gets his secretary to sign unimportant letters. Er lasst seinen Wagen alle zwei Tage waschen. He has his car washed every other day. Mein Vater lasst griiBen. My father sends his regards. Wir lassen unsere Tochter nicht alleine zur Schule gehen. We don’t let our daughter walk to school on her own. 8 werden: shall/will (future), to be going to Ich mache es jetzt, ich werde in den nachsten Tagen keine Zeit haben. I'll do it now. I shan’t have any time in the next few days. Es ist schrecklich dunkel, es wird bestimmt regnen. It’s terribly dark. It’s going to rain for sure. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS VOCABULARY Study the conversation on the next page until you know all the sentences (and their meaning) by heart. You will need these new words: etwas das Ubergewicht abnehmen der Urlaub (-e) anziehen der Sportler (-) unbedingt Recht haben schwer hoffentlich richtig vorsichtig der Arzt (=e) mager der Reis passen vorig das Jahr (-e) verniinftig wei8 (from wissen) schneiden lecker die SahnesoBe allein schmecken achten (auf) der Semmelknédel (-) das_ Essen (-) das Bierchen (-) Moment mal! zunehmen somewhat surplus weight to slim, lose weight holiday(s) to wear, put on sportsman, absolutely to be right heavy hopefully right, correct careful, cautious doctor lean rice to fit last, previous year sensible (to) know to cut delicious cream sauce on their own to taste (good) to pay attention (to), keep an eye (on) bread dumpling meal (nice) little beer hold on! to put on weight WEEK 8 35)96 CONVERSATION At Monday breakfast: discussing the menu for the day's main meal MUTTER TOCHTER SOHN VATER MUTTER TOCHTER SOHN VATER SOHN VATER MUTTER Was sollen wir denn heute essen? Nach dem Wochenende habe ich bestimmt etwas Ubergewicht. Von heute an muss ich abnehmen. In vier Wochen fahren wir in den Urlaub, da will ich meine Bikinis anziehen k6nnen. [Zu ihrem Bruder] Rudi, du bist Sportler, du musst auch unbedingt abnehmen. Ich soll bei meiner Figur Sportler sein!? Aber du hast Recht, ich bin zu schwer. Ich darf in den nachsten Wochen keine Kartoffeln mehr essen. Und hoffentlich lassen wir kein Bier mehr ins Haus bringen! Ganz richtig. Mit fiinfzig muss ich auch vorsichtiger sein. Der Arzt sagt, ich soll nur Fisch oder mageres Fleisch essen, dazu nur frisches Gemiise, keine Kartoffeln, keinen Reis. Was soll es denn geben? Ich passe nicht mehr in meine Sommerkleidung vom vorigen Jahr. Wir miissen verniinftig sein. Ich weiR was, ich lasse beim Metzger vier extra magere Steaks schneiden. Ja, und dann brauchen wir dazu nur eine leckere Sahneso&e. Fleisch und SahnesoBe allein schmecken nicht. Das mag sein, aber wir miissen auf die Kalorien achten. Vielleicht k6nnen wir dann ein paar Semmelknédel und Karotten in ButtersoBe dazu essen. Zu so einem Essen muss man ein kaltes Bierchen trinken, nicht? Moment mal, werden wir nicht auch von diesem Essen zunehmen? GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS nO Sai ee a MOTHER DAUGHTER SON FATHER MOTHER. DAUGHTER SON FATHER SON FATHER: MOTHER: Well, what shall we eat today? I'm definitely somewhat overweight after the weekend. I must lose weight from today onwards. We're going on holiday in four weeks, and I want to be able to wear my bikinis. [To her brother] Rudi, you're a sportsman, you've absolutely got to lose weight too. What, I’m supposed to be a sportsman with a figure like mine!? But you’re right, I’m too heavy. I mustn't eat any potatoes in the next few weeks. And hopefully we won't be having any more beer brought into the house! Quite right. At fifty I’ve got to be more careful too, The doctor says I must only eat fish or lean meat, and with it only fresh vegetables; no potatoes and no rice. Well, what is it to be? I don’t fit into my summer clothes from last year any more. We've got to be sensible. I know, I’ll get four particularly lean steaks cut at the butcher's. Yes, and then we only need a delicious cream sauce with them. Meat and cream sauce don’t taste good on their own. That may be so, but we've got to keep an eye on the calories. Perhaps we can also have a few dumplings and some carrots in butter sauce with them. You have to drink a nice cold beer with a meal like that, don’t you? Hold on, aren’t we going to put on weight from this meal too? WEEK 8 9798 ___ Exercise 18 Insert the correct form of ‘diirfen’, ‘kénnen’, or ‘mussen’ in the following sentences, choosing the auxiliary verb that best fits the sense: 1 Sie ... gut Englisch sprechen, ihre Lehrerin ist gut. w 4 Ich... ins Geschaft gehen und einkaufen, wir haben heute Abend Freunde. 5 Er... kein Bier trinken, er will abnehmen. 6 Die kleine Tochter ... den Film sehen, es ist Sonntag. 7 Das Mittagessen ... warten, sie will erst den Sherry trinken. 2 Wir ... den Wein trinken, sonst wird er schlecht. Er ist sechzehn Jahre alt, er ... nicht Auto fahren. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS MEASUREMENTS AND QUANTITIES Whereas English requires ‘of’ in expressions such as two metres of string a big pile of rubbish some cans of beans (measurements) (quantities) (other units) the corresponding expressions in German place the two. nouns together: zwei Meter Bindfaden ein groRer Haufen Abfall einige Dosen Bohnen If the first noun is m. or n. it is always in the singular, even when the meaning is plural: Ich brauche fiir dieses Rezept zwei Pfund Mehl. I need two pounds of flour for this recipe. Ich trinke jeden Abend drei Glas Rotwein. I drink three glasses of red wine every evening. THE EXPRESSIONS ‘ES IST’ AND ‘ES SIND’ (‘THERE IS/ARE’) In section 27 we talked about using es gibt to mean ‘there is/are’. When you know that something exists or is available and the dominant idea is its quantity or number and its location, ‘there is/are’ is conveyed by es ist/sind: Es ist ein Brief fiir dich da. There’s a letter for you (here). Es sind zwei Zeitungen fiir meine Mutter da. There are two newspapers (here) for my mother. The es in these sentences is not like the es of es gibt. You will remember that gibt remains singular in all cases, with the noun to which it relates in the DO case. With es ist/sind the choice of ist or sind is made according to WEEK 8 99100 whether the real subject of the sentence (here Brief and Zeitungen) is singular or plural. This real subject is, of course, in the SU case. EXPRESSING SPECIFIC LOCATION In the examples in section 37 the idea of location was rather weak (da) and could be omitted in translation. When the idea of location is more dominant and the information more precise, German has three verbs, in addition to sein (‘to be’), to express ‘is/are’, which are all in common use. 1 When something is upright: stehen Auf dem Tisch steht eine alte Vase. or Eine alte Vase steht auf dem Tisch. or Es steht eine alte Vase auf dem Tisch. There’s an old vase on the table. Der Fernsehapparat steht in der Ecke. The television set is in the corner. 2 When something is flat: liegen Auf dem Boden liegt ein schmutziger Teppich. or Ein schmutziger Teppich liegt auf dem Boden. or Es liegt ein schmutziger Teppich auf dem Boden. There’s a dirty carpet on the floor. Die Zeitung liegt auf dem Wohnzimmertisch. The newspaper is on the living-room table. 3 When something is inserted into/between or concealed: stecken Im Schloss steckt ein rostiger Schliissel. or Ein rostiger Schliissel steckt im Schloss. or Es steckt ein rostiger Schliissel im Schloss. There’s a rusty key in the lock. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS. Was steckt hinter dem Vorhang? What's behind the curtain? Sentences like this beginning with es are only possible when the subject is a noun preceded either by (k)ein or by another indefinite word (e.g. einige), or by nothing. HOWTO SAY ‘PUT’ Just as ‘to be’ in a location can be indicated in a general way with sein or more precisely with stehen, liegen, and stecken, you can express ‘put’ in a general way with tun or more precisely with stellen, legen, and stecken: being in putting in a location a location generalised sein tun upright stehen stellen flat liegen legen inserted stecken stecken 1 Generalised ‘put’: tun (to do, put) ich tue wir/Sie/sie (they) tun du tust er/sie (she)/es tut Er tut seine Biicher immer auf das falsche Regal. He always puts his books on the wrong shelf. Sie tut etwas Milch in die Milchkanne. She’s putting a little milk in the milk jug. 2 ‘put’ so that something stands: stellen Wir stellen den Nachttisch neben das Bett. We'll put the bedside table next to the bed. WEEK 8 101102 Er stellt die leeren Flaschen vor die Tiir. He puts the empty bottles outside the door. 3 ‘put’ so that something lies flat: legen Sie legt einen Fiinfzigeuroschein auf die Theke. She’s putting a fifty-euro note on the counter. 4 ‘put’ so that something is inserted into/between or concealed: stecken Er steckt gerade einen Zehneuroschein in deine Manteltasche! He's just putting a ten-euro note in your coat pocket! za MORE ABOUT PREPOSITIONS When any of the prepositions you learnt in week 6, section 26 1-3, except ohne and seit, is applied to a 8rd-person pronoun standing for something other than a living being, the pronoun is not used but is represented by da(r)- followed by the preposition. The two bits form one word (e.g. dariiber, damit) with the stress on the preposition. The -(r)- is used when the preposition begins with a vowel. Compare: Ich lache iiber sie. Y'm laughing at them (e.g. my children, meine Kinder). Ich lache dariiber. I'm laughing at them (e.g. my mistakes, meine Fehler). The case (DO or IO) that normally follows the preposition does not affect the da(r)- construction, which may also stand for a singular or a plural. It may even stand for no noun at all, but for a fact or an idea: GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS, A: Ich hire, er ist arbeitslos. B: Ja, aber er redet nie dariiber. A: [hear he’s unemployed. B: Yes, but he never talks about it (i.e. about being unemployed). Some combinations of da(r)- + preposition have acquired permanent meanings of their own: dafiir instead, on the other hand dagegen by contrast, on the other hand daher _ therefore damit so that (purpose), in order that darum _ therefore ohne (‘without’) is simply followed by the standard pronouns (see week 3, section 15). To say ‘since that’, ‘since it’, or ‘since then’ using seit there is a standard word: seitdem. WEEK 8 103104 ____ Exercise 19 words so you only use each one once. 1 Er hat eine Feile in der Hand, ... Offnet er die Tir. 2 Vor dem Einbrecher ist eine Treppe, ... sitzt ein Skelett. 3 Wir trinken ein Glas Wein, ... gehen wir schlafen. 4 Ich esse eine Wurst, ... trinke ich eine Cola. 5 Ich nehme fiinf Rosen, ... muss ich €10,75 bezahlen. 6 Auf der Tischdecke liegt ein Brot, ... steht ein Glas. 7 Der junge Mann ist zu schwer, ... muss er etwas tun. 8 Sie sehen die Kirche und das Gasthaus, Sie nehmen die StraBe 9 Das Haus steht direkt an der Strake, der Garten liegt .... 10 Wir wollen einkaufen gehen, ... miissen wir noch essen. Insert the most appropriate word from the column on the right into the gap in each of the following sentences. You may need to juggle with the ‘da(r)-’ dazwischen danach darauf daneben dahinter dazu damit dagegen davor dafiir GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS VOCABULARY der das die das das der die die der die die der der der die der die der der das das der die pass auf! Kiihlschrank (“e) méglichst freihalten Hahnchen (-) Himbeertorte (-n) Fertigessen (-) Eisfach (er) morgen tibermorgen Pflaumenkuchen (-) Schiissel (-n) Schlagsahne Becher (-) Packung (-en) Leberwurst (-e) einzeln Stiick zum Weichwerden flach Behilter (-) Scheibenkase Salat Weintraube (-n) Beutel (-) Apfelsine (-n) Blumenkohl Rosenkohl Gemiisefach (er) Glas (er) Honig Erdbeermarmelade meine Giite! Obst now look! refrigerator as (far/much) as possible to keep clear chicken raspberry flan oven-ready meal freezer compartment tomorrow the day after tomorrow plum tart dish (here) whipped cream, (but also) whipping cream (here) carton, (but also) beaker, mug pack, packet liver sausage singly, separately piece (but with number sometimes omitted in translation) to get soft flat container cheese in slices (here) lettuce grape bag orange cauliflower brussels sprouts vegetable compartment jar honey strawberry jam my goodness! fruit WEEK 8 105106 ____ Exercise 20 Complete the monologue by filling the spaces with the appropriate words for ‘be’ and ‘put’. Do this exercise twice, first using ‘sein’ and ‘tun’, and then using the more precise verbs from sections 38 and 39. The vocabulary you need is on page 105. A mother is about to leave her teenage son on his own for a few days and tells him what she has left in the refrigerator for him. Pass auf! Ich werde den Kiihlschrank méglichst frei- halten. Dann kannst du alles ganz leicht finden. Das Hahnchen fiir Sonntag, die gefrorene Himbeertorte und die beiden Fertigessen (1) ... / ... ich ins Eisfach. Die Fertigessen kannst du morgen und iibermorgen essen. Der Pflaumenkuchen und die Schiissel mit Schlagsahne (2) ... /... oben. Da (3)... / ... ich auch die beiden Flaschen Wein hin ... Ach, da ist gerade noch etwas Platz, den Becher Yoghurt kann ich dazwischen (4) ... / ... Die vier Flaschen Bier (5) ... / ... ich unten in die Tiir, und zwei Packungen Milch (6) ... / ... daneben. Ich (7) ... / ... die Packung gekochten Schinken, die Salami und die Leberwurst in die Mitte. Sie sind natiir- lich fiir abends ... Kier? ... Die Eier (8)... /... ich natiirlich einzeln oben in die Tiir, zw6lf Stiick. Zwei Stick Butter (9) ... / ... ich in das obere Fach in der Tiir, das Dritte lasse ich drauSen zum Weichwerden. Der flache Behalter mit drei Sorten Kase (10) ... /... in der Mitte, und dahinter liegen eine Tube Mayonnaise und der Scheibenkase. Die Gurke, der Salat, die Weintrauben und die Tomaten (11) ... / ... unten, und den Beutel Apfelsinen, einen Kopf Blumenkohl und den Rosenkohl (12) ... / ... ich ins Gemiisefach ganz unten. Ein kleines Glas Honig und ein Glas Erdbeermarmelade (13) ... / ... ich weiter oben in die Tir ... Meine Gitte, ist der KiihIschrank wieder voll! ____ Exercise 21 Translate the monologue from Exercise 20 GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS Week further meanings and uses of ‘der’, ‘die’ ‘das’ more about the use of the present tense irregular present-tense forms of common verbs the pre-present tense and how it is formed time expressions, including months, days and dates, and times of day MORE ABOUT ‘DER, ‘DIE’, ‘DAS’ 1 das not only means ‘the’ before n. nouns, but can stand alone without a noun to mean ‘that’: (i) A: Du sollst heute bezahlen You've got to pay today. B: Das weif ich. I know (that). (ii) A: Zehn Brétchen kosten vier Euro. Ten rolls cost four euros. B: Das ist zu teuer. That’s too much. In the above, das — direct object in (i) and subject in (ii) — stands for facts or ideas rather than identifiable nouns. 2 der (m.), die (f.), and die (plural) can stand alone without a noun to mean er (m.), sie (f.), and sie (plural): (i) A: Der Kellner hat unsere Bestellung seit einer Stunde. The waiter has had our order for an hour. B: Der ist aber langsam! My goodness, he’s slow! (ii) A: Ich warte auf die Schwester. I'm waiting for the nurse. B: Die kommt heute nicht. She’s not coming today. (ii) A: Was kosten Bananen? What's the price of bananas? B: Die sind diese Woche billig. They're cheap this week. WEEK 9 107108 This use of der and die so dominates the speech of some Germans as almost to replace er and sie. When employed in this way, they tend to be used to start sentences, and so are less common in questions, where this is not possible. They always have some degree of stress when spoken with this meaning, unlike when they are used to mean ‘the’. 3 The uses described in 1 and 2 also apply to the DO and IO cases, producing the following scheme: singular plural mes fs ni pivials DO den(ihn) die (sie) das _ | die (sie) !0 dem (ihm) der (ihr) dem | denen (ihnen) Examples: A: Geben Sie mir den Schliissel. Give me the key. B: Den finde ich im Augenblick nicht. (m. DO) I can’t find it just at the moment. A: Der Chef verspricht mir immer wieder mehr Geld. The boss is always promising me more money. B: Dem kann man gar nichts mehr glauben. (m. 10) You can’t believe anything at all that he says. A: Diese Milch ist sauer. This milk is sour. B: Die miissen wir wegwerfen. (f. DO) We'll have to throw it away. A: Frau Klimpel schwatzt sehr viel. Frau Klimpel gossips a lot. B: Ja, der erzahle ich nie (et)was. (f. 10) Yes, I never tell her anything. A: Er verkauft sein Geschaft. He’s selling his shop. B: Wie bitte? Das glaube ich nicht. (n. DO) What! I don’t believe it. A: Er hat zu viele Probleme mit seinem Geschaft. He has too many problems with his business. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS, B: Dem ist er einfach nicht mehr gewachsen. (n. IO) He simply can’t cope (i.e. with the general situation) any more. A: Driiben sitzen die neuen Nachbarn. The new neighbours are sitting over there. B: Die kennen wir leider noch nicht. (plural DO) Unfortunately we don’t know them yet. A: Ich hore, die Kinder kriegen ein neues Geschwisterchen. I hear the children are going to get a new little brother or sister. B: Denen wollen wir aber eine Zeitlang noch nichts davon sagen. (plural IO) We shan’t tell them anything (about it) for a while, though. 4 der and die are often used, particularly in spoken German, before a forename or a family name, to refer to individuals. With forenames this may imply intimacy, and with family names it may have pejorative overtones: Der Rudi muss abnehmen. Rudi’s got to lose weight. Ich sehe die Anna heute Abend. I'm seeing Anna this evening. Dem Thomas schenke ich fiinf Euro. I'll give Thomas five euros. Der Schmidt lasst seine Kunden immer warten. Schmidt is always keeping his customers waiting. This usage has no parallel in English. The English ‘the’ before a family name, to mean the married couple or family with that name, is entirely optional in German (Die) Schmidts sind nicht zu Hause. The Schmidts are not at home. 5 Asingle der, die, or das can never suffice to cover a series of nouns, particularly if they are of mixed gender WEEK 9 109or number. But in both conversation and writing, it is common practice to omit der, die, das altogether with groups of two or more nouns, even if separated by und. Das Friihstiick ist fertig. Brot, Butter, Eier, Marmelade, Honig, Kaffee, Milch, Zucker, Salz und Pfeffer stehen auf dem Tisch. Breakfast is ready. The bread, butter, eggs, jam, honey, coffee, milk, sugar, salt and pepper are on the table. ____ Exercise 22 Insert the correct variant of ‘d. / in the following sentences. 1 A Wie geht es den Geschwistern? B Von ... héren wir gar nichts. 2 A Wie lange miissen wir auf den Kaffee warten? B ... ist schon lange fertig! 3 Der Junge bekommt immer soviel Geld von mir. ... gebe ich jetzt nichts mehr. 4 A Bei diesem Wetter kann man gar nicht gut arbeiten. B ... sage ich auch. 5 A Unsere Tochter heiratet néchste Woche. B ... wiinsche ich viel SpaB! 6 A Wie alt ist der Sohn von der Wirtin? B ... wei ich nicht. 7 A Wie alt ist der Sohn von der Wirtin? B ... kenne ich nicht. 8 A Ich lese gern die BILD-Zeitung. B.... lese ich auch gern. 9 A Meine Eltern sind krank, aber sie wollen nicht zum Arzt. B ... kann man aber auch gar nicht helfen! 10 A Herr Schmidt verkauft mir saure Milch. B Bei ... kaufe ich nichts mehr! GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS USES OF THE PRESENT TENSE 1 The German present tense covers both the English ways of expressing ‘present’ ideas, as in: I go to my mother's twice a week. Don’t delay me, I’m going home. It is also used, as in the English sentences above, to express ‘future’ ideas, when the future seems like a clear extension of the present: Nachsten Monat fahre ich in die Vereinigten Staaten. I go to the States next month. Ich fahre mit meinem Bruder in Urlaub. I'm going on holiday with my brother. 2 When the future seems open, justifying a note of intention or conviction, the future tense with werden and the infinitive is used: Ich werde nicht mehr so viel trinken. I’m going to start drinking less. Bei solcher Inflation wird alles bald viel mehr kosten. With inflation like this, everything’s going to cost a lot more soon. Sometimes the future with werden is necessary for clarity. The following request: Kénnen Sie mir helfen, ich suche meine Koffer. Can you help me? I’m looking for my suitcases. could have the answer Ich helfe Ihnen. I'll help you. WEEK 9 11112 Here the present tense has clear future meaning, the implication being sofort or gleich, ‘at once’, which might be added. But if the answer was, for example, ‘I'll do my best’, the present tense could be misleading (‘I'm doing my best’) and the future with werden is preferable: Ich werde mein Bestes tun. I'll do my best. 3 Used together with a time reference, the German present tense indicates a state of affairs continuing from the past into the present. Contrast with English usage. Ich kenne ihn seit sechs Jahren. I have known him for six years. Wie lange wohnen Sie schon hier? How long have you been living here? Wir wohnen hier seit 1992. We've been living here since 1992. PRESENT TENSE: IRREGULAR VERBS There are several common verbs which are irregular in the present tense in the 2nd and 3rd persons singular. These must be learnt. The most useful ones are listed below, grouped according to the sound changes that take place. Only the 3rd person singular is given. The 2nd person is formed by inserting -s- before the final -t {unless the stem ends in -s, -ss, or -8): -en form 8rd person singular fahren to go (other than fahrt on foot), travel fallen to fall fallt halten to hold halt schlafen to sleep schlaft schlagen to beat, strike schlagt tragen to carry, wear tragt verlassen to leave verlasst wachsen to grow wachst GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS laufen to run. lauft lesen to read liest sehen to see sieht stehlen to steal stiehlt essen to eat isst geben to give gibt helfen to help hilft nehmen to take nimmt sprechen to speak spricht vergessen. to forget vergisst werfen to throw wirft One common verb is irregular throughout the singular: ich/er/sie/es wei8 du weift wissen. to know (facts) THE PRE-PRESENT You will remember that auxiliary verbs (sections 34 and 35) are used as follows: Start of sentence: End of sentence: Finite auxiliary verb -» Non-finite main verb (close to SU) (-en form) The pre-present follows a similar pattern. The finite verb is either haben or sein, which can be used as auxiliaries as well as independently. (To find out which to use, see section 45.) In statements this verb is usually the second element of the sentence, and in questions either the first or the second, depending on the type of question. The non-finite main verb, or past participle, is made by taking the -en form, replacing the -en by -t, and putting ge before the stem. For example: machen mach-en-> ge-mach-t+ gemacht. WEEK 9 113114 This type of verb is like ‘climbed’ in the English sentence ‘we have climbed’. If the stem of the verb itself ends in t or d, insert an -e- before the added -t, to make it easier to say. For example: warten (‘to wait’) wart-en> ge-wart-et gewartet From now on we shall refer to the past participle as the ge_(e)t form. Wir haben ein Bild gemalt. have painted We have been painting a picture. painted were painting Wir sind in die Kiiche gerast. have rushed We have been been rushing {into the kitchen. rushed were rushing AUXILIARY VERB: ‘SEIN’ OR ‘HABEN’? The rule is quite simple. Use sein as the auxiliary if the process denoted by the ge_(e)t verb: 1 Denotes a process involving motion or a change of state (e.g. kommen, ‘to come’; springen, ‘to jump’; sterben, ‘to die’; werden, ‘to become’) without, however, taking or implying a DO (thus excluding such verbs as bringen, ‘to take, bring’; reichen, ‘to hand’; schicken, ‘to send’; ziehen, ‘to pull’) 2 |s either sein, ‘to be’, or bleiben, ‘to stay, remain’, which imply the opposite of motion or a change of state. Otherwise use haben as the auxiliary. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS. Examples: Ich bin hin und her gelaufen (motion). Iran (or walked!) to and fro. Ich bin zur Schule gegangen (motion), aber mein Bruder ist zu Hause geblieben (from bleiben). I went to school but my brother stayed at home. Meine Gro&mutter ist vier Wochen krank gewesen (from sein). My grandmother was ill for four weeks. Dann ist sie gestorben (change of state). Then she died. The rule does mean that some verbs take either sein or haben, according to the sense in which they are being used: Wir sind immer mit dem Zug gefahren. (not implying a DO) We always went by train. Er hat einen eleganten Sportwagen gefahren. (taking a DO) He was driving an elegant sports car. USES OF THE PRE-PRESENT Knowing the pre-present is invaluable, because it enables you to talk about almost any past event without ever having to use the past tense (sections 59 and 66). For the pre-present you only need the present tense of haben or sein and one ge_(e)t form for each verb. The pre-present covers all the four English constructions in: We have bought a house. We have been buying a house. We bought a house. We were buying a house. The German for all the sentences above is simply: Wir haben ein Haus gekauft. WEEK 9 115116 ma THE GE _(E)T FORM Most verbs follow the pattern ge_(e)t to make the past participle. It is, for example, the pattern for most coinages from non-German sources (e.g. gestartet, gestoppt, gelandet, gecheckt). So ge_(e)t will always be used in this course as the symbol for the past participle verb form, despite the fact that some verbs don’t follow this pattern. Here are some examples of the standard pattern: ren form stem ge (et) form kaufen to buy kauf gekauft machen to make, do mach gemacht sagen to say sag gesagt zihlen tocount ahi gezahit baden to bathe bad gebadet blenden to dazzle blend geblendet bluten to bleed blut — geblutet leisten toachieve leist —_geleistet 1 Irregular forms of ge_(e)t An irregular form in German often corresponds to an irregular form in an English verb from the same source (e.g. ‘to swim, swum’: schwimmen, geschwommen). Here are the main irregular past participles, grouped according to the changes that occur. Try to identify the changes for each group. Any particular oddities are underlined. zen form ge (e)t form brennen to bum gebrannt bringen to bring, take gebracht denken to think gedacht kennen to know (people) gekannt wissen to know (facts) gewusst essen to eat gegessen fahren to go (not on foot) gefahren fangen to catch gefangen GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS. geben halten kommen Jaufen lesen messen rufen schlafen schlagen sehen stoBen tragen treten wachsen stehen gehen brechen helfen sprechen sterben treffen werden nehmen stehlen leiden pfeifen schneiden streiten bleiben leihen scheinen schreiben steigen treiben to give to hold to come to run to read to measure to call (out) to sleep to hit, beat to see to bump to carry, wear to step to grow to stand to go to break to help to speak to die to meet to become to take to steal to suffer to whistle to cut to quarrel to stay, remain to lend to seem, shine to write to climb to drive, impel gegeben gehalten gekommen gelaufen gelesen gemessen gerufen geschlafen geschlagen gesehen gestoBen getragen getreten gewachsen gestanden gegangen gebrochen geholfen gesprochen gestorben getroffen geworden genommen gestohlen gelitten gepfiffen geschnitten gestritten geblieben geliehen geschienen geschrieben gestiegen getrieben WEEK 9 117118 sitzen to sit gesessen schwimmen to swim geschwommen finden to find gefunden sinken to sink gesunken springen to jump gesprungen trinken to drink getrunken bitten to ask, request gebeten riechen to smell gerochen schlieBen to shut, close geschlossen liegen to lie (recline) gelegen bieten to offer geboten fliegen to fly geflogen fliehen to flee geflohen ziehen to pull, draw gezogen liigen to lie (fib) gelogen sein to be gewesen 2 Effect of prefixes on the ge_(e)t form Many German words are composites, consisting of a central core with a distinctive meaning (the root), to the front or rear of which are attached further syllables. In the case of the -en form of a verb such as bekommen (‘to get’), the structure looks like this: be + komm + en prefix + root + suffix The prefix, attached to the front, combines with the root to produce the overall meaning of the verb; the root provides the core of meaning of the verb; and the suffix, attached to the end, carries the non-finite form ending. Suffixes are also used GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS. to provide the present or past tense personal ending. Now see how the presence of a prefix affects the ge_(e)t form. The stressed syllables are marked with an accent, as observing the correct stress is the key to understanding prefixes and their effects. ‘WERESI -en form ge_le)t form ge_{e)t form analysed prefix root suffix bekémmen beké6mmen be ké6mm en to get empfinden empftnden emp find en to feel entspréchen entspréchen ent spréch en to correspond erwarten erwartet er wart et to expect 5 gehéren gehort ge hor t to belong misslingen misshingen miss ling en to fail verstéhen verstanden ver stand en to understand widerspréchen | widerspréchen | wider spréch en to contradict 5 4 zerstéren zerstért ervey ston at to destroy WEEK 9 119120 ANPEMM -en form ge_(e)t form ge_(e)t form analysed birt prefixes root suffix ankommen angekommen |4n ge kommen to arrive atifstehen atifgestanden |atf ge stand en to get up atismachen atisgemacht atis ge mach t to switch off béitreten béigetreten béi gen [Link] to join einladen eingeladen ein ge lad en to invite gégenzeichnen | gégengezeichnet| gégen ge zeichn et to countersign mithelfen mitgeholfen mit ge holf en to assist néchholen ndchgeholt ndch ge hol t to catch up vérbeugen vorgebeugt vor ge beug t to avert ztthéren ztigehort mi ge hor t to listen If you study the two tables carefully, you will see that: the TYPE | verb prefixes, which are unstressed, do not permit the ge_(e)t form prefix ge- to be inserted between themselves and the root. They are inseparable from the root. Verbs with inseparable prefixes do not take the ge- at all; the TYPE II verb prefixes, which are stressed, allow the prefix ge- to be inserted before the root, and so are called separable. The ge_(e)t forms of both types are written as single words, e.g. verstanden, ausgemacht. The suffix variations of both types of prefixed verbs (-(e)t, -en) follow this rule: if the unprefixed verb is irregular, e.g. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS gestanden, so are any prefixed forms derived from it (e.g. aufgestanden, ‘got up’, verstanden, ‘understood’). The two tables contain the main prefixes that are used exclusively as inseparable or separable prefixes, but they are not exhaustive. There are some prefixes (e.g. iiber, um, unter) which can appear in TYPE | or TYPE II verbs, producing verbs of completely different meaning, e.g. umbauen, ‘to build around, enclose’; timbauen, ‘to rebuild, convert’. To help you use prefixed verbs correctly, all prefixed verbs are labelled | or II in the Mini-dictionary and word lists. 3 Verbs ending in -ieren All verbs ending in (note the stress) -feren (e.g. telefonieren, kontrollieren, interessieren, informieren) make the ge_(e)t form without the ge- but with the -t (e.g. telefoniert, etc). WEEK 9 121122 Exercise 23 For each sentence, insert the correct form of ‘sein’ or ‘haben’ in the first gap, and the ‘ge_(e)t’ form of the given main verb in the second gap. 1 Er... mir den Schliissel ... (bringen) 2 Mein Freund ... heute in die Vereinigten Staaten ... (fliegen) 3 Unsere Eltern ... vor einigen Jahren ... (sterben) 4 Meine Mutter ... die Erdbeermarmelade in den Kiihlschrank ... (stellen) 5 Das Kind ... vom Tisch ... (springen) 6 Ich... heute den ganzen Tag zu Hause ... (bleiben) 7 Dieses Jahr ... die Miete fiir unsere Wohnung sehr ... (steigen) s 8 Ich... meiner Wirtin einen Brief ... (schicken) 9 Wir ... von meiner Schwester Geld ... (bekommen) 10 Du ... wirklich sehr gro ... (werden) TIME EXPRESSIONS 1 Expressions for frequency nie never je (jemals) ever selten rarely einmal once zweimal twice (etc) ab und zu occasionally manchmal sometimes regelmaRig regularly immer wieder again and again immer always GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS 2 General expressions for ‘now’ jetzt nun im Augenblick augenblicklich im Moment momentan eben gerade vorhin neulich letztens in letzter Zeit vor einiger Zeit sofort, gleich bald nachher now (can refer to what is happening or what is imminent) now (seen as the final step in a series: also has non-temporal sense of ‘well now’) at the moment just now (a moment ago); (exactly) now, just (at the moment); now (presently), just (in a moment); as with English ‘just’, eben and gerade often also mean ‘simply’ or ‘barely’ a little time ago recently (but only in the sense of a particular recent occasion in the speaker's mind) recently some time ago straight away, immediately, at once soon afterwards 3 General expressions related to ‘then’ dann damals davor, vorher kurz davor then at that time before that shortly before that WEEK 9 123124 danach after that, afterwards kurz danach shortly afterwards frither formerly 4 Time measured from ‘now’ vor einem Monat a month ago vor einer Woche a week ago seit fiinf Sekunden _ for five seconds (i.e. starting five seconds ago, before now) in drei Tagen in three days (i.e. after three days) 5 Time measured from ‘then’ einen Monat davor a month before, previously einen Monat zuvor seit vier Jahren for four years (i.e. starting four years previously, before ‘then’) nach zwei Wochen _ two weeks later zwei Wochen danach zwei Wochen spater 6 Expressions related to ‘today’ heute today gestern yesterday vorgestern the day before yesterday heute vor einer Woche a week ago today heute vor acht Tagen gestern vor zwei Wochen a fortnight ago yesterday gestern vor vierzehn Tagen morgen tomorrow iibermorgen the day after tomorrow GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS three weeks today tomorrow week heute in drei Wochen morgen in acht Tagen YEARS, MONTHS, DAYS, DATES, ANDTIME 1 Years (see also section 18): no preposition, or preceded, more formally, by im Jahre: 2010 werde ich zwanzig. I'll be twenty in 2010. or Er hat im Jahre 1995 geheiratet. He got married in 1995. seit/vor/nach 2003 since/before/after 2003 2 Seasons: preposition in (all are m. nouns, so usually im) Frithling spring im Sommer in summer Herbst autumn Winter winter 3 Months: preposition in (all are m. nouns, so usually im) Januar Juli Februar August im = Marz im September April Oktober Mai November Juni Dezember 4 Days: preposition an (all are m. nouns, so usually am) Sonntag Sunday Montag Monday Dienstag Tuesday am Mittwoch on Wednesday Donnerstag Thursday Freitag Friday Sonnabend Saturday or Samstag WEEK 9 125126 5 Dates Without a preposition: Heute ist der 1. Marz. (erste) Today is the first of March. Donnerstag ist der 3. Mai. (dritte) Morgen ist der 7. November. (siebte) Freitag ist der 19. Juli. (neunzehnte) Ubermorgen ist der 20. Oktober. (zwanzigste) Dating a letter or document: den 2. Januar 2000 (zweiten) (DO case) den 30.8.2001 (dreiRigsten Achten) (DO case) With preposition an: Am 15, Juni fahren wir in Urlaub. (fiinfzehnten) We're going on holiday on 15th June. 6 Time of day: preposition um. 8.00 acht Uhr 8.05 fiinf nach acht 8.08 acht Minuten nach acht 8.10 zehn nach acht 8.15 Viertel nach acht or viertel neun 8.20 zwanzig nach acht 8.25 fiinf vor halb neun 8.30 halb neun 8.32 zwei Minuten nach halb neun 8.35 fiinf nach halb neun 8.40 zwanzig vor neun 8.45 Viertel vor neun or drei viertel neun Um Viertel nach eins kommt der Arzt. The doctor’s coming at a quarter past one. The 24-hour clock, which is in very widespread use for all sorts of formal purposes, is straightforward: GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS 14.30 vierzehn Uhr drei&ig 22.27 zweiundzwanzig Uhr siebenundzwanzig Exercise 24 Establish in each case which of the sentences (a), (b), or (c) is most compatible with the initial statement. 1 Im Augenblick habe ich keine Zeit. (a) Ich spiele in zwei Stunden Tennis. (b)Ich habe jetzt viel Arbeit. (c) Ich schlafe im Augenblick. 2 In zwei Wochen fahre ich in die Vereinigten Staaten. (a) Ich bin fiir zwei Wochen in den Vereinigten Staaten. (b) Der Urlaub in den Vereinigten Staaten ist zwei Wochen. (c) Ich fahre heute in vierzehn Tagen in die Vereinigten Staaten. 3 Ubermorgen muss ich beim Metzger einkaufen. (a) In zwei Tagen kaufe ich ein Pfund Hackfleisch. (b) Ubermorgen verkauft der Metzger sein Geschaft. (c) Ubermorgen verkaufe ich Gemiise. 4 Seit gestern vor vierzehn Tagen ist seine Mutter krank. (a) Seine Mutter ist in vierzehn Tagen krank. (b) Seine Mutter ist schon zwei Wochen krank. (c) Vor vierzehn Tagen ist seine Mutter im Bett geblieben. 5 Frau Schmidt ist eben in die Stadt gegangen. (a) Frau Schmidt ist momentan in der Stadt. (b) Gerade ist Frau Schmidt in die Stadt gefahren. (c) Frau Schmidt will gleich in der Stadt spazieren gehen. 6 Friiher hat Herr Kegel Biicher geschrieben. (a) Neulich hat Herr Kegel Biicher geschrieben. (b) Nachher schreibt Herr Kegel Biicher. (c) Herr Kegel hat damals gute Biicher geschrieben. WEEK 9 127128 ‘NICHT WAHR?’, ETC In English there is a range of reassurance tags, the choice of which is determined by the verb in each sentence: He likes the painting, doesn’t he? So he likes the painting, does he? He won't buy it, will he? We shan’t pay, shall we? We're not going to pay, are we? In German, on the other hand, one tag does for all sentences, though it varies from region to region and also according to the degree of formality. In formal situations the tag would be ..., nicht wahr? and this is often used in writing The most frequently used form is ..., nicht? The initial comma is essential, otherwise the sentence becomes negative. Most casual of all is ..., ne? Regional variants are ..., woll? and ..., gell? When more reassurance is sought, ..., oder? can be used, especially with negative sentences. However, this is far less common. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS UE ane VOCABULARY Study and learn the conversation below. You will need these new words: die der das das der die Arztin (-nen) zum ersten Mal jahrelang plétzlich unangenehm Schmerz (-en) Handgelenk (-e) bemerken I Gelenk (-e) steif Gelegenheit (-en) passieren Schwager (-) Umzug (e) meinen Beruf (-e) benutzen I Maurer (-) etwa Fliesenleger (-) schon mal von selbst réntgen wie gesagt erst mal untersuchen I allgemein Herz (-en) abhéren IL Blutdruck messen Blutprobe (-n) behandeln I iiberweisen I schiitteln (female) doctor for the first time for years suddenly unpleasant pain wrist to notice joint (here: wrist) stiff occasion to happen brother-in-law removal to say (give an opinion) job to use bricklayer (1) about (approximately); (2) perhaps (conjectural) tiler ever by itself to X-ray as (I) said first of all to examine generally heart to check (heart, lungs) blood pressure to measure blood test to treat to transfer, hand over to shake WEEK 9 129130 CONVERSATION A doctor receives a new patient PATIENT, ARZTIN PATIENT, ARZTIN PATIENT ARZTIN PATIENT ARZTIN PATIENT ARZTIN PATIENT ARZTIN PATIENT ARZTIN PATIENT ARZTIN Guten Tag, Frau Doktor! Guten Tag, Sie sind zum ersten Mal bei mir, nicht? Ja, ich bin jahrelang bei keinem Arzt gewesen. Und was haben Sie denn jetzt so plétzlich? Vor einigen Tagen habe ich sehr unangenehme Schmerzen im rechten Handgelenk bemerkt, und das Gelenk ist auch ganz steif geworden. Bei welcher Gelegenheit ist das passiert? Ich habe neulich meiner Schwester und meinem Schwager beim Umzug geholfen und sehr schwere Sachen getragen. Sofort danach habe ich es gemerkt. Die haben gemeint, ich soll zum Arzt gehen. Haben Sie einen manuellen Beruf? ... mit anderen Worten, benutzen Sie Ihre Hande viel? Friiher bin ich Maurer gewesen, aber seit etwa einem Jahr bin ich Fliesenleger. Spielen Sie etwa Handball oder Tennis? Ja, ab and zu beides. Haben Sie schon mal Probleme mit dem Handgelenk gehabt? Ja, vor etwa zwei Monaten, aber es ist von selbst besser geworden. Diesmal sind die Schmerzen viel starker als vor zwei Monaten. Hat man Ihnen das Handgelenk je geréntgt? Nein, wie gesagt, ich bin lange nicht mehr zum Arzt gegangen. Ich werde Sie erst mal allgemein untersuchen ... Herz abhéren ... Blutdruck messen ... Urin untersuchen ... eine PATIENT ARZTIN PATIENT ARZTIN PATIENT TRANSLATION PATIENT. DOCTOR PATIENT. DOCTOR PATIENT bocToR PATIENT, DOCTOR PATIENT Doctor PATIENT, DOCTOR PATIENT. DOCTOR Blutprobe machen .... Warum denn das alles? Sie waren doch so lange nicht beim Arzt... und dann das Handgelenk réntgen... .-. und dann werden Sie das Handgelenk behandeln, nicht? O nein! Dann itiberweise ich Sie an meinen Kollegen Henschel. Der ist Orthopade! [Schiittelt den Kopf!] Hello, doctor. Hello. This is the first time you've come to see me, isn’t it? Yes, I haven't seen a doctor for years. And what’s the matter with you now all of a sudden? A few days ago I noticed some very unpleasant pains in my right wrist, and my wrist also got quite stiff. On what occasion did that happen? I was helping my sister and brother-in-law, with their house-moving recently and carrying very heavy things. I noticed it immediately afterwards. They said that I must go to the doctor. Do you have a manual job? ... in other words, do you use your hands a lot? I used to be a bricklayer, but I’ve been a tiler for about a year. Do you play, say, handball or tennis? Yes, both now and again. Have you ever had problems with your wrist before? Yes, about two months ago, but it got better by itself. This time the pains are much worse than two months ago. Has your wrist ever been X-rayed? GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS WEEK 9 131132 GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS Week » the ‘possessor’ case and a group of masculine nouns with unusual case endings » more TYPE Il verbs » verb constructions with ‘zu’ (‘to’), ‘um ... Zu’, ohne ... Zu’, and ‘statt ... zu’ » how to express the ‘obverse process’ or passive » auxiliary verbs in the pre-present, or perfect, tense » the past tense of ‘haben’, ‘sein’, and the auxiliary verbs In English there are two ways of linking two nouns to show that one possesses the other: A Friday’s paper John’s wife’s aunt both companies’ profits women’s rights B the tip of the iceberg the opinion of the judge the end of the matter brother of the deceased In A the possessor is marked by apostrophe ‘s’ (...’s). In B the nouns are linked by ‘of’. In German, possession is expressed by distinctive forms of d. ., of ein, of adjectives, and - for m. and n. singular nouns only — of the noun itself: die Schwagerin meines Freundes my friend’s sister-in-law die Ansichten beider Rechtsanwilte the views of both lawyers der Ruf des ehemaligen Politikers the former politician’s reputation der Wagen einer alten Dame an old lady’s car WEEK 10 133134 All the possessor (PO) forms are shown below: singular plural mo fae ne min d. des der des der (k)ein (k)eines (k)einer (k)eines | keiner d..-type dies.. dieses dieser dieses dieser jed.. jedes jeder jedes - ein-type unser unseres unserer unseres | unserer Thr Thres Ihrer __ Ihres Ihrer adjective after dae -en throughout adjective after ein -en throughout adjective alone = -en ta -en xe! noun ending -(e)s - -(e)s - The (e) of the m. and n. singular noun endings is often inserted after monosyllabic noun stems. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS PREPOSITIONS TAKING THE POSSESSOR CASE As you saw in week 6, section 26, each preposition in German affects the case of the following noun or pronoun. A few common prepositions take the possessor (PO) case. To help you remember which they are, the English equivalents below all have ‘of’ after them: auBerhalb outside of innerhalb inside of jenseits on the far side of (beyond) statt instead of trotz in spite of wahrend in the course of (during) wegen because of, on account of Though these prepositions are frequently used before nouns, there is no complete set of pronouns for use after PO prepositions. Instead there are a number of unusual forms. These are the most common: stattdessen instead (of it) trotzdem in spite of this, nevertheless wahrenddessen_ in the course of it/this deswegen because of this, consequently meinetwegen on my account, as far as 1am concerned unseretwegen —_ on our account deinetwegen on your account wegen is also colloquially followed by the 10 pronouns: wegen mir because of me wegen uns because of us wegen dir because of you wegen dem because of him WEEK 10 135136 IRREGULAR MASCULINE NOUNS 1 Most m. and n. nouns add -(e)s for the singular possessor case. However, some m. nouns, including common ones, do not add -(e)s for the possessor case, but add -(e)n for all cases, singular and plural, except the SU singular, which is the form given: der Automat machine (and other ‘imported’ (e.g. vending) nouns ending in -at) der Bauer farmer der Franzose Frenchman (and other m nationality designations ending in -e like der Pole, but NOT der Deutsche, which follows different rules; see section 61) der Held hero der Herr Mr, gentleman (adds only -n in singular, -en in plural) der Junge boy (the colloquial plural adds -ns throughout) der Kollege colleague der Kunde customer der Mensch _ person, human being, (plural) people der Nachbar _ neighbour der Prasident president (and many other ‘imported’ nouns ending in -ent) der Soldat soldier (see Automat) der Student student (see Prasident) der Tourist tourist (and other ‘imported’ nouns ending in -ist) Many other nouns, particularly other imported nouns, follow the same pattern. All such nouns are followed in the Mini-dictionary not by the usual information on the plural, but by ‘(PO -n)' or ‘(PO -en)’, for example: der Tourist (PO -en) tourist. GERMAN IN THREE MONTHS 2 Asmall group of m. nouns ending in -e add -ns for the singular PO case and -n in all other cases. Here are their singular SU cases: der Buchstabe letter (of the alphabet) der Gedanke thought der Glaube belief der Name name der Wille will (determination) These are marked in the Mini-dictionary with ‘(PO -ns)’. USINGTYPE II VERBS We have already seen that TYPE II (separable) verbs need the ge- of the ge-_(e)t form to be inserted between the separable prefix and the root. The same principle applies if the -en form is preceded by zu (‘to’). This is also inserted between the prefix and the root. In both cases the resulting sequence is spoken and written as one word: ausgegangen, duszugehen. However, if a TYPE Il verb is the finite verb of the sentence, the prefix is split off and appears right at the end of the sentence: Ich lade meine Freunde fiir Sonnabend ein. (éinladen) I’m inviting my friends for Saturday. Er schlagt ein kaltes Mittagessen mit Brot, Kase und Wein vor. (vérschlagen) He suggests a cold lunch with bread, cheese, and wine. Ich helfe bei den Vorbereitungen fiir die Konferenz nicht mit. (mithelfen) Tm not helping with the preparations for the conference. Note that even nicht, which usually comes near the end of a sentence, must come before the separated prefix WEEK 10 137