Drug Design
Introduction to Drug Discovery
Principles of Rational Drug Design
Library Design
Molecular Docking: Principles and Methods
Cheminformatics: Principles and Applications
Encoding Molecules
3D Database Searching
Molecular Similarity
Principles in Pharmacophore Elucidation
QSAR: Principles and Methods
3D-QSAR: Principles and Methods
Molecular Geometry
Molecular Properties
Stereochemistry
Molecular Energies
Conformational Analysis
Molecular Graphics
Selected Examples in 3D Analysis
General Introduction to Drugs
Drug Discovery
Drug Development
Cheminformatics
Introduction to Drug Discovery
Principles of Rational Drug Design
Library Design
Molecular Docking: Principles and Methods
Cheminformatics: Principles and Applications
Encoding Molecules
3D Database Searching
Molecular Similarity
Principles in Pharmacophore Elucidation
QSAR: Principles and Methods
3D-QSAR: Principles and Methods
Molecular Geometry
Molecular Properties
Stereochemistry
Molecular Energies
Conformational Analysis
Molecular Graphics
Selected Examples in 3D Analysis
General Introduction to Drugs
Drug Discovery
Drug Development
Structural Bioinformatics
ntroduction to Drug Discovery
Principles of Rational Drug Design
Structural Bioinformatics
Protein Structure
Molecular Dynamics
Introduction to Protein-Ligand Binding
Principles of Structure-Based Design
Molecular Docking: Principles and Methods
Case Studies in Structure-Based Design
Case Studies of Docking in Drug Discovery
Analyses of Protein-Ligand Complexes
Molecular Geometry
Molecular Properties
Stereochemistry
Molecular Energies
Conformational Analysis
Molecular Graphics
Selected Examples in 3D Analysis
General Introduction to Drugs
Drug Discovery
Drug Development
Medicinal Chemistry
Introduction to Drug Discovery
Principles of Rational Drug Design
Structure Activity Relationships
Success Stories in Drug Discovery
Bioisosterism
Synthesis of Drugs
Library Design
ADME Properties
Introduction to Protein-Ligand Binding
Molecular Similarity
Principles in Pharmacophore Elucidation
QSAR: Principles and Methods
Molecular Geometry
Molecular Properties
Stereochemistry
Molecular Energies
Conformational Analysis
Molecular Graphics
Selected Examples in 3D Analysis
General Introduction to Drugs
Drug Discovery
Drug Development
Practical Drug Discovery: Case Studies
Case Studies in SAR Analyses
Success Stories in Drug Discovery
Case Studies in Advanced Analog Design
Case Studies in 3D Mimic Design
Case Studies in Peptidomimetics
Case Studies in Library Design
Case Studies in ADME/Tox Predictions
Case Studies in Structure-Based Design
Case Studies of Docking in Drug Discovery
Case Studies in 3D Database Searching
Case Studies in Ligand-Based Design
Case Studies in QSAR and 3D-QSAR
Homology modeling of proteins
April 10, 2012 sanjiv856 1 comment
CPHmodels: http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/CPHmodels/ CPHmodels-3.0 is a web-server
predicting protein 3D-structure by use of single template homology modeling. The server
employs a hybrid of the scoring functions of CPHmodels-2.0 and a novel remote homologymodeling algorithm. A query sequence is first attempted modeled using the fast CPHmodels-2.0
profile-profile scoring function suitable for close homology modeling. The new computational
costly remote homology-modeling algorithm is only engaged provided that no suitable PDB
template is identified in the initial search. CPHmodels-3.0 was benchmarked in the CASP8
competition and produced models for 94% of the targets (117 out of 128), 74% were predicted as
high reliability models (87 out of 117). These achieved an average RMSD of 4.6? When
superimposed to the 3D-structure. The remaining 26% low reliably models (30 out of 117) could
superimpose to the true 3D-structure with an average RMSD of 9.3?. These performance values
place the CPHmodels-3.0 method in the group of high performing 3D-prediction tools. Beside its
accuracy, one of the important features of the method is its speed. For most queries, the response
time of the server is less than 20 minutes. The web server is available at
http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/CPHmodels/.
MODELLER: http://www.salilab.org/modeller/ MODELLER is used for homology or
comparative modeling of protein three-dimensional structures (1,2). The user provides an
alignment of a sequence to be modeled with known related structures and MODELLER
automatically calculates a model containing all non-hydrogen atoms. MODELLER implements
comparative protein structure modeling by satisfaction of spatial restraints (3,4), and can perform
many additional tasks, including de novo modeling of loops in protein structures, optimization of
various models of protein structure with respect to a flexibly defined objective function, multiple
alignment of protein sequences and/or structures, clustering, searching of sequence databases,
comparison of protein structures, etc. MODELLER is available for download for most
Unix/Linux systems, Windows, and Mac.
SWISS-MODEL: http://swissmodel.expasy.org/ SWISS-MODEL is a fully automated protein
structure homology-modeling server, accessible via the ExPASy web server, or from the program
DeepView (Swiss Pdb-Viewer). The purpose of this server is to make Protein Modeling
accessible to all biochemists and molecular biologists worldwide.
Phyre2: http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/html/page.cgi?id=index (Protein
Homology/AnalogY Recognition Engine; pronounced as fire) are web-based services for
protein structure prediction that are free for non-commercial use. Phyre is among the most
popular methods for protein structure prediction having been cited over 1000 times. Like other
remote homology recognition techniques (see protein threading), it is able to regularly generate
reliable protein models when other widely used methods such as PSI-BLAST cannot. Phyre2 has
been designed (funded by the BBSRC) to ensure a user-friendly interface for users inexpert in
protein structure prediction methods.
HHpred : http://toolkit.tuebingen.mpg.de/hhpred the primary aim in developing HHpred was to
provide biologists with a method for sequence database searching and structure prediction that is
as easy to use as BLAST or PSI-BLAST and that is at the same time much more sensitive in
finding remote homologs. In fact, HHpreds sensitivity is competitive with the most powerful
servers for structure prediction currently available. HHpred is the first server that is based on the
pair wise comparison of profile hidden Markov models (HMMs). Whereas most conventional
sequence search methods search sequence databases such as UniProt or the NR, HHpred
searches alignment databases, like Pfam or SMART. This greatly simplifies the list of hits to a
number of sequence families instead of a clutter of single sequences. All major publicly available
profile and alignment databases are available through HHpred. HHpred accepts a single query
sequence or a multiple alignment as input. Within only a few minutes it returns the search results
in an easy-to-read format similar to that of PSI-BLAST. Search options include local or global
alignment and scoring secondary structure similarity. HHpred can produce pairwise querytemplate sequence alignments, merged query-template multiple alignments (e.g. for transitive
searches), as well as 3D structural models calculated by the MODELLER software from HHpred
alignments.
LOMATES: http://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/LOMETS/ LOMETS (Local Meta-ThreadingServer) is an on-line web service for protein structure prediction. It generates 3D models by
collecting high-scoring target-to-template alignments from 8 locally-installed threading programs
(FUGUE, HHsearch, MUSTER, PPA, PROSPECT2, SAM-T02, SPARKS, SP3). A detailed
description of the server can be seen in the Readme file.
MODBASE: MODBASE (http://salilab.org/modbase) is a database of annotated comparative
protein structure models. The models are calculated by MODPIPE, an automated modeling
pipeline that relies primarily on MODELLER for fold assignment, sequencestructure alignment,
model building and model assessment (http:/salilab.org/modeller). MODBASE currently
contains 5 152 695 reliable models for domains in 1 593 209 unique protein sequences; only
models based on statistically significant alignments and/or models assessed to have the correct
fold are included. MODBASE also allows users to calculate comparative models on demand,
through an interface to the MODWEB modeling server (http://salilab.org/modweb). Other
resources integrated with MODBASE include databases of multiple protein structure alignments
(DBAli), structurally defined ligand binding sites (LIGBASE), predicted ligand binding sites
(AnnoLyze), structurally defined binary domain interfaces (PIBASE) and annotated single
nucleotide polymorphisms and somatic mutations found in human proteins (LS-SNP, LS-Mut).
MODBASE models are also available through the Protein Model Portal
(http://www.proteinmodelportal.org/).
Robetta: http://www.robetta.org/ Robetta provides both ab initio and comparative models of
protein domains. It uses the ROSETTA fragment insertion method (Simons et al. (1997) J Mol
Biol. 268:209-225). Domains without a detectable PDB homolog are modeled with the Rosetta
de novo protocol (Bonneau et al. (2002) J Mol Biol. 322:65-78). Comparative models are built
from Parent PDBs detected by UW-PDB-BLAST or HHSEARCH and aligned by various
methods which include HHSEARCH, Compass, and Promals. Loop regions are assembled from
fragments and optimized to fit the aligned template structure (Rohl et al. (2004) Proteins 55:656677). The procedure is fully automated. Robetta is evaluated in the blind benchmarking
experiment CASP. Robetta uses ROSETTA software which is developed and maintained by the
Rosetta Commons.
chunk-TASSER: http://cssb.biology.gatech.edu/skolnick/webservice/chunk-TASSER/index.html
A protein structure prediction method that combines threading templates from SP3 and ab initio
folded chunk structures (three consecutive segments of regular secondary structures). It is better
for extreme hard targets
PSiFR (Protein Structure and Function predicton Resource) http://psifr.cssb.biology.gatech.edu/
provides integrated tools for protein tertiary structure prediction and structure and sequencebased function annotation. The details of various methods used are described below:
Protein structure prediction methods
1. TASSER(Threading/ASSembly/Refinement) is an automated protein structure
prediction and modeling method. TASSER employs a hierarchical approach
consisting of template identification by threading, followed by tertiary
structure assembly by rearranging continuous template fragments (Zhang, Y.
and Skolnick, J., 2004, PNAS).
2. TASSER-Lite: is a comparative protein tertiary structure modeling tool. It is
presently optimized for the modeling of single domain (41-200 residues)
homologous protein sequences; that is, proteins with a sequence identity
greater than 25% with respect to the best threading template (Pandit et. al.,
2006, Biophysical Journal). The templates for the modeling of the query
sequence are identified using the threading program PROSPECTOR_3
(Skolnick et. al., 2004, Proteins). Subsequently, the structure is refined using
TASSER program with optimized parameters.
3. METATASSER is a protein tertiary prediction method that employs the 3DJury approach to select threading templates from SPARKS2 (Zhou H. and Zhou
Y., 2004, Proteins), SP3 ( Zhou H. and Zhou Y., 2005, Proteins) and
PROSPECTOR_3 (Skolnick et. al., 2004, Proteins), which provides aligned
fragments and tertiary restraints as an input to TASSER procedure to
generate full-length models. In the CASP7 and CASP8 assessment of server
performance, METATASSER is among the top performing servers (Zhou et. al,
2007, Proteins; Zhou et al., 2009, Proteins (in press)).
ESyPred3D: http://www.fundp.ac.be/sciences/biologie/urbm/bioinfo/esypred/ ESyPred3D is a
new automated homology modeling program. The method gets benefit of the increased
alignment performances of a new alignment strategy using neural networks. Alignments are
obtained by combining, weighting and screening the results of several multiple alignment
programs. The final three dimensional structure is built using the modeling package
MODELLER.
Protein Model Portal (PMP): http://www.proteinmodelportal.org/PMP gives access to various
models computed by comparative modeling methods provided by different partner sites, and
provides access to various interactive services for model building, and quality assessment.
ProModel: http://www.vlifesciences.com/products/VLifeMDS/Protein_Modeller.php
ProModel is a complete package for modeling proteins, whose crystal structure is unknown
based on the amino acid sequences of a close homologue. ProModel allows homology modeling
from either a selected template or a user defined template. Users can perform an automated
homology modeling simply by reading in the template file or can perform a knowledge based
manual modeling by specific loop insertions or by changing specific amino acid residues. A local
BLAST speeds up the process of modeling. ProModel enables an exhaustive analysis of the
target protein structure, active site and channels. The user can conveniently view, edit and
superimpose proteins with ProModel. Facilities to distribute the secondary structure elements,
distribute the Phi-Psi angles of residues in Ramachandran plot, identify and visualize cavities and
channels make it a very useful product. ProModel is available for both Linux and Windows
operating systems.
SCWRL4: http://dunbrack.fccc.edu/scwrl4/index.php SCWRL4 is based on a new algorithm and
new potential function that results in improved accuracy at reasonable speed. This has been
achieved through: 1) a new backbone-dependent rotamer library based on kernel density
estimates; 2) averaging over samples of conformations about the positions in the rotamer library;
3) a fast anisotropic hydrogen bonding function; 4) a short-range, soft van der Waals atom-atom
interaction potential; 5) fast collision detection using k-discrete oriented polytopes; 6) a tree
decomposition algorithm to solve the combinatorial problem; and 7) optimization of all
parameters by determining the interaction graph within the crystal environment using symmetry
operators of the crystallographic space group. Accuracies as a function of electron density of the
side chains demonstrate that side chains with higher electron density are easier to predict than
those with low electron density and presumed conformational disorder. For a testing set of 379
proteins, 86% of chi1 angles and 75% of chi1+2 are predicted correctly within 40 degrees of the
X-ray positions. Among side chains with higher electron density (25th-100th percentile), these
numbers rise to 89% and 80%. The new program maintains its simple command-line interface,
designed for homology modeling. To achieve higher accuracy, SCWRL4 is somewhat slower
than SCWRL3 when run in the default flexible rotamer model (FRM) by a factor of 3-6,
depending on the protein. When run in the rigid rotamer model (RRM), SCWRL4 is about the
same speed as SCWRL3. In both cases, SCWRL4 will converge on very large proteins or protein
complexes or those with very dense interaction graphs, while SCWRL3 sometimes would not.
The SCWRL4 paper has been published in Proteins: Structure, Function, Bioinformatics. A
reprint is available. Please cite the paper: G. G. Krivov, M. V. Shapovalov, and R. L. Dunbrack,
Jr. Improved prediction of protein side-chain conformations with SCWRL4. Proteins (2009).
VADAR: http://vadar.wishartlab.com/ VADAR (Volume, Area, Dihedral Angle Reporter) is a
compilation of more than 15 different algorithms and programs for analyzing and assessing
peptide and protein structures from their PDB coordinate data. The results have been validated
through extensive comparison to published data and careful visual inspection. The VADAR web
server supports the submission of either PDB formatted files or PDB accession numbers.
VADAR produces extensive tables and high quality graphs for quantitatively and qualitatively
assessing protein structures determined by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, 3Dthreading or homology modelling. Please cite the following: Leigh Willard, Anuj Ranjan,Haiyan
Zhang,Hassan Monzavi, Robert F. Boyko, Brian D. Sykes, and David S. Wishart VADAR: a
web server for quantitative evaluation of protein structure quality Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 July
1; 31 (13): 3316.3319
IntFOLD : http://www.reading.ac.uk/bioinf/IntFOLD/ The IntFOLD server provides a unified
interface for Tertiary structure prediction/3D modeling, 3D model quality assessment, Intrinsic
disorder prediction, Domain prediction, Prediction of protein-ligand binding residues
PEPstr: http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/pepstr/ The Pepstr server predicts the tertiary structure
of small peptides with sequence length varying between 7 to 25 residues. The prediction strategy
is based on the realization that -turn is an important and consistent feature of small peptides in
addition to regular structures. Thus, the methods uses both the regular secondary structure
information predicted from PSIPRED and -turns information predicted from BetaTurns. The
side-chain abgles are placed using standard backbone-dependent rotamer library. The structure is
further refined with energy minimization and molecular dynamic simulations using Amber
version6.
BSR: http://cssb.biology.gatech.edu/BSR Binding Site Refinement employs a new templatebased method for the local refinement of ligand-binding regions in protein models using closely
as well as distantly related templates identified by threading. A Support Vector Regression (SVR)
model is used to select likely correct binding site geometries in a large ensemble of multiple
receptor conformations. The SVR model employs several scoring functions that impose
geometrical restraints on the C positions, account for a specific chemical environment within a
binding site and optimize the interactions with putative ligands.
KeyRecep: http://www.immd.co.jp/en/product_2.html KeyRecep is the best-suited solution for
rational molecular design when the 3D structure of the target protein is unknown. Users can
estimate the characteristics of the binding site of the target protein by superposing multiple active
compounds in 3D space so that the physicochemical properties of the compounds match
maximally with each other. (Estimation of virtual receptor model) Users can also examine
relationship between chemical structures and the activities based on the multiple regression
analysis with indices of conformity of each compound to the virtual receptor model and the
activity values. (3D-SAR function) For compounds whose activities are unknown, users can
estimate the activities based on the indices of conformity to the virtual receptor model and can
perform virtual screening. (DB search function) KeyRecep rationally and strategically
accelerates the molecular design projects based on hit compounds discovered by high throughput
screening (HTS) or based on information on compounds from literature or patents. KeyRecep
facilitates the structural expansion of such compounds to obtain lead compounds and further
drug candidates.
PROTEUS2: http://wks16338.biology.ualberta.ca/proteus2/ PROTEUS2 is a web server
designed to support comprehensive protein structure prediction and structure-based annotation.
PROTEUS2 accepts either single sequences (for directed studies) or multiple sequences (for
whole proteome annotation) and predicts the secondary and, if possible, tertiary structure of the
query protein(s). Unlike most other tools or servers, PROTEUS2 bundles signal peptide
identification, transmembrane helix prediction, transmembrane -strand prediction, secondary
structure prediction (for soluble proteins) and homology modeling (i.e. 3D structure generation)
into a single prediction pipeline. Using a combination of progressive multi-sequence alignment,
structure-based mapping, hidden Markov models, multi-component neural nets and up-to-date
databases of known secondary structure assignments, PROTEUS2 is able to achieve among the
highest reported levels of predictive accuracy for signal peptides (Q2=94%), membrane spanning
helices (Q2=87%) and secondary structure (Q3 score of 81.3% ). PROTEUS2s homology
modeling services also provide high quality 3D models that compare favorably with those
generated by SWISS-MODEL (within 0.2 RMSD). The average PROTEUS2 prediction takes
~2 minutes per query sequence. Source code is also freely available here.
PSIPRED: http://bioinf.cs.ucl.ac.uk/psipred/ is a simple and accurate secondary structure
prediction method, incorporating two feed-forward neural networks which perform an analysis
on output obtained from PSI-BLAST (Position Specific Iterated BLAST). Using a very
stringent cross validation method to evaluate the methods performance, PSIPRED 2.6 achieves
an average Q3 score of 80.7%. Predictions produced by PSIPRED were also submitted to the
CASP4 evaluation and assessed during the CASP4 meeting, which took place in December 2000
at Asilomar. PSIPRED 2.0 achieved an average Q3 score of 80.6% across all 40 submitted target
domains with no obvious sequence similarity to structures present in PDB, which ranked
PSIPRED top out of 20 evaluated methods (an earlier version of PSIPRED was also ranked top
in CASP3 held in 1998). It is important to realize, however, that due to the small sample sizes,
the results from CASP are not statistically significant, although they do give a rough guide as to
the current state of the art. For a more reliable evaluation, the EVA web site at Columbia
University provides a continuous evaluation. Also see the EVA servlet to visualize a breakdown
of specific types of errors made by PSIPRED and other secondary structure prediction methods.
NOTE that at the time of writing, the EVA site is no longer being updated. The PSIPRED V2.6
software can be downloaded from HERE. Please note that you should read the license terms
given in the README file if you wish to incorporate PSIPRED in another program or Web
server. Older releases of PSIPRED can be downloaded here HERE.
I-TASSER : http://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/I-TASSER/ server is an Internet service for
protein structure and function predictions. 3D models are built based on multiple-threading
alignments by LOMETS and iterative TASSER assembly simulations; function insights are then
derived by matching the predicted models with protein function databases. I-TASSER (as
Zhang-Server) was ranked as the No 1 server for protein structure prediction in recent CASP7,
CASP8 and CASP9 experiments. It was also ranked as the best for function prediction in
CASP9. The server is in active development with the goal to provide the most accurate structural
and functional predictions using state-of-the-art algorithms.
JPred: http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/www-jpred/ Jpred is a Protein Secondary Structure
Prediction server and has been in operation since approximately 1998. Jpred incorporates the
Jnet algorithm in order to make more accurate predictions. In addition to protein secondary
structure Jpred also makes predictions on Solvent Accessibility and Coiled-coil regions (Lupas
method). The current version of Jpred (v3) follows on from previous versions of Jpred developed
and maintained by James Cuff and Jonathan Barber
Verifying your modeled protein with online servers:
Stuctural Analysis and Verification Server (SAVS): http://nihserver.mbi.ucla.edu/SAVES/ SAVS
uses following servers to check the quality of the protein structures: Procheck: Checks the
stereochemical quality of a protein structure by analyzing residue-by-residue geometry and
overall structure geometry. [Reference] What_Check: Derived from a subset of protein
verification tools from the WHATIF program (Vriend, 1990), this does extensive checking of
many sterochemical parameters of the residues in the model. [Reference] ERRAT: Analyzes the
statistics of non-bonded interactions between different atom types and plots the value of the error
function versus position of a 9-residue sliding window, calculated by a comparison with statistics
from highly refined structures. [Reference] Verify3D: Determines the compatibility of an atomic
model (3D) with its own amino acid sequence (1D) by assigned a structural class based on its
location and environment (alpha, beta, loop, polar, nonpolar etc) and comparing the results to
good structures. [Reference] Prove: Calculates the volumes of atoms in macromolecules using an
algorithm which treats the atoms like hard spheres and calculates a statistical Z-score deviation
for the model from highly resolved (2.0 or better) and refined (R-factor of 0.2 or better) PDBdeposited structures. [Reference]
COLORADO-3D: http://asia2.genesilico.pl/colorado3d/ COLORADO-3D is a www-tool that
greatly facilitates the visual analysis of various features in three-dimensional protein structures,
directly at the level of the protein structure, with the aid of commonly used viewers such as
RASMOL or SWISSPDBVIEWER. Among the features most important for the structural
biologist that our server allows to visualize in color are potential errors in protein structure
(detected by ANOLEA, PROSA, PROVE,VERIFY3D), regions buried in the protein core and
inaccessible to the solvent, and regions of high or low sequence conservation (e.g. detected by
RATE4SITE). In particular COLORADO3D may serve to visualize the results of assessment of
the protein structures quality at various stages of the model building and refinement (both in the
case of experimental structure determination and homology modeling).
