Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell
Fabian Kssel
Technische Universitt Mnchen and MPQ
June 12th, 2013
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Why Quantum Teleportation?
Transfer of a quantum state or QuBit from one position (Alice) to another
(Bob).
I Useful in Quantum information, Quantum cryptography,. . .
I Its not about transportation or dis- and reassembling of matter.
Sorry, Trekkies!
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Recap: The QuBit
|i = cos |0i + ei sin |1i
2 2
QuBit on bloch sphere
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
How to transport a QuBit?
Classically: Copy bit and transfer it, hence clone it.
1. I Doesnt work for QuBit. Cant retreive complete
information of state.
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
How to transport a QuBit?
Classically: Copy bit and transfer it, hence clone it.
1. I Doesnt work for QuBit. Cant retreive complete
information of state.
Physically transport QuBit, i.e. carry it from A to B.
2.
I Lossy. Short coherence times of quantum state.
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
How to transport a QuBit?
Classically: Copy bit and transfer it, hence clone it.
1. I Doesnt work for QuBit. Cant retreive complete
information of state.
Physically transport QuBit, i.e. carry it from A to B.
2.
I Lossy. Short coherence times of quantum state.
3. Quantum Teleportation
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Basic scheme of quantum teleportation
classical informa
t io n
Bob
Alice
BSM
|in i1
1 entangled
2 3
EPR
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Recap: Entanglement and Bell basis
classical informa
tion
Bob
Alice
BSM
|in i1
1 entangled
2 3
EPR
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Recap: Entanglement and Bell basis
I Strong correlation between quanta that is unique in quantum
mechanics
I A special entangled basis of two-QuBit-system: Bell basis
1
| i = (|0i |1i |1i |0i)
2
1
| i = (|0i |0i |1i |1i)
2
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Bell State Measurement (BSM)
classical informa
tion
Bob
Alice
BSM
|in i1
1 entangled
2 3
EPR
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Bell State Measurement (BSM)
Joined measurement of two incoming particles.
1
2 bits
BSM
| i , | + i , | i or |+ i
I projection onto one of four Bell states
I thus 2 bits are needed to express outcome
I destroys incoming QuBits
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Quantum Teleportation Protocol
classical informa
t io n
Bob
Alice
BSM
|in i1
1 entangled
2 3
EPR
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Quantum Teleportation Protocol
1. Alice shares with Bob an entangled pair
of QuBits | i2,3 .
classical info
r m at i o n
Bob
Alice BSM
entangled
|in i1
1 2
3
1.
EPR
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Quantum Teleportation Protocol
1. Alice shares with Bob an entangled pair
of QuBits | i2,3 .
2. classical info
r m at i o n
2. Alice performs a joined BSM on her own
Bob
initial state and her own QuBit of the EPR
Alice BSM
pair and detects on which of the four Bell
entangled
|in i1
1 2
state the incoming QuBits were 1. 3
projected.
EPR
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Quantum Teleportation Protocol
1. Alice shares with Bob an entangled pair
3.
of QuBits | i2,3 .
2. classical info
r m at i o n
2. Alice performs a joined BSM on her own
Bob
initial state and her own QuBit of the EPR
Alice BSM
pair and detects on which of the four Bell
entangled
|in i1
1 2
state the incoming QuBits were 1. 3
projected.
3. Alice sends this information from the
EPR
BSM to Bob.
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Quantum Teleportation Protocol
Three QuBit-System of incoming state |in i1 and entangled | i2,3 EPR pair.
First rewrite it (ignoring normalizations). . .
|i1,2,3 = |in i1 | i2,3
= |in i1 |0i2 |1i3 |in i1 |1i2 |0i3
.. 1 2
. change to Bell basis of and
= | i1,2 U 1 |in i3
+ | + i1,2 U 2 |in i3
+ | i1,2 U 3 |in i3
+ |+ i1,2 U 4 |in i3
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Quantum Teleportation Protocol
Three QuBit-System of incoming state |in i1 and entangled | i2,3 EPR pair.
First rewrite it (ignoring normalizations). . .
|i1,2,3 = |in i1 | i2,3
= |in i1 |0i2 |1i3 |in i1 |1i2 |0i3
.. 1 2
. change to Bell basis of and
= | i1,2 U 1 |in i3
+ | + i1,2 U 2 |in i3
h + |1,2 U 2 |in i3
+ | i1,2 U 3 |in i3
+ |+ i1,2 U 4 |in i3
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Quantum Teleportation Protocol
1. Alice shares with Bob an entangled pair
of QuBits | i2,3 .
2. Alice performs a joined BSM on her own
3.
initial state and her own QuBit of the EPR
2. classical info
r m at i o n
pair and detects on which of the four Bell
state the incoming QuBits were Bob
Alice BSM
projected.
entangled
|in i1
1 2
3. Alice sends this information from the 1. 3
BSM to Bob.
EPR
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Quantum Teleportation Protocol
1. Alice shares with Bob an entangled pair
of QuBits | i2,3 .
2. Alice performs a joined BSM on her own
3. 4.
initial state and her own QuBit of the EPR
2. classical info
r m at i o n
pair and detects on which of the four Bell
state the incoming QuBits were Bob
Alice BSM
projected.
entangled
|in i1
1 2
3. Alice sends this information from the 1. 3
BSM to Bob.
4. Bob applies one of four unitary EPR
transformations U i on his now collapsed
QuBit from the EPR pair and receives
Alices initial state.
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
global phase shift spin flip
| i : | i :
U 1 =
3=
U
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
phase shift phase shift + spin flip
| + i : |+ i :
2=
U 4=
U
1 0 0 1
0 1
1 0
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Information
I Classical information is not enough!
n Bob
U i , i = 1, . . . , 4 ma tio
I You need a state on which you can
r
sfo
ran
apply the unitary transformations.
yt
tar
uni
I Otherwise one measurement would
be enough to fully characterize
state.
Alice
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Information
I Quantum channel is not enough!
I Ensemble is in a perfectly mixed
state. Need information about right
transformation.
I Otherwise causality would be
violated and instant transfer of
information would be possible.
P
i Ui |in i
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Information
Both information channels are needed to reconstruct state!
ion Bob
U i , i = 1, . . . , 4 mat
r
sfo
ran
yt
tar
uni
Alice
P
i Ui |in i
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
First experimental realisation Setup
classical informa
t io n
Bob
Alice
BSM
|in i1
1 entangled
2 3
EPR
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
First experimental realisation Setup
Alice Bob
f2
d2
beam splitter
f1
polarizing beam splitter
d1
inital state preparation entangled
1 2 3
EPR
EPR-Source
trigger
UV pulse
Weinfurter, Zeilinger 1997, Nature
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
EPR-Source
f2
d2
beam splitter
f1
polarizing beam splitter
d1
inital state preparation entangled
1 2 3
EPR
EPR-Source
trigger
UV pulse
Weinfurter, Zeilinger 1997, Nature
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
EPR-Source
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion, Wikipedia
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
BSM with a beam splitter
Alice
f2
d2
beam splitter
f1
polarizing beam splitter
d1
inital state preparation entangled
1 2 3
EPR-Source
trigger
UV pulse
Weinfurter, Zeilinger 1997, Nature
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
BSM with a beam splitter
| i = |iinner |ispatial
a With photons (bosons) the state has to be symmetric under
exchange of particles.
b
|iinner |ispatial
1
spatial
| i = (|0i1 |1i2 |1i1 |0i2 ) 1 (|ai1 |bi2 |bi1 |ai2 )
2 2 antisymmetric
| + i = 1 (|0i1 |1i2 + |1i1 |0i2 ) 1 (|ai1 |bi2 + |bi1 |ai2 ) spatial symmetric
2 2
Hong-Ou-Mandel
| i = 1 (|0i1 |0i2 |1i1 |1i2 ) 1 (|ai1 |bi2 + |bi1 |ai2 )
2 2
|+ i = 1 (|0i1 |0i2 + |1i1 |1i2 ) 1 (|ai1 |bi2 + |bi1 |ai2 )
2 2
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Results
Alice Bob
f2
d2
beam splitter
f1
polarizing beam splitter
d1
inital state preparation entangled
1 2 3
EPR
EPR-Source
trigger
UV pulse
Weinfurter, Zeilinger 1997, Nature
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Results
I Three-fold coincidence (click) at f1, f2 ( | i1,2 ) and output port d1 or
d2 corresponding to the input polarisation.
For example:
PBS
|iin = |1i Telep. 8|0i no click!
3|1i click!
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Results
Checking teleporation for a complete basis and linear combinations.
Polarization Visibility
+45 0.63 0.02
-45 0.64 0.02
0 0.66 0.02
90 0.61 0.02
circular 0.57 0.02
After substracting background noise a visibility of approximately 70% 3%
was achieved.
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Results
BUT protocoll isnt fully implemented. Only discriminates | i from the rest at BSM.
By now there are more sophisticated experiments.
Experiment What? Remark
works at best in 25% of cases, very
Photons 1997 1 photon via photon to photon
long distances
higher efficiency due to cavity, long
Cavity 2013 2 atom via photon to atom
distance
Ions 2004 3 trapped ions full protocol, short distances
1 Weinfurter, Zeilinger, et al. , 1997, Nature
2 Rempe, Ritter, et al., 2013, APS
3 Ozeri, Wineland, et al., 2004, Letters to Nature
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Summary
classical informa
t io n
Bob
Alice
BSM
|in i1
1 entangled
2 3
EPR
Quantum teleportation makes it possible to reliably transfer a QuBit from on place to another.
By taking advantage of entanglement, first only expandable messenger particles have to be
exchanged through a (lossy) channel. And only, when this has worked, the relevant
information is transferred. Thus minimizing transfer losses of QuBit.
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
Quantum teleportation in a nutshell Fabian Kssel
Literature
M. D. Barret et al. Deterministic quantum teleportation of atomic qubits. In: Letters to
Nature (2004).
Charles H. Bennet et al. Teleporting an Unkown Quantum State via Dual Classical and
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Channels. In: Physical Review Letters (1993).
Dik Bouwmeester et al. Experimental quantum teleportation. In: Nature 390 (1997).
Samuel L. Braunstein and A. Mann. Measurement of the Bell operator and quantum
teleportation. In: The American Physical Society (1995).
Richard A. Campos, Bahaa E. A. Saleh, and Malvin C. Teich. Teleporting an Unkown
Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Channels. In: The
American Physical Society (1989).
Christian Noelleke et al. Efficient Teleportation Between Remote Single-Atom
Quantum Memories. In: The American Physical Society (2013).
Motivation Theory Experiment Summary References
