French Glossary

Kai-Wen Lan
August 1, 2012

Several remarks: A
I have never learned French formally. How-
ever, since there are great mathematical ar- a has
ticles and books written in French by great
a to, at, in
mathematicians, Im forced to look up the abelien, ne abelian
vocabularies in dictionaries and guess whats abelod, e abeloid
going on in the words. The following glossary abord m access
is the outcome of such an elaboration over the (tout) d first (of all), in the first place
years. s mpl surrounding area; outskirts
I have no intention to make the glossary aborder to land, to approach, to collide
mathematical. That seems to be totally with
pointless, because most mathematical terms abouti, e successful; accomplished
are self-explanatory from the context. aboutir to end at/in; to be successful; (for
I have no intention to avoid redundancy. spectral sequences) to abut to
There are instances where the meanings seem aboutissement m culmination, outcome;
clear from either the spellings or word struc- abutment (for spectral sequences)
tures. However, there are also instances abrege m summary, synopsis
where the spellings are close to an English abreger to shorten
word but the meanings are not. There does abrupt abrupt, steep; rugged
not seem to exist a simple criterion for such a absent, e absent
situation, and I cannot see why people have absenter (s) to absent oneself
to refrain from recording such instances. absolu, e absolute
Finally, theres no warranty for the cor- absolument absolutely
rectness of the explanations (and even the absolution f absolution; pardon
spelling). One should always be aware that absorber to absorb; to engross
this list is only for my personal use. absorption f absorption
abstenir (s) to abstain

Email: [email protected] abstinence f abstinence; fasting

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abstraire to abstract accoutumer to get used to
abstrait, e abstract; abstruse; obscure accrediter to substantiate
absurde absurd accrotre to increase
abus m abuse; misuse accroissement m increase, growth
abuser to deceive; to go too far accueil m reception, welcome
s to be mistaken accueillant, e friendly, welcoming
abusi-f, ve excessive; wrong; unfair accueillir to receive, to welcome; to take
academie f academy care of, to cater for
academique academic accumuler to store up, to accumulate
accent m accent; tone; stress s to pile up; to accrue
acceptation f acceptance ach`
evement m completion
accepter to accept achever to finish
acception f meaning (of word) acqu erir to acquire
acc`
es m access (` a, to) acquis acquired; m knowledge, experience
accessoire m detail; perk; pl properties; ac- acte m act; action; deed; certificate
cesory acti-f, ve active
accident m accident; mishap action f action; act; deed; (JUR) action,
accidente, e eventful; uneven; victim (of lawsuit; (FIN ) share
accident); injured activer to urge on; to activate
acclamer to acclaim activite f activity
accommoder to suit; to do up (food) actualite f reality; event
s `a to adapt oneself to les s the news; newsreel
s de to put up with actuel, le present, real
accompagner to accompany `
a lheure le at the present time
accompli accomplished; thorough actuellement currently; at the present time
accomplir to carry out; to fulfil acyclique acyclic
s to take place; to happen; to be fulfilled acyclicite f acyclicity
accomplissement m completion; fulfilment adapter to adapt; to fit; to apply
accord m agreement; consent; tuning s to be suitable (` a, for)
d agreed additi-f, ve additive
accorder to accord; to grant; to tune; to rec- addition f addition; (restaurant) bill
oncile additionel, le additional
s to agree ad
elique adelic
accoupler to couple, to yoke, to pair adepte adept
accouplement m mating, coupling; adherence f (MATH ) closure
(MATH ) pairing adherer to adhere
accoutum e, e usual s to join (party)
comme ` a le as usual adieu m farewell; good-bye, farewell

2
adjacent, e adjoining, adjacent aile f wing, sail, aisle, flank (of army or fleet)
adjectif adjective ailleurs elsewhere
adjoindre to add to; to adjoin d moreover, besides
s to appoint, to take on par moreover, furthermore
adjoint, e deputy, assistant; (MATH ) ad- aimable amiable; lovable; kind; pleasing
joint aimant loving; affectionate
adjonction f adjunction; adjoining aimer to love; to like; to be fond of; to enjoy
admet see admettre s to love each other
admettre to admit, to allow ainsi like this; this, so
admissible admissible et de suite and so on
affaiblir to weaken pour dire so to speak, as it were
s to get weaker que as well as; as
affaire f affair; matter; case; business; deal air m air; wind; look; appearance; likeness;
affair e, e busy tune
affecter to feign, to set apart aise f pleasure
affirmati-f, ve affirmative ais
e, e easy; well-off
affirmer to assert; to maintain ais
ement easily
affront m insult, affront ait see avoir
affronter to confront ajourner to postpone; to put off; to defer;
affubler to summon

etre affubl e de to be got up in s to adjourn
s de qqch. to get oneself up in sth. ajouter to add
affuter to sharpen s to be added
afin ajuster to adjust; to fit; to arrange; ro rec-
de in order to oncile; to aim at
que in order that s to be adjusted; adapted; to adapt one-

age m age; old age self; to fit

ag e, e elderly algebrisable algebraizable

agile nimble, quick algebrisation f algebraization
agir to act; to do; to work algebriser to algebraize
il sagit de . . . the matter, thing, or algebrique algebraic
question is (about, to) . . . algebriste m algebraist
agiter to agitate; (MATH ) act alg`ebre f algebra
s to move about, to fidget; to stir; to alinea m indent; paragraph
get restless allant m drive, bounce
aide f help; assistance; mf helper; assistant allant, e active, lively
aider to assist, to help all
ee f going, alley, passage, lane, path
aigu, e sharp; pointed; acute; shrill Allemagne f Germany

3
allemend m German amiable amicable
allemand, e German amical, e friendly; kind
Allemand, e mf German amour m love; passion
aller to go, to get on, to become, to fit, to amourette f ferry love affair; passing fancy
suit amoureu-x, se in love; enamored
allusion f allusion ample ample; spacious; large; copious
faire ` a to allude to ampleur f ampleness; largeness; fullness
alors then, at that time amplifier to enlarge upon
d at that time amplitude f amplitude
jusqu until then amuser to amuse; to entertain; to deceive
que while, when; even though s to enjoy oneself
alourdir to weigh down; to increase an m year
alphabet m alphabet jour de l New Years Day
alterne, e (MATH ) alternating analogue analogous
altitutde f altitude; height analyse f analysis; (MATH ) calculus
amalgame m mixture; hotchpotch; hodge- analyser to analyze; to parse; to criticize
podge; amalgam analytique analytic
amalgamer to lump together; to blend, to ancien m elder; senior
amalgamate ancien, ne ancient, old, past, former, re-
amant m lover tired
amateur m amateur an
eantir to destroy; to annihilate; to over-
de lover of whelm
d amateur; amateurish ange m angel
ambiance f atmosphere anglais English (langauge); m English
ambiant, e surroundings, ambient angle m angle; corner
ambigu, e ambiguous Angleterre f England
ambigute f ambiguity animal animal; sensual; brutal
ambitieu-x, se ambitious; mf ambitious animer to animate; to enliven; to cheer; to
person excite; to jazz up
ambition f ambitiousness; ambition s to become excited, warm, angry; to
am eliorer to improve, to make better encourage each other
s to get better anneau m ring
amende f fine; penalty; costs annee f year, crop, vintage
amendement m amendment; improvement annele, e ringed
amender to improve annihilation f annihilation
amener to bring, to introduce, to bring anniversaire m anniversary; birthday; an-
in/on/about niversary
ami, e mf friend annonce f announcement; advertisement

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annoncer to announce; to foretell appliquer to apply, to lay on, to adapt, to
s bien to look promising devote
annoter to annotate s to be applied; to be applicable to; to
annulateur m annihilator apply oneself
annulation f canceling apporter to bring
th
eor` eme d m vanishing theorem appreciable appreciable
annuler to annul, to canceling appreciation f appreciation
anodin, e minor; harmless; insignificant apprecier to appreciate; to assess
anonyme anonymous s to like one other
anormal, e abnormal apprehender to arrest
ant
erieur, e former; past; front apprehension f apprehension
ant
eriorit e f priority apprenais see apprendre
antilineaire antilinear apprendre to learn; to hear of, to learn of
antisym etrique antisymmetric apprenne see apprendre
ao
ut m August apprenti, e mf apprentice; beginner
apercu m glance, summary, view apprentissage m apprenticeship; learning
apparatre to appear appreter to prepare
appareil m preparation; display; apparatus; appris, e pp of apprendre
appliance approbation f approval
apparemment apparently approchant, e near; like; approximate;
apparence f appearance thereabout
apparent, e apparent approche f approach; access
apparent e, e (`
a, r)elated to; similar to; af- approcher to approach; to bring near
filiated to s to come near
apparition f appearance; publication; approximati-f, ve approximate, rough
ghost appuyer to support, to prop, to insist
appartement m suite of rooms; flat s to lean, to rely (sur, on)
appartenir to belong to; to be a member of; apr`
es after; afterwards
to concern d from, according to
appartien- see appartenir et ? what then?
appar-u, u see apparatre apr`
es-midi mf afternoon
appel m call; appeal; muster apte capable, qualified
appeler to call; to appeal; to name arabe Arab; Arabic
s to be called Arabe mf Arab
appendice m appendix; appendage arc m bow; arc;arch
application f application; attention; dili- arcanes mpl mysteries
gence; appropriation; (MATH ) mapping arc-en-ciel m rainbow
appliqu e, e applied; studios; diligent archimedien, ne archimedean

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archives fpl archives; records; recording of- assembl ee f assembly; congregation; party;
fice meeting
argent m silver; money; cash assembler to collect; to convoke; to join to-
argent e, e silvered; silver-white gether
argenter to plate s to meet
argument m argument; reasoning; plea; assertion f assertion
summary assez enough, fairly, rather
argumenter to argue; to infer (de, from) assistance f assistance; audience; help
arithm etique f arithmetic assistant, e mf person present; helper; pl
armer to arm (de, with); to set against those present
(contre); to cock; to equip assister to attend; to be present; to help
s to arm oneself (de, with); to summon associati-f, ve associative
up association f association; partnership
arrangement m arrangement; preparation; associe, e mf associate; partner
adjustment; accommodation associer to associate
arranger to arrange; to settle; to repair; to s to join (` a, avec, with); to enter into
suit; to trim up partnership; to share (`
a, in)
s to make shift (de, with); to come to assujettir to subjugate; to subdue
an arrangement (avec, with) ` a subject to
arr
et m decree, stop, catch assumer to assumer
arr
et- e, e m decision, order, decree assurance f assurance; reliance; boldness;
arr
eter to stop, to detain, to restrain, to ar- insurance
rest, to fix, to resolve, to book, to en- assure, e assured; insured; secured; confi-
gage, to conclude, . . . dent
arriver to arrive assurement certainly; assuredly
art m art assurer to assure; to insure; to secure; to
article m article; subject; thing; paragraph; assert
item; goods s to make sure (de, of) (que, that)
articulation f articulation; joint ast
erisque m asterisk
articul e, e articulated astiquer to polish
articuler to utter; to pronounce; to set forth astral, e stellar; astral
artificiel, le artificial astreindre to subject; to compel
artificieu-x, se artful qn. ` a qch. to force sth. on sb.
artinien, ne artinian qn. ` a faire to force sb. to do
ascendance f ascending line; ascendency atringent, e astringent
ascendant m ascendency; pl fore-fathers astral, e stellar; astral
ascendant, e ascending astrer m star
aspect m aspect; view; appearance astuce f smartness; trick; wisecrack

6
 unitaire f unitary trick s to appropriate; to claim
astucieu-x, se smart, clever attribut m attribute; complement
asymptotique asymptotic attribution f awarding, award; allocation,
atelier m workshop; office; studio; gang assignment; bestowing
atmosph` ere f atmosphere au see `a + le
attabler to sit down at a table aucun, e any, no, none; anyone, no one
attachant attractive; engaging au-dessous below
attache f tie; bond; fastening; leash au-dessus above
attach e attached augmentation f increase; rise
attacher to attach; to fasten; to bind; to augmenter to increase, to raise
interest; to endear s to increase
s to cling; to fasten aujourdhui today, nowadays
s ` a to devote oneself to auquel see ` a + lequel
attaque f attack; fit; stroke aura, aurai, aurez see avoir
attaquer to attack; to begin; to sue aurore f dawn
s ` a to attack aussi also, likewise, so, as, as much; there-
atteindre to reach; to attain; to strike; to fore, consequently
injure bien que as well as
attenant, e adjoining aussit
ot immediately
attendant (en) meanwhile autant as much, as many, so much, so many
attendre to wait for; to expect; to look for- auteur m author
ward to auto f car
s ` a to expect; to rely upon auto- self-
attendu, e expected; considering adjoint self-adjoint
attenti-f, ve attentive automorphisme m automorphism
attention f attention; care; kindness autorise to authorize
atrirance f attraction autorite f authority; power
attirant, e attractive autour around
attirer to attract; to draw sb. to/towards tout all around
one de around
attiser to poke; to stir up autre another; other, different
attitre, e usual; by appointment; accred- chose/part something/somewhere
ited d part on the other hand; moreover,
attitude f attitude; posture besides
attract-if, ive magnetic; attractive ds (some) others
attraction f attraction l the other
attrait m appeal; attraction les s the others; others
attribuer to assign or allocate (sth. to sb.) lun l each other

7
 lun et l both of them s to take it into ones head (de, to)
entre s among other things avoir to have, to get, to be
autrefois formerly avouer to confess (to); to admit; to avow
autrement otherwise s to admit (to being)
aux see ` a + les avril m April
auxiliaire auxiliary; mf assistant; auxiliary axe m axis; axle
auxquels see ` a + lesquels axiome m axiom
avance f advance; money advanced axiomatique axiomatic
d beforehand ayant see avoir
avancement m progress; rise
avancer to advance; to promote; to hasten;
to hold forth; to proceed; to progress; B
(clock ) to be fast
s to come forward bagage m luggage
avant far; deep; forward; before; m forepart; plier to pack up, to make off
bow baleine f whale
en in front ballade f ballad; ballade
de/que before barbarant, e barbaric?
-go ut m foretaste barbare barbaric; mf barbarian
-hier the day before yesterday baroque odd; quaint; (style) baroque
-premi` ere f preview bas low down; m bottom; stocking
-propos m foreword bas, se low, mean, base
avantage m advantage base f base; basis
avantageu-x, se advantageous baser to base, to ground
avatar m metamorphosis; reincarnation beau m beautiful; beauty; best; fine weather
avec with, by beau, belle beautiful, handsome; fine fair
avenir m future, prospects, posterity bel see beau (before vowel or a mute h)
aventure f adventure; affair beaucoup much, many, a great deal
aventureu-x, se adventurous; risky beaute f beauty
aver
e, e recognized, confirmed, proven b
ebe m baby
averer b
emol m (MUS ) flat
s to prove (to be) besoin m need, want, necessity
avertir to warn; to inform b
ete stupid; f animal
avertissement m warning, notice, preface b
etise f stupidity; stupid thing
avez see avoir beurre m butter
avis m opinion; advice; caution; news compter pour du to count for noth-
avise, e advised; far-seeing; circumspect ing
aviser to perceive; to advise; to see to it faire son to make ones pile

8
 mettre du dans les epinards to bondir to bound; to spring; to skip
make life a little more comfortable bonhomme m good-natured man; old man;
beurr e, e buttered; plastered fellow
biais slant; bias; angle; expedient bonjour good morning
biaiser to dodge the issue bonsoir good evening; good night
bibliographie f bibliography bord m edge; bank; (MATH ) boundary (in
bien well, quite, very, okay; good, property homology)
... border to border; to edge; to hem; to tuck
entendu of course up
que although, though borne f boundary; milestone; terminal
s ur of course, certainly borne, e limited, narrow, short-witted
bien- etre m wellbeing; comfort borner to bound, to limit, to confine
bienfaisance f charity bon good
bienfaisant, e beneficial bouquet m bunch; nosegay; aromas; crown-
bienfait m benefit; kindness ing piece; prawn
bient ot soon; shortly bourg m market town; borough
bienveillance f kindness; good will bourgeois, e mf citizen; middle class man
bienveillant, e kind; benevolent or woman; bourgeois; middle-class; com-
bienvenu, e welcome mon
bienvenue f welcome les petits the lower middle class; mas-
bi`
ere f beer; coffin; bier ter
biextension f biextension branche f branch; bough; division
bilineaire bilinear brancher to branch; to plug in; to connect;
bimultiplicati-f, ve bimultiplicative to put through; to roost, to perch
biographie f biography brave brave; honest; good; smart
bis encore; m encore bref briefly
biunivoque bijective en in short
bl
ame m blame; censure br-ef, `
eve brief; short
bl
amer to blame; to find fault with budget m budget
blanc m white; blank; white (man) but m mark, aim, goal, end, purpose
blanche f white (woman)
blan-c, che white; clean; pale
blanchir to whiten; to bleach; to grow white C
boire to drink; to soak up (paper, etc)
bon m good; good quality; bond; order; cache m mask; f hiding place
cheque cacher to hide, to conceal
bon, ne good; kind; advisable; right se to hide; to be hidden
bond m bound; leap; jump cadre m frame, plan, managerial staff, staff

9
caf
e m coffee; cafe centraliser to centralize
caf
eteria f cafeteria centralisateur m (MATH ) centralizer
calcul m calculation; arithmetic; calculus; centre m center
stone (bladder, etc) centrer to center
calculer to calculate; to reckon; to compute cependant meanwhile; yet, however
calendrier m calendar certain, e certain, sure; pl (before a noun)
calque m tracing some
(papier) tracing paper; exact copy certes most certainly
calquer to trace; to copy certificat m certificate; testimonial
qch. sur model sth. on certifier to certify; to testify
camarade mf friend certitude f certitude; certainty; assurance
canonique canonical cesser to cease; to come to an end
canular m hoax cest-`
a-dire that is to say
canularesque ??? see canular ceux see celui
car for, because, as chacun, e each; everyone, everybody
caract` ere m character; nature champ m field, ground, subject, scope;
caract eriser to characterize (MATH ) stack
caract eristique f characteristic; character- chance f chance; luck
istic change m change; exchange
carre m square; square, straight changant, e changeable; fickle
carrer to square changement m change; alteration
carte f card; pass; map; chart; menu changer to change; to alter; to exchange; to
(locale) f (MATH ) (local) chart, coor- shift
dinate chanson f song; ballad
cartesien Cartesian chapitre m chapter; heading; chapter-house
cas m case, matter, event chaque each, every
categorie f category; class; group charge f load, burden, expense, office,
categorique adamant; categoric charge
cause f cause; motive; case; trial charg e, e full, laden, heavy (of stomach)
`
a de on account of daffaires
causer to cause; to chat chargement m loading, cargo
ce, cet, cette this, that charger to load, to charge, to entrust (de,
ceci this, this thing with)
cela that se to take upon oneself
celle see celui chemin m path; way; road
celui, celle he, she, him, her, the one, that ch`eque m cheque
cent one hundred; hundred cher dear; at a high price
central, e central ch-er, `ere dear; beloved; costly

10
chercher to seek, to look for se to be centered on or around
chercheur m seeker, inquirer circonstance f occassion; circumstance
cherir to cherish; to love circonstanci e, e detailed
cheveu m (a single) hair circuit m route; tour; circuit; (ECON ) net-
les x the hair work
chien m dog circulaire circular
se regarder en s de faence to stare circulation f circulation; traffic
grimly at each other circuler to circulate; to move (along); to
chiffre m figure, number, total, cipher run; to spread
en s connus in plain figures cire f wax; polish
daffaires turnover cir
e, e polished
chiffrer to cipher; to reckon cirer to polish
choc m impact; shock; clash citation f quotation; subpoena
chocolat m chocolate cit
e f city; town
chocolat e, e chocolate (flavored) citer to quote; to mention; to summon; to
chur m choir; chorus subpoena
choir to fail sth clair m
choisir to choose, to select de lune moonlight
choix m choice, selection, election clair, e clear; bright; light
choquant, e shocking clairvoyant, e perceptive
choquer to shock; to shake up clamer to proclaim
choral, e choral clarifier to clarify
choral, s m choral clarinette f clarinet
chorale f choir clarte f clearness; light; brightness
chose f thing, matter, affair classe f order; rank; form; school; classroom
chronique f chronicle; chronic classement m classification; filing
chronologique chronological classification f classification
ci here, this classifier to classify
ci-contre opposite classique m classic; classical
ci-dessous below clavier m keyboard
ci-dessus above cl
e see clef
ciel m heaven; sky; climate clef f key, wrench, lever, keystone
cinema m cinema clique f click
cinq five cliquer to click
cinquante fifty clivage m divide
circonference circumference clore to close; to conclude
circonscrire to circumscribe; to contain; to clos, e closed
define cl
oture f hedge; fence; closing, closure; end,

11
 conclusion pour de to crown; to complete
alg ebrique f (MATH ) algebraic clo- comble crowded; full; heaped up
sure combler to fill, to heap, to cover, to over-
s eparable f (MATH ) separable clo- whelm, to fulfil
sure com
edie f comedy; play; theater
cl
oturer to enclose; to close, to conclude com`
ete f comet
cobord m (MATH ) coboundary comit
e m board; committee
cocycle m (MATH ) cocycle comme as, like, as if
code m code commencant, e mf beginner
coder to code commencement m beginning
coefficient m coefficient commencer to begin
cur m heart, soul, love, courage, core comment how; why! what!
coherence f coherence; consistency donc! to be sure!
coherent, e coherent commentaire commentary, comment, re-
coh esion f cohesion mark
cohomologie f cohomology commenter to comment; to criticize; to
cohomologique cohomological pass remarks
coin m corner; spot; wedge commettre to commit; to entrust; to ap-
concidence f coincidence point; to make (a mistake)
concider to coincide; to be similar (avec, commode f chest of drawers; convenient,
with) suitable, handy
collabora-teur, trice mf collaborator; as- commodit e f convenience
sistant; contributor commun m generality, commonplace, lower
collaboration f collaboration; contribution class, menials pl domestic offices
collaborer to work together commun, e common, ordinary, trivial, vul-
collage m sticking; pasting; gluing gar
collant sticking, tight communiquer to communicate; to impart;
coller to stick, to glue, to adhere to infuse
collonne f column communisme m communism
combien how much; how many how communiste mf communist
de temps how long? commutateur m switch; (MATH ) commu-
combinaison f combination; petticoat; slip; tator
contrivance commutati-f, ve commutative
combine f scheme; arrangement; fiddle commutation f commutation; switching
combiner to combine; contrive commuter to commute
comble m (measure) heaped; summit; comorphisme m comorphism
acme; pl attic; loft compact m compact disc, CD; (MATH )
de fond en from top to bottom compact (set)

12
compact, e compact; dense complimenter to congratulate
compagnie f company; society; compan- compliqu e, e complicated
ionship compliquer to complicate
compagnon m companion; partner; mate; comportement m behavior
playmate comporter to permit, to admit, to comprise
comparable comparable composant m component
comparaison f comparison composant, e constituent, component
comparatre to appear (in court) composante f component
comparer to compare compos e m compound
compartiment m compartment; division compos e, e composed, compound
compas m compass; compasses composer to compose; to compound; to set-
compasser to measure; to regulate; to lay tle; to dial (a number)
out composite assorted, of various types; het-
compassion f compassion erogeneous; composite; m composite
compatible compatible composi-teur, trice m composer; compos-
compatir to sympathize (` a, with) itor
compatissant compassionate composition f composition; agreement; ex-
compatriote f compatriot amination; essay
compenser to compensate comprehensible understandable
competence f competence; jurisdiction; comprehensi-f, ve comprehensive
sphere comprehension f comprehension
competent, e competent comprendre to understand, to include
competition f competition; rivalry; contest compression f compression
compiler to compile comprim e compressed
complement m complement comprimer to compress; to condense; to re-
complementaire supplementary; comple- strain
mentary; m complement compris, e understood, included
complet m full number; suit (of clothes) y including
compl-et, `ete complete; full; utter non excluding
complet
e m completion compromettant, e compromising
completer to complete; to make complete compromettre to compromise; to imperil
complexe complex; complicated; m com- compromis m compromise
plex compte m account, reckoning, amount,
complexion f constitution; disposition right number
complexite f complexity tenu de considering; taking into ac-
complication f complication count that
compliment m compliment; pl congratula- compter to count, to reckon, to intend, to
tions rely

13
conoyau m cokernel drive, to steer, to carry, to manage
concentration f concentration se to behave
concentre m extract; concentration conduit m pipe, tube, way
concentrer to concentrate conduite f conduct; behavior; manage-
concept m concept ment; care; driving; channel
conception f conception; thought c
one m cone
conceptuel, le conceptual conf
erence f lecture, conference
concernant relating to conf
erencier m lecturer
concerner to concern; to belong to conformation f conformation
concevoir to conceive; to understand; to conforme in accordance; conformable, con-
imagine sistent
concis, e concise; brief conform ement in accordance
concluant, e conclusive conformer to conform
conclure to conclude; to close; to infer; to se to comply (` a, with)
prove; to move confort m comfort, ease
conclusi-f, ve conclusive confortable comfortable; easy
conclusion f conclusion; inference; motion; conforter to comfort; to strengthen
verdict confr`ere m colleague; fellow member;
concre-t, `ete concrete brother; (newspaper ) contemporary
concoit see concevoir confronter to confront; to compare
concourir to compete confus confused; embarrassed; overwhelmed
` a to contribute toward confusion f confusion; disorder; trouble;
concours m competition; competitive ex- shame
amination; help; combination congr`es m congress
concr-et, `ete concrete congruence f congruence
concurrence f competition congruent, e congruent
concurrencer to compete with conique conical
condamnation f condemnation; sentence; conjugaison f uniting; conjugation
conviction conjugu e ? conjugate
condamn` e condemned, convict conjuguer to conjugate, to combine
condamner to condemn; to convict; to sen- connaissance f knowledge, acquaintance,
tence; to block up senses, learning
condition f condition; position; term connaisseur m connoisseur
conditionnel, le conditional connatre to know, to be acquainted with,
conditionner to condition to be aware of
conduc-teur, trice f driver; conductor; connexe connected
leader; guide; conducting; leading connexion f connection
conduire to conduct, to lead, to guide, to connu, e pp of connatre known

14
 bien well known sign
consacrer to consecrate, to devote constitution f constitution
consecration f consecration; dedication construction f construction
consecuti-f, ve consecutive construire to construct
conseil m piece of advice, advice; consul- consulter to consult
tant; council contact m contact; touch; connection
conseiller to advice; to recommend; to ad- contemplation f contemplation; medita-
vice, to counsel tion
conseill-er, `
ere mf counsellor; councillor contempler to contemplate; to meditate
consensus m consensus contemprain, e contemporary
consentement m consent contenir to hold, to contain, to restrain
consentir to grant; to consent content contented; satisfied; pleased
consequence f consequence; inference; im- contentement m satisfaction
portance contenter to satisfy; to please
consequent, e consequent; consistent contenu m contents, subject
conservation f preservation; guardianship; contin-, contn. . . see contenir
(mortgages) registration continent m continent
conservatoire m conservatoire; museum; continental, e continental
academy of music continu, e continued; continuous
conserve f preserve; pickled food; tinned continument continuously
food continuel, le continual
conserver to preserve; to conserve (food); continuer to continue
take care of; to retain continuite f continuity
considerable considerable contour m outline; bend
consideration f consideration; regard; es- contourner to bypass, to get around
teem contracter to contract; to incur; to tense;
considerer to consider; to examine; to to take out
value; to regard se to contract
consister to consist (`a, dans, in, of) contradictoire contradictory; open
constance f perseverance contraignant, e restricting
constant, e constant contragrediente f contragradient
constante f constant contraindre to force, to compel (`a faire, to
constater to ascertain, to prove, to state, to do)
report contrainte f compulsion, restraint
constellation f (ASTRON ) constellation contraire contrary, reverse
constituant m constituent contre against, versus, near
constituant, e constituent par on the other hand
constituer to constitute; to appoint; to as- tout close by

15
contredire to contradict stance; (MATH ) field
contredit (sans) unquestionably dual m reflex field
contrepartie f equivalent; compensation correct, e correct; accurate; proper; polite;
contre-pied m opposite reasonable, decent; adequate; fair
contribuer to contribute; to be conducive correcteur m proofreader
contribution f contribution; tax; rate; part correction f correction; accuracy; correct-
controler to inspect; to verify; to monitor ness; punishment
se to control oneself corr
elati-f, ve correlative
convaincant convincing correspondance f correspondence; connec-
convaincre to convince, to convict tion (between trains)
convaincu, e convinced; convicted correspondant, e mf correspondent; pen
convenable proper, fit, suitable friend; guardian; corresponding
convenir to agree, to acknowledge, to suit, correspondre to communicate; (` a/avec,
to be expedient t)o correspond to/with
convention f convention; agreement; condi- corrige m corrected copy; key to a book
tion corriger to correct; to mark (exercise, etc);
conventionnel, le conventional to chastise
convergent, e convergent cote f mark; share; quota
converger to converge c
ote f rib; hill; coast; shore
conversation f conversation ` a side by side
convertir to convert; to turn c
ot
e m side, way, part, direction
se to become converted (` a, to) `
a nearby; next door
convexe convex `
a de beside, next to; beside, compared
convien- see convenir to
cooperati-f, ve cooperative de sideways; aside
cooperation f cooperation mettre/laisser qqch. de to
cooperer to cooperate (` a, in) put/leave sth. aside
coordina-teur, trice coordinating; mf co- coup m blow, stroke, hit, kick, knock, beat,
ordinator clap, . . .
coordination f coordination coupant cutting, sharp
coordinn ee coordinate clause; (MATH ) co- coupe f cut, cup, section
ordinate couper to cut, to mix, to dilute, to cut off
s coordinates; address and phone num- couple m couple; pair
ber, details couple m double
coordonner to coordinate couple, e doubled
copier to copy coupler to couple
corollaire m corollary couramment fluently, generally
corps m body; frame; corps; corpse; sub- courant current; stream; course

16
courbe f curve; bend; curb cristalliser to crystallize
courb e courved; bent; crooked crit`er-e, ium m criterion
courbure f curvature; bend critique m critic; f criticism; censure; criti-
courir to run; to go about; to pursue; to cal
hunt; to flow critiquer to criticize
courrier m courier; mail; post; messenger crochet m hook; picklock; clasp; bend; cro-
cours m course; flow; vent; currency; mar- chet
ket price; course of lessons; lectures crocheter to pick (a lock)
course f running; run; race; drive; ramble; crochu, e hooked; crooked
errand; pl shopping croire to believe; to think
court, e short croiser to cross; to fold; to pass; to cross, to
`
a de short of cut across; to interbreed; to cruise
courtois, e courteous se to cross, to intersect; to pass; to
courtoisie f courtesy cross; to meet
co
uter to cost croisement m crossing
coutume f custom croissance f growth, development
couvert m place setting; cover charge (in croissant m crescent, croissant
restaurant); cover; shelter croissant, e increasing, growing
couvert covered; (weather ) overcast; clad crotre to grow, to increase, to lengthen
couverture f cover, blanket, rug, security croix f cross
couvrir to cover (de, with); to conceal; to cr
u see crotre
screen crucial, e crucial
se to put ones hat on; to clothe oneself cruel, le cruel
craindre to be afraid of; to fear; to be easily crypter to encrypt
damaged by cube cubic; m cube
crainte f fear (pour, for) cubique cubic
cran m notch; nick; wave cubiste cubic
cr
eation f creation; production cup-produit m cup product
cr
eature f creature cultive, e educated, cultured
cr
edit m credit; trust; loan; influence; es- cultiver to cultivate; to grow
teem se to cultivate; to improve ones mind
cr
editer to credit (de, with) culture f cultivation, farming; culture,
credo m creed; belief knowledge; culture
cr
eer to create; to invent; to establish culturel, le cultural
crible m sieve, riddle curer to clean out
cristal m crystal; cut-glass curieu-x, se curious; inquisitive; strange,
cristallin, e crystalline; crystal; crystal curious; mf busybody
clear curiosite f curiosity

17
curseur m cursor d
ecalage m gap; gulf, discrepancy;
cuspidal, e cuspidal (MATH ) Vershiebung
cycle m cycle; series d
ecaler to bring forward; to move back; to
cyclique cyclic, cyclical move forward
cylindre m cylinder; roller d
eceler to reveal; to detect
cylindrique cylindrical d
ec
el
eration f deceleration
cynique cynical; mf cynic d
ecembre m December
cynisme m cynicism d
ecence f decency; propriety
cyrillique Cyrillic d
ecent, e decent; becoming; proper
d
ecennie f decade
d
ecent, e decent
D d
echiffrer to decipher; to unravel; (MUS )
to sight-read
daccord all right! OK! d
ecide decided; determined
danger m danger d
ecider to decide; to determine; to persuade
dangereu-x, se dangerous se to make up ones mind; to be de-
dans in, into, within, according to cided, to be settled
danse f dancing; dance d
ecimal f decimal (fraction)
danser to dance; to bob; to flicker d
ecimal, e decimal
date f date d
ecimale f decimal
dater to date d
ecisi-f, ve decisive
davantage more; any longer d
ecision f decision; resolution
de of, from d
eclamer to declaim; to recite
d
e dice, die; dice, cube; thimble d
eclaration f declaration; affidavit; verdict
d
ebarrasser to clear up; to clear d
eclarer to declare; to proclaim; to certify
se de to get rid of d
eclinaison f declination (of compass, star,
d
ebat m debate etc); declension
d
ebattre to debate; to discuss d
ecliner to decline; to deviate
se to struggle d
ecoder to decode
d
ebouch e m end; outlet; prospect, opening d
ecompos e, e decomposed; specface hag-
d
eboucher to open; to unblock gard; (person) in shock
sur to open out into; to lead to, to d
ecomposer to decompose; to break down
achieve into; to distort
d
ebut m beginning, first appearance, lead d
ecomposition f decomposition; discom-
d
ebutant, e mf beginner, performer, ap- posure; analyzing
pearing for the first time d
econnecter to disconnect
d
ebuter to begin, to make ones first ap- d
ecorer to decorate
pearance d
ecoup e, e lobed; indented

18
d
ecouper to cut up; to carve; to divide up; unblock
to cut out se to free oneself/itself; to clear
d
ecouragement m discouragement; de- d
eg
enere, e degenerate; mf degenerate
spondency d
eg
enerer to degenerate; (en) to degener-
d
ecourager to discourage; to deter ate into
se to lose heart d
eg
enerescence f degeneration; degener-
d
ecourvert, e pp of d ecouvrir; bare; ex- acy
posed degre m degree; step; stage
d
ecourverte f discovery d
eguisement m disguise
d
ecouvrir to discover; to uncover; to reveal d
eguiser to disguise; to conceal
se to take off ones clothes, to undress; dehors without; outside; m outside; exte-
to take off ones hat; to clear; to dis- rior; appearance
cover d
ej`
a already, yet, then, before, as far back
d
ecret m decree as, to begin with
d
ecrier to decry d
ejeuner m lunch
d
ecrire to describe petit breakfast
d
ecroiser to unfold; to uncross d
ejeuner to breakfast; to lunch
d
ecrossant, e decreasing; diminishing demain tomorrow
d
ecrotre to decrease; to diminish; to get demande f question; request; prayer; pl en-
shorter quiries; orders
d
ecrypter to decipher demander to ask; to claim; to want; to de-
d
eduire to deduct mand; to require
se to result se to wonder
d
efaut m defect, fault, defect d
emarche f walk, gait; step
`
a de for want of demeure f residence
d
efendre to defend; to forbid mettre en de to order to
d
efense f defence; prohibition; pl tusks demeurer to live; to remain
d
efini, e defined, definite, precise demi, e half; mf half
d
efinir to define d
emolir to demolish
d
efinissable definable d
emonstration f demonstration; show
d
efiniti-f, ve definitive; positive d
emonter to take apart, to dismantle; to
en ve finally take down; to disconcert
d
efinition f definition; clue (of crossword) se to come apart
d
efinitivement for good; permanently d
emontrer to demonstrate, to prove
d
eformer to put out of shape; to distort d
enominateur m denominator
d
egage redeemed, free, easy, off hand, pri- dense dense
vate densite f density
d
egager to free; to clear; to find; to emit; to d
epart m departure; leaving; start

19
 au to start with descente f descent; taking down; rupture;
d
epartement m department (skiing) run
d
epasser to pass, to go beyond, to exceed, description f description
to outrun, to rise above d
esenchanter to disenchant; to disillusion
d
ependance f dependence; dependency; pl d
esignation f designation; indication; nom-
outbuildings ination
d
ependre to depend, to result, to belong to, d
esigner to point out, to denote, to appoint
... d
esir m desire; wish
d
eplac e, e out of place; displaced d
esirer to desire; to wish
d
eplacement m moving; travelling d
esireu-x, se anxious (de faire, to do)
d
eplacer to move; to shift; to shift the em- d
esormais henceforth
phasis of; to transfer dessus on, above, upon, upper part
d
eplaisant, e unpleasant destin m destiny; fate; lot
d
eplaisir m displeasure destination f destination
d
eployer to spread; to display; to deploy destin
ee f destiny; fate
d
eploy e, e (MATH ) split destiner to destine; to intend; to fate
d
epourvu, e destituer to dismiss
de without; lacking in destruction f destruction
depuis since, ever since, from detache, e detached; unconnected; indiffer-
d
eraison f madness ent; disinterested
d
eraisonnable unrealistic; senseless; unrea- d
etachement m detachment; indifference
sonable d
etacher to untie; to detach; to undo; to
d
eraisonner to talk nonsense separate
d
erive f drift; lee-way se to break away (de, from)
d
eriv
e m by-product; (LING) derivative d
etail m detail; particular; trifle; retail
d
eriv
e, e derived; (LING) derivative d
etailer to cut up; to retail; to relate in de-
d
eriver to drift; to be derived; to derive tail
derni-er, `ere last; final, latest; mf last d
eterminant m determiner; (MATH ) de-
ce the latter terminant
petit baby of the family d
eterminant, e decisive, determining
en last d
eterminantiel, le determinantal
dernierement lately d
etermination f determination
d`
es from; since; on; even; in d
etermin e, e determined; resolute
que as soon as d
eterminer to determine; to decide; to
descendance f descent; lineage bring on
descendre to descend; to come or go down; se to resolve
to dismount; to alight; to stop or stay; to d
etourn e out of the way
put up (at hotel, etc); to make a search d
etruire to destroy

20
deux two, both, second (the) diffusion f diffusion; diffuseness
deuxi` eme second digestion f digestion
d
eveloppable expandable dilemme m
d
eveloppement m unfolding; development; diligence f diligence; speed; stage-coach
growth; extent dimanche m Sunday
d
evelopper to unfold; to develop; to ex- dimension f dimension; size; measurement
pand; to explain diminuer to diminish; to lessen; to abate
se to spread out diminution f decrease; abatement
devenir to develop, to become dire to say, to tell, to speak, to mean
devien- see devenir dire m saying, statement
devier to deviate direct, e direct, straight; through express
devi- see devenir (of train); live (of television)
deviner to guess direc-teur, trice mf director; manager;
deviser to chat; to converse (de, about) head teacher;,amageress
d
evissage m reduction (to a simpler direction f management; managers office;
case/object/method) steering; direction
d
evisser to unscrew; to fall diriger to direct, to manage, to run, to guide
se to unscrew dis- see dire
devoir to owe, to be bound to, to have to; discerner to discern; to distinguish
m duty, task, exercise pl homework discipline f discipline
devr- see devoir discographie f discography
diable m devil; mischievous child discontinu, e broken; intermittent; discon-
diagonal, e diagonal tinuous
diagonale f diagonal discontinuer to discontinue
dictionnaire m dictionary discours m speech; lecture; talk
diff
erence f difference discr-et, `ete discreet; quiet
diff
erencier to distinguish discretion f discretion
diff
erend m difference; dispute discriminant m discriminant
diff
erent different; unlike disperser to scatter; to disperse
diff
erente f different disponible disposable; available; unen-
diff
erentiable differentiable gaged
diff
erentiel, le mf differential; differential dispos active, nimble, lively
diff
erer to defer; to postpone; to differ (de, frais et fresh
from) dispos e disposed; inclined; willing
difficile difficult, particular; (fam) choosy disposer to arrange; to lead to do
difficult
e f difficulty, obstacle, objection de to have available, to have at ones
diffus, e diffuse; prolix disposal; to have the use of; (time) to
diffuser to diffuse; to broadcast have free or available

21
 vous pouvez you may leave or go doigt m finger
se ` a to prepare for doit m debit
se ` a faire to prepare to do doit- see devoir
dispositif m device; mechanism dominant, e dominant; ruling; prevailing
disposition f arrangement; frame of mind; dominer to rule; to domineer; to govern; to
tendency; aptitude overlook
dispute f dispute; quarrel domaine m domain; estate; property;
disputer to dispute province; department; sphere
se to quarrel; to vie dommage m damage; loss
disque m (MUS ) record; disc; discus; disk cest it is a pity
distant distant; remote don m gift; present; talent
distinct, e distinct donc then, therefore
distinction f distinction; refinement donnee f notion; pl data
distingue, e distinguished, refined donner to give; to strike; to look; to shine;
distinguer to distinguish, to perceive to yield (of trees, etc) to deal; to charge
distribuer to distribute sen to enjoy oneself
distributeur m deliverer; distributor dont whose, of whom, from whom, by
distribution f distribution; delivery; han- whom, . . .
dling dor
enavant henceforth
dit m saying; told, agreed, alias dormir to sleep; to be formant
diverger to diverge doter
divers mpl sundries de to endow with; to equip with
divers, e different, various, several, varied double double; m duplicate; replica; double
divis
e, e divided doubler to double; to line (de, with); (film)
diviser to divide to dub; to understudy; to overtake (on
diviseur m divisor road)
dix ten douceur f sweetness; softness; charm; gen-
dix-huit eighteen tleness; m sweets; pleasant things
dix-neuf nineteen doute m doubt
dix-sept seventeen douter to doubt
docteur m doctor se to suspect; to have some notion
doctorat m doctorate (de/que, of/that)
doctrine f doctrine dou-x, ce sweet; soft; kind; gentle; smooth;
document m document mild
documentaire m documentary; documen- douzaine f dozen
tary douze twelve
documenter to document drap m sheet; woolen
doi- see devoir drapeau, x m flag

22
drapi-er, `ere clothing; mf cloth manufac- E
turer, draper
drastique drastic eau f water; rain
dresser to raise; to put up; to erect; to draw de vie spirit; brandy
up; to make out; to train
echange m exchange; barter
se to stand up; to rise (up); to stand
echanger to exchange
droit m right, authority, law
echappement m escape; leakage; exhaust
droit, e right; straight
echapper to escape, to avoid, to slip
droite f right, right-hand side; (MATH ) s to stead away
straight line
echeance f falling due; expiration; maturity
`
a on the right
echeant falling due, occurring
droiti-er, `
ere right-handed; mf right- le cas should it so happen
handed person
echec m check, failure, blow; pl chess, chess-
du see de le men
d
u m due
echelon m rung; step; degree
d
u, due pp of devoir; due, owing
eclatant bright, brilliant, resounding, fla-
dual m dual grant, loud
dualisant, e dualizing
eclatement m (MATH ) blowup
dualiser to dualize
eclater to burst, to explode, to shine;
dualit
e f duality (MATH ) to blowup
dudit of or from the said
ecole f school
due see d u
economie f economy; saving; pl savings
duel m duel
economique economic(al)
dune f dune
economiser to economizer; to save
duo m duet
economiste m economist
duper to dupe, to take sb in
ecoute f listening; audience
duplicite f duplicity
ecouter to listen to
dupliquer to duplicate
ecran m screen; shield
duquel see lequel
ecrier to exclaim
dur hard
ecrire to write
dur, e hard; stiff; tough; harsh; mf tough
ecrit, e pp of ecrire; written
nut
ecriteau m notice
durable lasting
ecriture f writing
durant during abus d (MATH ) abuse of notation
dur
ee f duration ecstasy m ecstasy
durer to last, to hold out
ecueil m reef; danger
durete f hardness; harshness
edification f edification, building
du-s, t see devoir
edifice m building; structure

23

edifier to edify; to erect; to enlighten
elaborer to elaborate; to work out

editer to publish; to edit

elaguer to prune

editeur m publisher
elan m run up; momentum; impetus; enthu-

edition f edition; publishing siasm; impulse; elk

education f education; breeding; upbring-

elanc e slender, slim, graceful
ing; training
elancer to dart

eduquer to educate; to bring up s to rush

effectif m effective strength
elancement m throbbing pain; yearning
effecti-f, ve effective; actual
elargi, e enlarged; expanded
effectuer to carry out, to make
elargir to widen, to extend, to release
effet m effect, impression, bill
elastique elasticized; elastic; flexible
efficace efficacious; effective
elastique m rubber band; elastic; bungee
effleurer to skim, to touch slightly, to glance cord
over
election f (POL) election; choice
efforcer
el
egance f elegance
s to force oneself; to strive; to endeavor
el
egant, e elegant; generous
effort f effort; endeavor; strain; exertion
el
ement m element; unit (of furniture)
effrayant, e terrifying
el
ementaire elementary; rudimentary
effrayer to frighten, to scare
el
evation f raising; rise, mound; nobility
s to be frightened, to take fright
eleve, e high; noble
effroi m fear, dread
el`
eve mf pupil; (MIL) cadet

egal, e equal, even, like, same, level

elever to raise; to life; to put up, to erect; to

egalement equally; alike; both; likewise; elevate; to improve; to bring up; to rear,
also to bread

egaler to equal; to match

eligible eligible

egaliser to equalize; to level; to smooth

elimination f elimination

egalite f evenness; equality; uniformity;

eliminer to eliminate
(tennis) deuce elle she, her, it

egard m consideration
eloigner to move away; to turn away; to dis-
`
a l de with regard to, towards miss
`
a certains s in some respects s to move or go away; to stray from the

egar e, e lost; stray; distraught point; to distance oneself

egarement m wideness; abberation

eloquence f eloquence; significance

egarer to mislay, to lose; to mislead; to lead

eloquent, e eloquent; significant
stray
elucider to clear up
s to get lost, to go astray, to lose ones
eluder to evade
way embrouill e entangled, intricate

ejecter to eject; to chuck out embrouiller to tangle, to confuse

24
emp ech
e to prevent, to hinder, to keep from s to enlist; to undertake
emp echement m impediment; hindrance; engendr e generated
obstacle engendrer to generate
emp echer to prevent; to hinder; to keep engin m engine; machine; tackle; missile
from englober to lump together, to unite
empereur m emperor ennui m tediousness; boredom; annoyance;
emphase f emphasis; bombast; pomposity trouble
emphatique emphatic; bombastic ennuyer to tire; to annoy; to bore
empire m empire; rule; control s to feel bored
emploi m employment; use; occupation; sit- ennuyeu-x, se boring; annoying
uation
enoncer to state, to articulate
employ e m employee; clerk
enonc e m statement
employer to employ; to use
enorme enormous; huge
employeur m employer ensignant, e teaching; mf teacher
emprunt m loan; borrowing enseigne f sign; ensign
emprunt e, e awkward; self-conscious `
a telle que so much so that
emprunter to borrow; to take enseignement m teaching
en some, of/from/about him/her/it; in, enseigner to teach
into, . . . ensemble whole; ensemble; mass; general
enchant e enchanted; spellbound; delighted appearance; harmony; (MATH ) set; to-
enchantement m enchantment; spell; de- gether; at the same time
light ensembliste ???
enchanter to enchant; to delight; to charm ensuite afterwards, after, then, next
encore still, again; yet ensuivre (s) to follow; to ensue
pas not yet entendement m understanding, sense,
encouragement m encouragement judgement
encourager to encourage entendre to hear, to understand, to mean
encyclop edie f encyclopedia entier m entirety, whole; (MATH ) integers
endroit m place; spot; part; right side enti-er, `ere whole, perfect, full; (MATH )

energie f energy; force integral

energique energetic entite f entity

enfant mf child; infant entourage m entourage; surround
enfin at last, finally, in short, on the whole, entour e, e surrounded; popular
after all entourer to surround; to rally round
engagement m commitment; engagement; sde to surround oneself with
contract; agreement entracte m interval; interlude
engager to engage; to pawn; to invite; to entrain m drive
advise entranement m drive; practice; training

25
entraner to drive; to pull; to lead to; to envier to envy
coach; to take along; to influence environ about; pl environs; surroundings;
s to practice; to train outskirts; vicinity
entraneu-r, se mf trainer, coach environment m (ecological ) environment
entraneuse f hostess environner to surround
entrant, e incoming envisager to consider; to look at, to face
entre between, among, into, in envoi m sending, dispatch, consignment,
autres among others goods, parcel, remittance
entree f entrance; admission; beginning; en- envoyer to send, to forward, to dispatch
try; entree
epais, se thick; dull; deep; a lot, much
entrelacement intertwining
epaisseur f thickness; depths; substance;
entreprenant, e enterprizing; forward layer
entrepreneur m contractor; firm manager
epaissir to thicken; to broaden; to deepen;
entreprendre to start on, to undertake; to to put on wait
buttonhole
epaississement m thickening
de faire to undertake to do
epars, e scattered; disheveled
entreprise f enterprize, undertaking, con-
epice f spice
tract, attempt; firm, business, company
epicer to spice; to spice up
entrer to enter (dans, en, into); to begin;
epier to spy on; to look for
to bring in
epilogue epilog; outcome
entretemps meanwhile
epimorphe epimorphic
entretenir to keep up; to maintain; to cher-
epimorphisme m epimorphism
ish
epinards mpl spinach
s to converse; to keep fit
epinglage m pinning? fastening?
entretien m upkeep; maintenance; conver-
epingle f pin
sation; interview
epingler to pin (up); to nab, to nick
entrevoir to make out; to see briefly; to
epoint e pointed; punctured
glimpse
epreuve f ordeal; test; examination; proof
entrevue f interview; meeting
eprouver to feel; to have; to test; to dis-

enum erer to enumerate tress; to hit

enveloppe f envelope; wrapper; cover
epuiser to exhaust
envelopper to envelop; to wrap up; to cover
equation f equation
envers toward(s), to; m wrong side
equilibre m balance; stability
`
a l upside down; back to front; inside
equipage m crew
out
equipe f team
envie f desire; envy
equipement m equipment; facilities
avoir de to feel like, to want
equiper to equip; to fit out
avoir de faire to want to do s to equip oneself

26

equitable fair essentiel, le essential

equite f fairness esthetique aesthetic; aesthetically pleasing;

equivalent, e equivalent; m equivalent graceful; f aesthetics; aesthetic quality;

equivaloir to be equivalent (` a, to) grace

equivoque f ambiguity; equivocal; dubious esthetisme m aestheticism

errer to stray, to err estime f esteem; regard
erreur f error; mistake estimer to estimate; to consider
erron e, e erroneous
etablir to establish; to set; to draw up

erudit, e erudite, learned; mf learned per- s to settle; to set oneself up; to become
son established

erudition f learning, erudition

etage m floor; story; stage; level
escamotage m retraction; cover-up; spirit-
etager to arrange in tiers
ing away s to be terraced
escamoter to make disappear; to retract; to
etale slack; (water, sea) the period between
cover up; to evade tides, when the water neither rises nor
escorter to escort; to convoy; to accompany falls

esoterique esoteric
etaler to display, to spread out
espace m space, room, infinity, vacancy
etant see etre
espacement m spacing; spacing out
etape stop over, stage
espacer to space; to leave space between
etat m state; plight; profession; trade; list;
espagnol, e mf Spanish; Spaniard; m statement; nation
Spanish
etat-major m staff; headquarter
esp`ece f species, kind, sort, case
etayer to prop up, to support
esperer to hope, to expect, to trust
ete m summer; pp of etre
espi`egle mischievous
etendre to extend; to spread; to stretch; to
espoir m hope, expectation expand; to lay down
esprit m spirit, soul, ghost, mind, intellect, s to stretch out; to stretch (plain, etc)
wit, talent, feeling
etendu, e extended; spread; extensive
esquisse f sketch, outline
etendue f extent
esquisser to sketch; to outline
eternel, le eternal; unending
s (solution) to emerge
etirer to stretch
esquiver to avoid, to elude
etoffe f fabric, cloth; stuff, material
essai m trial, attempt, essay, try
etoffer to expand, to develop
coup d first attempt s to fill out; to put on weight
essayer to try, to try on, to attempt
etoile f star; decoration; asterisk
s to try ones skill
etonnant astonishing; wonderful; surprising
essence f petrol; essence
etonner to astonish; to astound; to surprise
essentiel m main thing
etrange strange

27

etrangement strangely excedent m surplus; excess

etran-er, ` ere foreign; unknown, unfamiliar; exceder to exceed; to exasperate

mf foreigner; stranger; outsider excellemment excellently

etranget e f strangeness excellent, e excellent

etre to be, to exist, to belong exceller to excel

etroit, e narrow, tight, close, strict excentrique eccentric

`
a l cramped except e except

etroitesse f narrowness; tightness; close- excepter to except

ness exception f exception

etude f study, practice exces m excess

etudiant m student excessi-f, ve excessive; exorbitant

etudier to study, to observe excitant, e exciting; stimulating

eu-, eu- see avoir excitation f excitement
eulerien, ne Euler (as an adjective) exciter to excite; to rouse
Europe f Europe exclamer to exclaim
eux them; they exclu, e excluded; mf outsider

evaluer to value; to estimate exclure to exclude

evanescent, e fleeting exclusi-f, ve exclusive

cycle m vanishing cycle exclusivit e f exclusiveness; sole rights

eventualit e f possibility; eventuality excuse f excuse; pl apology

eventuel, le possible excuser to excuse

eventuellement possibly s to apologize; to decline (offer, etc)

evidemment evidently; obviously ex

ecutant m performer

evidence f evidence ex
ecuter to execute; to perform; to carry

evident, e evident; clear out

eviter to avoid, to dodge s to make an effort; to yield

evolution f evolution ex
ecution f execution; performance
exact, e exact; accurate; true; punctual exemplaire m copy; exemplary
exaction f extortion exemple m example; instance; copy
exactitude f exactness; accuracy; punctu- par for instance; really!
ality exercer to exercise; to train up; to practise;
exag erer to exaggerate; to go too far to follow (a profession)
exalte, e exalted; elated; enthusiastic; fa- exercice m exercise; practice; financial year;
natic drill
exalter to extol; to praise exigeant, e demanding
examen m examination; exam; scrutiny exigence f exigence, demand
examinateur m examiner exiger to exact, to demand, to insist upon
examiner to examine; to inquire into exil m exile

28
exiler to exile; to banish exposer to expose, to exhibit, to explain
existence f existence; life exposition f exhibition; aspect; exposition
exister to exist expr-`es, esse formal, express
exotique exotic expr`es on purpose, deliberately
expansi-f, ve expansive; exuberant; effu- express m (train) express; (coffee) espresso
sive expressi-f, ve expressive
expedier to post; to expedite; to despatch; expression f expression
to draw up exprimer to express
expediti-f, ve expeditious s to express oneself
expedition f expedition; forwarding; con- extase f ecstasy
signment; copy extensi-f, ve extensive; wider; extended
experience f experience; experiment extension f stretching; extension; expan-
experimenter to experiment; to try; to test sion
expert m expert; specialist; valuer; sur- ext
erieur m exterior; outside
veyor; skilled ext
erieur, e external; outward; foreign
expertise f valuation; survey exterminer to destroy
expirer to expire; to breath out; to die externe external
explicati-f, ve explanatory extra m extra; first rate; wonderful
explication f explanation extr
eme extreme; utmost; m extreme limit
explicite explicit extr
emit e f extremity; end; last moments
expliciter to clarify; to explain
expliquer to explain, to construe, to ac-
count for F
exploit m deed, feat
exploitation f working; cultivation; ex- face f face (of sth.); front; aspect; side
ploitation en opposite
exploiter to work; to cultivate; to turn to facile easy
account; to take advantage of facilit
e f ease; ability; readiness; pl easy
explorer to explore terms
exploser to explode; to blow up faciliter to facilitate; to make easier
explisi-f, ve explosive facon f way, manner pl affectation
explosive m explosive de ` a so as to
explosion f explosion; outbreak de que so that
exponentiel, le exponential de toute anyway, in any case
exportation f export sans unpretentious; really, honestly;
exporter to export without fuss
exposant m exhibitor; petitioner faconner to shape, to form, to turn (on
expose m statement, account lathe)

29
facteur m (MUS ) maker; (MATH ) factor fatigant, e tiring; tiresome
fac-teur, trice mf postman, postwoman fatigue f fatigue, tiredness
faible weak; slight; low; m weakling; weak- fatigue, e tired
ness fatiguer to tire; to strain; to labor
desprit feeble-minded se to get tired (de, of)
faiblesse f weakness fausser to distort, to buckler, to be out of
faiblir to weaken fortune
faille f fault; flaw; rift faut see falloir
faillir to err, to fail, to almost. . . faute f fault; error; mistake; lack
faim f hunger de for want of; for lack of
avoir to be hungry sans without fail; faultless
faence f earthenware fauti-f, ve faulty; guilty
faire to make, to do, to arrange, to form faux m falsehood; imitation; forgery
se to take place; to be in; to get, to fau-x, sse false; sham; base; bad; imitated;
become out of tune
se ` a to get used to fer- see faire
faisable feasible ferme firmly, hard; firm, steady, strong,
faisceau m bundle, pile (MATH ) sheaf stiff; f farm, farm-house, farming
faisceautique (MATH ) sheaf(-theoretic) ferm e m (MATH ) closed (set)
faisons see faire ferm e, e closed
fait m fact, act, deed, doing, making fermer to shut, to close
fait, e made, done fermet e f firmness
falloir to be necessary, must f
evrier m February
fallu pp of falloir fiance, e mf fiance; fiancee
fam e, e famed fiancer (se) to become engaged
fameu-x, se famous; first-rate fibre f fiber; feeling; constitution
familiariser to familiarize fibr
e fibred; m (MATH ) bundle
familier m intimate; conversant (avec, en droites m line bundle
with) principal homog` ene m principal ho-
famili-er, `ere familiar; informal mogeneous bundle
famille f family; kind fid`
ele faithful, true, exact; m believer
fantaisie f fancy; imagination fid`
element faithfully
fantasque odd; whimsical fid
elit
e f fidelity; loyalty
fantastique fantastic figurant, e mf (cinema) walk on actor, ex-
fantome m phantom; specter; ghost tra
fasse(-) see faire n
etre quun to have a taken role
fastidieu-x, se tedious figurati-f, ve figurative; representational
fatal, e inevitable; fatal figure f figure; form; face; countenance

30
figure, e figurative foncteur m (MATH ) functor
figurer to figure; to represent fonction f function; pl office; duties
se to imagine fonctionnaire f official; civil servant
fil m thread, yarn, wire, edge, grain, cur- fonctionner to work; to be going; to func-
rent tion
dAriane (MYTHOL) Ariadnes fonctorialite f functoriality
thread; (FIG) vital clue; (Ariadne: a fond m bottom; foundation; depth; ground;
daughter of Minos who helps Theseus substance; amount
escape from the labyrinth) `
a thoroughly
file f line; lane fondamental, e fundamental
fille f girl, maid, daughter, servant fondation f foundation
film m film, movie; course, sequence fond e, e founded; justified
fils m son fondement m foundation; ground
filtrant, e filter; filtering fonder to found; to build; to establish
filtre m filter se to be based on; to rely
filtrer to filter; to screen; to filter through; fondre to melt, to cast, to disappear, to
to leak out pounce
fin f end; close; aim; purpose fonds m land; property; fund; funds; cash;
fin, e fine; thin; refined; sly; sharp (fi- pl securities
nancier) fontaine f fountain; spring; cistern
final, e final fonte f melting; casting; cast-iron; holster
finalement finally; lastly; at last fondu melted, molten, dissolved pp of fon-
financ e see financer dre
financer to lay out money forain foreign; travelling (of theater, fair,
fini m finish etc)
fini, e finished; consummate; finite force a plenty of; f strength; power; ability
finir to finish; to put an end to force, e forced; affected
fit see faire forcement forcibly; necessarily
fixation f fixing; fixation forcer to break open; to compel
fixe steady; firm; regular; fixed forge f forge; ironworks
fixer to determine, to set, to finalize forger to forge; to hammer; to make up; to
fl`
eche f arrow, beam, spire form
fl
echir to bend, to give away, to bow, to ap- se to imagine; to build up
pease formalit e f formality; ceremony
fleur f flower, blossom, prime format m size
fois f time, occasion formation f training, formation, structure
une once forme f form
une pour toutes once and for all formel, le formal, express

31
former to form boundary (in geometry)
formidable fearsome; tremendous; super fructueu-x, se fruitful, profitable
formulaire m form fuser to ring out, to rocket, to stream out
formule f formula; prescription; form
formuler to draw up, to express, to pre-
scribe G
fort very, extremely; m strongest part,
thickest, height, fort, forte gagnant, e winning; mf winner
fort, e strong, stout, great, clever, thick, gagner to win; to earn; to gain; to save; to
loud, severe, hard win over; to reach, to get to; to spread
fortifier to strengthen; to fortify to; to overcome; to encroach
fortuit, e accidental; fortuitous ganeu-r, se mf winner
fortune f fortune; chance; luck gai, e happy; cheerful; light-hearted; bright,
fortun e fortunate; well-off cheerful; merry; gay
foo (fol), folle mad; crazy; wild; stray; mf gain m earnings (pl); gain; saving
madman/madwoman galoisien, ne Galois
fournir to supply, to provide, to stock gangue die gangue (the worthless rock or
fourrer to stuff, to cram, to line with fur vein matter in which valuable metals or
fraction f fraction minerals occur)
fractionner to divide into fractions garantie f guarantee; warranty; safeguard
fractionnaire fractional garantir to guarantee; to secure; to protect
fracture f fracture; breaking garcon m boy; lad; bachelor; waiter
fragile fragile; brittle; frail garde f guard (service), care, watch
fragment m fragment; piece; scrap mettre en warn
franchement frankly; clearly; completely, prendre be careful (` a, of)
downright garde-fou m puppet; safeguard
frappant striking garder to keep; to keep on; to look after; to
frappe f typing guard
frapp e, e chilled se to keep
frapper to strike, to knock, to rap, to ice se de faire to be careful not to do
se to get flustered garnement m scamp, rascal
fr
equemment frequently gauche f left side; left, clumsy
fr
equence f frequency g
eneral, e general; mf general
fr
equent, e frequent g
eneralite f general point
fr
equenter to frequent; to associate with g
enerateur m generator
fr`
ere m brother; friar g
enerat-eur, rice generating
Frobenius m Frobenius g
eneration f generation
fronti`ere f frontier, border; (MATH ) g
eneratrice f generator

32
g
enerer to generate gradu e, e graduated, graded
g
enereu-x, se generous grand m greatness, grown-up
g
enerique generic grand, e great, big, tall, grown up, much
g
enerosite f generosity grassmannien, ne Grassmannian
g
eneraliser to generalize grassmannienne f Grassmannian
genre m kind; species; gender; manner; gratifiant, e gratifying, rewarding
form gratifier to favor; to reward (de, with)
gentil, le nice; kind; good gratis free
gentilhomme m nobleman; gentleman grave serious; grave; deep
gentillesse f kindness gr
e m will; taste
gentiment nicely `
a son as one likes
g
eographie f geography grec, que Greek
g
eom etrie f geometry Grec, que mf Greek
gerbe f bouquet; spray; sheaf gros m main part; bulk; wholesale
germe m germ; shoot; seed gros, se big; large; fat; coarse; pregnant
globe m globe; ball; orb grosseur f size; lump
global, e overall grossi-er, `ere coarse, rough, vulgar
gloire f glory, fame grossir to enlarge; to put on weight
glorieu-x, euse glorious groupe m group, clump, cluster
glorifier to glorify gu`
ere hardly, not much
glose f gloss guerre f war; strife
glossaire m glossary guerri-er, `ere f warrior; warlike; martial
gondoler to warp; to curl guide m guide; guide-book; f rein
se to warp guider to guide
gonflable inflatable guillemet m inverted comma, quotation
gonflement m (MATH ) blow-up?? mark
gonfler to blow up, to inflate; to swell; to guise f way; humor; fancy
blow out; to exaggerate
se to swell; to be filled (de, with)
gout m taste; liking H
gouter to taste; to enjoy; to have tea; m tea,
snack habile skilful; clever
gouverner to govern habiller to dress sb.; to provide with cloth-
gr
ace f grace, mercy, thanks, charm ing; to cover
gracier to pardon s to dress, to get dressed; to dress up;
gracieu-x, se gracious; kind; courteous; to buy ones clothes
pleasant; grateful habit m suit
grade m grade; rank; degree habuts mpl clothes

33
habitable habitable h
esiter to hesitate
habitant, e mf inhabitant; occupant h
et
erog`ene heterogeneous
habitat m housing conditions; settlement; h
et
erogeneit
e heterogeneity
habitat heure f hour; time; moment; oclock
habitation f housing; house, home heureu-x, se happy, lucky, successful, fa-
habiter to live in; to dwell with; to live vorable, blessed
habitude f habit; custom histoire f history; story; tale; fib; trifle; im-
habitu e, e mf regular portant matter
habituel, le usual, customary; typical historien m historian
habituellement usually historique historical
habituer to accustom, to inure hiver m winter
halte f stop holomorphe holomorphic
hanter to haunt homme m man; mankind
happer to snap up; to strike homog` ene homogeneous
harmonie f harmony; harmonics; agree- homog eneit
e f homogeneity
ment homographie f homography
harmonieu-x, se harmonious homologie f homology
h
ate f haste homologique homologic
h
ater to hasten; to bring forward homomorphisme m homomorphism
se to hurry homoth etie f homothety
h
ati-f, ve hurried, hasty homotopie f homotopy
haut high up; far back; loudly; m height; homotopique homotopic
summit honnete m honesty; honest; decent; re-
haut, e high; lofty; tall; erect; great spectable
hautbois m oboe honnetete f honesty; decency
hauteur f height; eminence; haughtiness honneur m honor; credit; respect
henselien, ne Henselian honorable honorable; respectable; proper;
henselis
e m Henselization creditable
herbe f grass honoraire honorary
h
eritage m inheritance; heritage h
opital m hospital
h
eriter to inherit; to get hors
h
eriti-er, `ere mf heir; heiress de outside; out of
hermitien, ne Hermitian huit eight; m eight
h
erone f heroine; (drug) heroin huiti`
eme eighth; m eighth
h
eroque heroic humain, e human; humane
h
erosm m heroism humains mpl mankind
h
eros m hero humanit e f humanity; human nature; pl
h
esitation f hesitation humanities; humankind; mankind

34
humble humble; lowly imaginaire imaginary
hypoth
ese f hypothesis imaginati-f, ve imaginative
imagination f imagination
imaginer to imagine; to conceive; to con-
I trive
s to imagine
ici here imiter to imitate; to mimic
par this way immat eriel, le immaterial; unreal; intangi-
ici-bas here below ble
icone f icon imm ediat m
icosa`edre m? icosahedron dans l for the time being
icosa`edrique icosahedral imm ediat, e immediate
ideal m ideal; ideal imm ediatement immediately
idee f idea; notion; plan; outline; opinion imm emorial, e ancient
idem ditto immense immense
identification f identification immersion f immersion
identifier to identify (`a, with) immoral, e immoral
identique identical impair, e odd; uneven
identiquement identically imparfait imperfect; m imperfect tense
identit e f identity imperfection f imperfection
ignorant, e ignorant; mf ignoramus implicite implicit
ignor e, e unknown (de, to); ignored (de, impliquer to implicate; to involve; to imply
by) importance f importance
ignorer not to know; to ignore; not to feel important m main point
il he, it, there important, e important
le f island importer to import; to matter (only used in
ill
egal, e illegal 3rd person, infinitive and participles)
illumin e, e mf visionary; illuminated; en- il importe de/que it is important
lightened to/that
illusion f illusion; delusion quimporte!, peu importe! it doesnt
illusionner to delude matter
illusoire illusory nimporte quel any (at all)
illustration f illustration nimporte qui anyone (at all)
illustre illustrious nimporte quoi anything (at all)
illustrer to illustrate (de, with) nimporte o` u anywhere (at all)
s to distinguish oneself nimporte quand at any time (at all)
image f picture; image; reflection nimporte comment anyhow
imag e, e full of imagery; colorful importun, e troublesome, tiresome, unwel-

35
 come, ill-timed, ill-chosen, awkward mf indiquer to indicate
unwelcome visitor, tiresome individual indirect indirect
importuner to bother, to disturb indiscernabilit e f indistinguishability
imposer to impose; to tax indispensable indispensable
impossible m impossibility; impossible indisponible unavailable
impression f impression; printing individu m individual, person
impressionner to impress; (feelings) to individuel, le individual
move induire to induce; to lead; to infer
imprim e m printed paper; pl printed mat- induit, e pp of induire; resulting; induced
ter industrie f industry; skill; trade
imprimer to impress; to print; to stamp inedit, e unpublished; novel, original
impropre incorrect ineffacable indelible
impropri et
e f incorrectness; error inegal
e, e unequalled
inacceptable unacceptable inegalit
e f inequality; difference, disparity;
inaccessible inaccessible; unapproachable; unevenness; changeability
unattainable; impossible inertie f inertia
inaugurer to inaugurate infini m infinity
inauguration f opening, unveiling `
a l (MATH ) to infinity; ad infinitum,
incompl-et, ` ete incomplete endlessly
incompr ehensible incomprehensive infini, e infinite; endless; boundless
incorporer to incorporate infiniment infinitely; extremely
incorrekt incorrect infinitesimal (MATH ) infinitesimal
ind
efini, e indefinite; vague infliger to inflict; to impose
ind
efiniment indefinitely influence f influence
ind
ependamment independently influencer to exert an influence
ind
ependant, e independent influent, e influential
ind
etermination f indeterminateness, in- influer to exert an influence
definiteness information f information; inquiry; pl
ind
etermin e, e indeterminate, indefinite; news bulletin
vague; undecided informer to inform; to acquaint
index m index; forefinger s to inquire
indicateur m indicator; timetable ingrat, e mf ungrateful person; ungrateful,
indica-teur, trice indicating; indicatory unprofitable, unpleasant
indice m indication, sign, clue; (MATH ) in- initial, e initial
dex initiale f initial
indiff
eremment indifferently; indiscrimi- initia-teur, trice innovative; mf initiator;
nately innovator
indiff
erent indifferent; immaterial initiative f initiative

36
initier to initiate; to instruct; to admit int`egre upright, just, honest
injecter to inject intellectuel, le intellectual
inoffensi-f, ve harmless intelligence f intelligence; knowledge; skill;
inscription f inscription; registration harmony
inscrire to write down; to register (for some- intelligent, e intelligent; clever
thing); (SPORT ) to score intense intense
inscrit, e pp of inscrire; registered; mf reg- intensi-f, ve intensive
istered person intention f intention; purpose
insens e, e insane; extraordinary integral, e in full; unabridged, complete
inserer to insert calcul (MATH ) integral calculus
insertion f insertion; integration integrale f whole; (MATH ) integral
insignifiant, e insignificant dans son in full
insister to insist interessant, e interesting
inspecter to inspect; to examine interesse, e interested; selfish
inspec-teur, trice mf inspector; surveyor interesser to interest; to concern
inspiration f inspiration inter
et m interest; profit; share; concern
inspirer to inspire; to breath in interieur m inside; home; interior
s de to be inspired by interieur, e interior; inner
instable unstable international, e international
installation f installation interne mf boarder; house-surgeon; internal
instance f entreaty; immediacy; degree of interner to intern
jurisdiction; suit interpr` ete m interpreter
instant m moment, instant interpr eter to interpret
instinct m instinct interrogati-f, ve interrogative; inquiring
instincti-f, ve instinctive interrogation f interrogation; question
instituer to institute; to establish; to ap- interroger to question; to interrogate; to
point examine
institut m institute; institution; school s to wonder about
institution f institution; school interrompre to interrupt
instruction f instruction; judical investiga- s to stop
tion intersection f intersection
instruire to instruct; to investigate; to teach intervalle m interval
instruit, e instructed; learned intervenir to intervene; to interfere; to oc-
instrument m instrument; tool cur
instrumenter to draw (deeds, writs, etc) intervention f intervention
insu unknown to intrins`eque intrinsic
insuffisamment insufficiently introduc-teur, trice mf introducer
insuffisant, e insufficient introduction f introduction

37
introduire to introduce isoler to isolate; to put in solitary confine-
s to get into ment; to soundproof; to insulate
introuvable untraceable; that cannot be isomorphe isomorphic
found; that is hard to come by; that is isomorphisme m isomorphism
impossible to get hold of isotopie f isotopy
intuiti-f, ve intuitive; mf intuitive person isotrop, e isotropic
intuition f intuition isotropie f isotropy
inutile useless; pointless issu, e
invalide invalid; infirm; mf army veteran;
etre de to emerge or stem from; to
pensioner; disabled come from
invariable unchanging, invariable issue f issue; outlet; end
invariant, e invariant Italie f Italy
inventer to invent italien, ne mf Italian
invent-eur, trice mf inventor; discoverer; it
erati-f, ve iterative, repeated; frequent
inventive it
er
e m iteration
invention f invention; inventiveness it
er
e, e iterated
inverse inverse; m inverse it
erer to iterate
inverser to reverse itou too, also
inversible invertible
inversion f inversion; reversal
investigation f investigation; inquiry J
investir to invest
invite, e mf guest jaillir to spout, to gush out, to spring forth
inviter to invite, to urge, to request jamais ever, never
involuti-f, ve involutive janvier m January
involution f involution je I
invoquer to call upon, to invoke jeter to throw, to fling
invraisemblable improbable, unlikely; in- `
a disposable
credible jett- see jeter
irrationel, le irrational jeu m play, sport, gambling, set, acting
irr
eductible irreducible jeudi m Thursday
irr
eguli-er, `ere irregular jeune young; junior; youthful
irresponsable irresponsible joie f delight, gladness
isobar, e isobaric joignant adjoining; near to
isogen isogenous joindre to join, to adjoin, to clasp, to get in
isogenie f isogeny touch
isol
e, e isolated; lonely; detached joint, e joined, united
isolement m loneliness; seclusion joli, e pretty, nice, lovely

38
 faire to look nice, to look good labeur m labor
jonction f junction laboratoire m laboratory
jouer to play, to gamble, to stake, to act, to laborieusement laboriously
deceive laborieu-x, se laborious; industrious
jouir to enjoy, to possess, to use lac m lake
jour m day, daylight, gap lacer to lace up
journal m paper; journal; diary; news lacet m lace; bend; snare
journali-er, ` ere daily l
ache cowardly; loose; lax; mf coward
journalisme m journalism l
acher to let go of; to drop; to give up; to
joyeu-x, se cheerful, merry, joyful leave; to release; to fire; to come out
judiciaire judicial; legal with; to loosen; to give away
judicieu-x, se judicious lacune f gap, blank
juge m judge, magistrate ladite see ledit
jugement m judgement, trial, sentence, lagrangien, ne Lagrangian
opinion laisser to leave, to bequeath, to allow, to
juger to try, to sentence, to believe give up
juillet m July langage m language, speech, expression
juin m June langue f tongue; language; (land ) narrow
jusque to, as far as, until, up to, down to, strip
even large wide, broad; large; generous; on the
juste m upright man; just, correct, fair, generous side
tight; just, right, exactly largeur f width, breadth
justement just so; exactly larguer to drop
justice f justice; fairness; law larme f tear; drop
justifier to justify; to prove larmoyant, e full of tears
juvenile youthful laquelle who, whom, which, that
juxtaposer to place side by side laver to wash
lec-teur, trice mf reader
lecture f reading
K ledit, ladite, lesdits, lesdites the said,
the aforementioned
k
ahl
erien, ne Kahler l
egal, e legal
l
egendaire legendary
l
egende f legend; story; key; caption
L l
eger, `ere light, faint, fickle
lequel who, whom, which, that
l`
a there, then lesdits, lesdites see ledit
l`
a-bas (over) there leur to them; their

39
libre free, bold, disengaged local m place; premises
li
e, e bound local, e local

etre tr` es avec to be great friends with localement locally
lien m bond; bond, tie; connection, link localise m localization
lier to bind, to tie, to join, to thicken localiser to locate; to localize
lieu m place, spot location f renting; leasing; lease; property;
x mpl scene, spot; premises booking
au de instead of logique f logic; logical
avoir take place loi f law; authority; act
donner ` a give rise to loin far; distant
en dernier lastly lointain, e distant; vague
en premier in the first place loisible permissible
sil y a if necessary loisir m leisure, time
tenir de serve as long m long
ligne f line, row, rank; route de en large back and forth
limite f limit; boundary; landmark (tout) le de (all) along
lineaire linear long, ue long
lire to read longer to pass along, to walk along, to coast
lis- see lire longtemps long, a long while
lis-eur, euse mf reader longueur f length
lisible legible lors then, at the time
lisse smooth d`
es ever since
lisser to smooth; to stroke; to smooth out lorsque when
lissite f smoothness loyal, e honesty; true; faithful
liste f list; roll; schedule; catalogue lui he, him, to him, her, to her, it, to it
lit see lire; m bed lumi` ere f (fig) light
literie f bedding luminaire m light
liti`
ere f litter lunaire lunar
litre m liter lundi m Monday
litt
eraire literary; mf person who is strong lune f moon
in arts subjects luxe m luxury
litt
eral, e literal; written luxueu-x, se luxurious
litt
erature f literature; writing lyrique lyrical
liturgie f liturgy lyrisme m lyricism
livraison f delivery
livre m book; f pound; pound sterling
livree f lively; servants
livrer to deliver; to betray

40
M mani`
ere f manner; style; type; pl manners;
airs
ma my manifestation f manifestation; political
machinal, e mechanical demonstration
machine f machine; machinery; engine; lo- manifeste m manifesto; manifest; manifest;
comotive evident
machiner to plot manifester to manifest; to demonstrate
magie f magic manipuler to manipulate; to handle
magique magic; magical manuvre laborer ; f move; drill
mai m May manvrer to handle; to work; to manoeu-
maint many, several vre
maintenant now manque m lack, deficiency, failure
mais but manqu e,
e missed; defective; failed
maison f house; home; firm manquement m omission; failure; oversight
maisonnette f cottage; small house manquer to fail; to want; to err; to miss; to
matre m master; owner; teacher be very near to (doing something)
matresse f teacher; mistress maniable easy to handel
matrise f mastery; self-control manier to handel, to manage, to govern
majest e f majesty mani`
ere manner, style, type
majestueu-x, se majestic mani
ere, e affected
majeur, e greater; major manifeste obvious; m manifesto
major m major manifester to show, to express; to demon-
majoration f increase; (MATH ) upper strate
bound manipulation f handling; manipulation
majorer to increase manipuler to handle; to falsify, to rig; to
majorit e f majority; coming of age manipulate
majuscule f capital (letter) manuvrer to manoeuvre, to operate, to
mal ill, badly, amiss; m evil, mischief, mis- work; to manipulate
fortune manquant, e missing
malgre in spite of, despite manque m lack, shortage; gap
malheur m unhappiness; misfortune; bad manquer to be lacking, to be missing; to be
luck absent from; to fail; to miss; to bungle,
malheureusement unfortunately to botch
malheureu-x, se unhappy, wretched manuscript m manuscript
mangeable edible manuscript, e handwritten
manger to eat, to squander; m food marchand, e market; trade; mf merchant;
manie f mania; craze storekeeper
manier to handle; to manage; to govern marchandage m bargaining

41
marchander to haggle over; to begrudge; to math ematiques fpl mathematics
bargain, to haggle matin m morning
marchandise f merchandize, goods matrice f matrix; womb
marche f step; walking; walk; (MUS ) matriciel, le matrical
march; running, working mauvais, e evil; bad; ill; wrong
march e m market; bargain, deal maximal, e maximal, maximum
marcher to walk; to step; to march; to work, maximaliser to maximize
to run; to go well; to do well; to agree; maximiser to maximize
to go for maximum m maximum
faire qch. to get sth. to work me me, to me, at me
(bien) to go well mecanique f mechanics; machinery; me-
mal not to go well chanical
mardi m Tuesday mecanisme m mechanism; machinery
maree f tide; wave, surge mediter to meditate; to plan
marginal, e marginal; dropout; mf meilleur, e better (que, than); best; mf
dropout le , la e the best (one)
mariage m marriage; wedding mel m e-mail
marie, e married; mf groom, bridegroom melange m mixture; blend
marier to marry; to blend melanger to mix
se to get married; to blend se to mix; to blend; to get mixed up
marque f mark membre f penis; member; limb
marquer to mark, to want, to err, to miss, meme same, even, very, self
to be very near to (doing something), to `
a (sur) directly on
be conspicuous `
a de in a position to
mars m March de too; likewise
martial martial de que just as
masque m mask; pretence si even if
masquer to mask; to disguise; to hide memoire m memorandum; bill; pl memoirs;
masse f mass; heap; bulk; lot; pool f memory; fame
massif m thicket; clump of shrubs; chain of pour for the record
mountains menacant, e threatening
massi-f, ve massive; heavy; solid menace f menace, threat
materiaux mpl materials menacer to threaten
materiel m stock; plant menage m housekeeping; cleaning; house-
materiel, le material hold; married couple
matiere f matter, material, subject, cause menagement m regard; caution; tact
math ematicien m mathematician menager to spare; to treat with tact
math ematique mathematical mener to lead, to head, to convey

42
mensuel m monthly (magazine) m
etrique metric
mensuel, le monthly mettre to put, to set, to wear
mental, e mental mi m (MUS ) Mi; E
mentalite f frame of mind; mentality mi- half; mid; semi-
mentionner to mention miel m honey
menu m menu mieux better, best, more; m best thing
mer f sea militaire military; m soldier
merci m thanks; thank you; f mercy mille, mil thousand; m thousand; mile
mercredi m Wednesday milliard m billion
m`
ere f mother; principal million m million
m
erite m merit; worth; talent mim eographi ee ? mimeograph
m
eriter to deserve; to be worth, to merit mineur m miner; (MUS ) minor; minor
merveille f marvel, wonder mineur, e minor; under age
merveilleusement marvellously, wonder- minimal, e minimal, minimum
fully minime very small; minimal; trifling
merveilleu-x, se marvellous, wonderful; minimiser to minimize; to play down
magic, magical minimum m minimum
mes my minoration f undervaluation; underestima-
mess m mess tion; reduction; (MATH ) lower bound
message m message minorer to reduce
messag-er, `ere mf messenger minoritaire minority; mf member of a mi-
messe f mass nority
mesure f measure; measurement; propor- minuit m midnight
tion; step; propriety; (MUS ) bar; time minuscule f small letter; minute
mesure, e regular; guarded minute f minute; instant
mesurer to measure; to consider; to propor- miracle m miracle; wonder
tion miraculeu-x, se miraculous; wonderful
m
esuser to misuse mirage m mirage; delusion
met see mettre miroir m mirror; looking glass
m
etaphore f metaphor mis- see mettre
m
etaphorique metaphorical mise see mettre
m
etaphysique metaphysical; f meta- mise f placing, dress, stake
physics mise- see mettre
m
ethode f method; way; system mis`
ere f misery; poverty; trifle
m
ethodique methodical mission f mission
m
eticuleu-x, se meticulous; particular missionnaire n missionary
m`
etre m meter; rule mixage m sound mixing
m`
etrer to survey; to measure out mixer (AUDIO) to mix

43
mixte coeducational; mixed; open to both momentan e, e temporary
sexes; dual momentan ement temporarily
mixtion f mixture; compounding; blinding mon my
mixture f concoction; mixture; mishmash monde m world, mankind, people, society
mobile mobile; loose; movable mondial, e worldwide; global
mobile m motive; moving body; mobile monique monic
moboliser to mobilize; to call up monodromie f monodromy
moche ugly; ghastly; awful; dreadful; nasty monomorphisme m monomorphism
mode m mode, method monotone monotonous
mod`ele m model; pattern; size monsieur m gentleman, Mr, master, sir
modeler to model; to shape; to mould monter to ascend, to rise, to ride, to set up,
moderation f moderation to mount (jewel)
moderer to moderate; to quiet se to amount
moderne mf modern style; modern montrer to show, to teach
modeste modest; unassuming moral m state of mind; morale; spirits
modestie f modesty moral, e moral; mental
modification f modification morale f morals; reprimand; moral (of
modifier to modify story)
modulable adjustable; multi-purpose; flex- morceau m piece, bit, morsel, extract
ible morphisme m morphism
modulaire modular mort f death
modulation f modulation; flexibility; ad- mort, e mf dead person; dead; stagnant;
justment spent
module m module; unit; (MATH, PHYS ) mortalite f mortality; death-rate
modulus mortel, le mortal; deadly; tedious; lethal
moduler to modulate; to adjust; to adapt mot m word, saying, meaning, hint
moi me, to me, myself, ego moteur m motor; engine; driving force
moindre lesser; mfpl the slightest, the least mo-teur, trice motive; moving
moins less, fewer, least, under; minus motif m motive; reason
`
a que unless motion f motion; proposal
au at least motiver to state reason for; to motivate
mois m month motivique motivic
moiti
e f half mouvant, e moving; shifting
moiti
e-moiti e half-and-half mouvement m movement; motion; distur-
mol
eculaire molecular bance; traffic
mol
ecule f molecule mouvement e, e agitated; lively; eventful;
moment m moment; time; occasion fluctuating
du que since, as mouvoir to move; to stir; to start

44
moyen m means, medium, power nation f nation
au de by means of naturaliser to naturalize
il ny a pas de it is not possible to nature f nature; kind; constitution; plain
moyen, ne average; poor (of cooking)
moyennant on condition, for a considera- naturel m nature; character; native
tion naturel, le natural; unaffected; illegitimate
moyenne f average; mean navette f shuttle
multigraphi ee ? multigraph? navigation f navigation; shipping
multilin eaire multilinear naviguer to sail; to navigate; to browse
multiplicit e f multiplicity navire m ship
multiplier to multiply de guerre warship
multiplodoque multiple-doctrined? (hav- marchand merchant ship
ing more than one established conven- ne no, not
tion, etc) n
eamoins nevertheless, for all that, however
multitude f multitude n
ebuleuse f nebula
muni pp of munir n
ebuleu-x, se nebulous; cloudy
munir to provide, to supply, to arm n
ecessaire m the needful; necessaries; out-
musicien, ne mf musician; musical fit; necessary; needful
musique f music; band n
ecessit e f necessity; need; pl necessaries
myst` ere m mystery n
ecessiter to necessitate; to compel
myst erieu-x, se mysterious n
ecessiteu-x, se needy
mystifier to mystify; to hoax n
egati-f, ve negative; m negative (photo)
mystique mystic; mystical n
egativit e f negativity
n
eglig e m negligee
n
eglig e, e neglected; careless; slovenly
N n
e gligeable negligible
n
egligemment carelessly
na-f, ve nave; unaffected n
egligence f neglect; needlessness; over-
naissance f birth sight
donner ` a give birth to; give rise to n
egligent, e negligent; careless
natre to be born; to arise (de, from) n
egliger to neglect; to omit; to overlook; to
faire to give rise to disregard
navete f artlessness; simplicity n
egocier to negotiate; to deal; to trade
nappage m coating neige f snow
nappe f tablecloth, cloth; sheet, blanket; neiger to snow
layer nerf m nerve; sinew; energy
napper to coat nerveu-x, se nervous; vigorous; highly-
nati-f, ve native strung

45
net m fair copy; plainly, entirely, at once, memo
flatly noter to note, to mark
net, te near, clean, clear, net (prices), sharp notice f notice; instructions; account
nettete f cleanness, clearness, distinctness notifier to notify
nettoyage m cleaning notion f notion; idea
nettoyer to clean; to clear out; to clean up notre our
neuf nine n
otre ours
neu-f, ve new nous we
neutre neutral nouv-eau, elle new, novel, recent, fresh,
nez m nose, face, scent additional, another
ni neither, nor `
a again; afresh, anew
nilpotent ? nilpotent de again
niveau m level, standard nouvel see nouveau
Noel m Christmas nouvelle f news, tidings, short, story
noir m black (color) novembre m November
noir, e mf black (person), Black; black, noyau m kernel, nucleus
dark, gloomy, wicked nuit f night; darkness
nom m name, fame, noun nul, le no; not any; nil, zero; of no force;
nombre m number, quantity void; worthless; nobody; no one
nombreu-x, se numerous nullement by no means
non no; not nullit
e f nullity; incapacity; nonentity
moins no less num erateur m numerator
nontrer to show, to teach num erique numerical
normal, e normal; standard num ero m number; size; ticket; (pro-
normalement normally, usually gramme) item; (magazine, etc) issue
normalement convergent, e uniformly? num eroter to number
convergent
normalisation normalization; standardiza-
tion O
normalisateur m (MATH ) normalizer
normaliser to normalize; to standardize ob
edience f persuasion
se to return to normal ob
eir to obey; to follow; to observe; to com-
normalit e f normality ply with; to respond (`a, to)
norme f standard, norm; criterion; ob
eissance f obedience (` a, to)
(MATH ) norm objecter to object; to allege against
nos our objectif m objective; lens; aim; target
notamment particularly objecti-f, ive objective
note m note; mark; bill; memorandum; objection f objection

46
objet m object; subject; matter; thing offrande f offering
obligation f obligation; bond offre f offer, tender, bid
obligatoire compulsory offrir to propose, to present, to bid
obliger to compel; to force oiseau m bird
oblique oblique olive olive, olive-green; f olive
obliterer to cancel ombre f shade; shadow; hint
observa-teur, trice mf observer; obser- omettre to omit, to leave out
vant omis see omettre
observation f observation; observance; re- omission f omission
mark; reprimand on one, someone, people
observatoire m observatory ont see avoir
observer to observe; to comply with onze eleven
obsession f obsession opera-teur, trice mf operator
obstacle m obstacle; hindrance operation f operation; transaction
obstiner to be obstinate, to persist operer to operate; to operate on; to work
obstruction f obstruction; blockage opiner to give ones opinion
obstruer to obstruct; to block opinion f opinion
obtenir to obtain opportun, e opportune; timely; seasonable
obtenu pp of obtenir opportunit e f opportuneness; seasonable-
occasion f occasion; opportunity; bargain ness; opportunity
d second-hand operer to operate, to operate on, to work
occasionnel, le occasional oppos e m opposite; reverse
occasionner to occasion; to cause oppos e, e opposite; contrary; opposed
occupant, e occupier; occupying opposer to oppose
occupation f occupation; work; profession; s to be opposed; to object (` a, to)
capture (of place) opposition f opposition; contract
occup e, e occupied (place); engaged; busy oppresser to oppress
occuper to occupy, to employ, to inhabit oppression f oppression
occurrence f occurrence opprimer to oppress; to crush
octobre m October optimal, e optimal
vre f work; society; works optimiser to optimize
offensant, e offensive optimisme m optimism
offense f offense; trespass; contempt option f option
offenser to offend; to injure; to shock optionel, le optional
offensi-f, ve offensive optique f optics; perspective; optical com-
office m office; duty; worship; service; f ponents; optical; optic
pantry dans cette from this perspective
officiel, le oficial or now, well; m gold

47
oral, e oral; verbal; oral examination outil m tool, implement
orbite f orbit; eye-socket outiller to equip
orchestre m orchestra; band; orchestra pit outrage m insult
orchestrer to orchestrate outrage, e pp of outrager; outraged
ordinaire m the ordinary custom; ordinary; outrageant, e offensive
common; vulgar outrager to offend
d usually outre beyond, besides
ordonn e, e tidy en moreover, besides
ordonner to organize, to put in order; to que apart from the fact that
order, to tell; to prescribe; to ordain; to ouvert m (MATH ) open (set)
arrange in order ouvert, e opened, open, bare, frank
ordre m order; tidiness, orderliness ouverture f opening; overture; inaugura-
organisation f organization tion; pl proposals
orientation f direction; leanings; aspect; ouvrable workable
orienteering ouvrage m work, workmanship, piece of
orienter to position; to direct work
s to find ones bearings ouvri-er, `ere mf worker; laborer
s vers to turn towards ouvrir to open; to begin; to sharpen (ap-
original, e original; eccentric; m original; petite)
mf eccentric ovale oval; oviform; m oval
originalite originality; eccentricity ovation f ovation
origine f origin
originel, le original
ornement m ornament P
orner to decorate
orthogonal m orthogonal (subspace) pacifique peaceful
orthogonal, e orthogonal page m (boy) page; f (book ) page

oter to take away, to relieve, to pull off pair, e even, equal

OTAN NATO paire f pair; couple; brace
ou or, either, else paisible peaceful; quiet; still
o`
u where, when, in which, on which, at patre to graze, to feed on, to pasture
which paix f peace; quite; rest
d from which; hence palais m palace; palate
d? where from? panachage m mix
par through which panach e, e multicolored; mixed
quil soit wherever he may be panacher to mix
oubli m forgetfulness, forgetting, oblivion papier m paper; form
oublier to forget, to overlook, to neglect papillon m butterfly

48
paquet m packet; pack; parcel cial; peculiar, characteristic; unusual,
par through exceptional
parabolique parabolic particuli`erement particularly; specifically
paragraphe m paragraph partie f part; party; match; outing; busi-
paratre to appear ness; parcel; client; adversary
parall`ele parallel; unofficial; m parallel; f partiel, le partial
parallel (line) partiellement partially
param` etre m parameter partir to go, to leave; to start; to go off; to
param etrer to parameterize pop; to come out, to go
param etrique parametric `
a de from
param etriser to parameterize partition f partition; score (music)
parce que because partout everywhere
parcourir to travel over, to go through, to o` u wherever
glace at paru(-) see paratre
parfait, e perfect par
u(-) see paratre
parfois sometimes, now and then parution f publication
parler to speak; m way of speaking parvenir to reach; to achieve
parmi among, amongst, amid, amidst ` a faire qqch. to manage to do sth.
par-s, t see partir fair qqch. ` a qqn. to send sth. to sb.
part f portion; share; part pas m step; thread
`
a aside, separately; exceptional; apart ` a step by step
from pas not, not any
dautre besides, moreover passage m crossing; visit; way, passage
de en right through passag-er, `ere mf passenger; transitory
de et dautre on both sides passe f pass
dune . . . , dautre on the one passer to pass; to exceed; to omit; to allow;
hand . . . , on the other hand to pass away; to fade; to cease; to spend
parti m party, side, decision, profit (time)
partial, e partial; biased se to happen, to take place; to go by
participation f participation; share se de to go or do without
participe m participle passi-f, ve passive
participer to share (` a, in) passion f passion
particularit e f peculiarity pathetique moving
particule f particle patience f patience
particulier m private individual patient, e patient; mf patient
en in private; in particular, particu- patienter to wait
larly; separately pause f break; pause
particuli-er, ` ere private; particular, spe- pauvre poor; mf poor person

49
pauvret e poverty permet- see permettre
pavage m paving permettre to allow, to enable
paver to pave permis m permit; licence; pass
payer to pay permis, e pp of permettre; permitted
peine f pain; punishment; difficulty; sorrow permutation f permutation; exchange of
peiner to grieve; to labor; to toil posts
pelerinage m pilgrimage permuter to switch around; to permute; to
pendant during; m counterpart, earring exchange posts
pendre to hang, to hang up persistance f persistance
pendule m pendulum; f clock persistant, e persistent
p
enetrant, e penetrating; piercing; keen persister to persist
p
enetrer to penetrate; to enter personnage m figure; image; character, in-
p
enible painful, laborious dividual
pense see penser personnaliser to personalize
penser to think personnalit e f personality; (JUR) status
pente f slope personne f person; anybody, anyone; no-
percant, e shrill; piercing body, no one
percer to pierce; to drill; to penetrate; to personnel, le personal; self-centered
break through; to come through personnel m staff, personnel
percevoir to perceive; to collect personnifier to personify
percolateur m coffee machine perspective f perspective; view; prospect
perdant, e losing; mf loser persuader to persuade; to convince
perdre to lose, to waste, to ruin, to corrupt se to persuade or convince oneself
perdu pp of perdre persuasi-f, ve persuasive
perdu, e lost; stray; non-returnable; persuasion f persuasion
wasted; dying; spoilt, ruined perte f loss; waste; ruin
p`
ere m father pertinence f pertinence, relevance
perfection f perfection pertinent, e pertinent
perfectionner to perfect; to refine perturba-teur, trice disruptive; mf trou-
se to improve blemaker
perfide (LITER) perfidious, treacherous; perturbation f disruption
mf (LITER) traitor; faithless lover perturber to disrupt; to disturb
performance f performance pervers, e perverted; unwanted; mf pervert
permanence f permanence; persistence perversite f perversity
en permanently; constantly pervertir to pervert
permanent, e permanent; standing; con- se to become perverted
stant; mf permanent employee; perma- pesant, e heavy; ponderous
nent member pesanteur f (PHYS ) gravity; heaviness

50
pesee f weighing; weight; pressure, force plan, e level; even; flat
peser to weigh; to be heavy; to press (sur planter to plant; to set; to fix
qqch, on something) plaque f plate, slab, badge
se to weight oneself plat, e flat; level; dull; straight (hair); m
petit, e small, little; short; faint, slight; mi- dish; course
nor; petty; mf small man/woman; little platitude f flatness
one, child plein full, whole, broad, (animal ) pregnant
` a little by little, gradually pleinement fully
peu little; not much; m little; few; bit plier to fold, to bend, to give way
peupler to populate; to inhabit; to fill plongement m immersion
se to become populated; to be filled plonger to plunge; to throw into; to dive; to
peur f fear jump in
peut see pouvoir se to submerge; to immerse
peut-etre perhaps, maybe plupart most, the greatest part, most peo-
phase f phase; stage; turn ple
phenom` ene m phenomenon; freak plus more
philosophe m philosopher; philosophical le the most
philosophie philosophy de more; more than
photocopie f photocopy de more; moreover
photographe m photographer de en more and more
photographie f photograph; photography en on top of that
phrase f sentence en de in addition to
pied m foot, footing, leg, stalk ne no longer, not any more
pis worse; m udder ne de no more
pinceau m brush plusieurs several
place f place; spot; square; space; seat; sit- plutot rather, sooner (que, than)
uation; fortress po`ete m poet
placement m placing; sale; investment poetique f poetics; poetical
placant see placer poids m weight, burden
placer to place; to sell; to invest point no; not; none; never
se to take up a position point m point; stop; stitch; dot; mark; full
plaine plain; f plain; flat open country stop; degree
plaisamment pleasantly; humorously pointe f point; tip; touch; dawn
plaisant, e pleasing; funny; droll pointer to point; to prick; to aim; to soar
plaisanter to joke; to jest; to trifle (avec, pointille m pointed line
with) polarisation f polarization
plaisir m pleasure; recreation polaris e, e polarized
plan m plan; model; map; scheme p
ole m pole

51
polycopie f duplicating potentiel m potential
polycopi e, e duplicate potentiel, le potential
polycopier to duplicate pour for, in order to
poly`
edre m polyhedron pourquoi why, wherefore, what for; m rea-
poly`
edral, e polyhedral son
polynome m polynomial pourr- see pouvoir
ponctuation f punctuation pourrir to rot
ponctuel, le punctual poursuite f chase; pursuit; continuation
ponctuer to punctuate poursuivre to pursue; to chase; to carry on
ponderal, e weight with, to continue; to prosecute; to sue
ponderation f level-headedness; weighting pourtant nevertheless, even so
pondere, e weighted pousse f growth; shoot
pondre to lay pousse, e meticulous; souped-up
pont m bridge; link, connection; deck pousser to push; to drive hard; to carry
populaire popular; colloquial; working- on, to continue; to give; to push on; to
class overdo it
popularit e f popularity pouvoir to be able, to be allowed; m power,
population f population authority
portant m upright pragmatique pragmatic
portant, e load-bearing; carrying praticable practicable, feasible
bien in good health pratique f practice; experience; practical;

etre mieux to be in better health useful
porte f door, gate, doorway, threshold, pass pratiquer to practise; to use; to make; to
porter to bear; to carry; to wear; to induce; associate with
to tell pr
ealable preliminary, prior; m precondi-
poser to place, to pose tion
positi-f, ve positive; matter-of-fact au + first of all
position f position; status; posture pr
ecedent m precedent
positivite f positivity pr
ecedent, e previous
poss
eder to possess, to enjoy pr
eceder to precede
possesseur m owner pr
ecis m summary, precis
possession f ownership; right; possession pr
ecis, e precise; exact; specific
possibilite f possibility pr
eciser to state precisely, to specify
possible m utmost; possible pr
edire to predict
poste m post; station; position; f post office pr
eliminaire preliminary
poster to post; to station pr
elude m prelude
post
erieur, e subsequent; later; hind pr
ematur e, e premature
post
erite f posterity; issue premier m chief; leader; first

52
premi-er, ` ere first, former; early; next; pr
evenir to advise, to inform
leading pr
evoir to expect; to predict; to foresee, to
prendre to take, to seize, to assume, to set anticipate; to plan
to, . . . pr
evoyance f foresight, forethought
pr
enom m first name; given name pr
evu pp of pr evoir
pr
eoccuper to preoccupy; to engross the primiti-f, ve primitive
mind; to disturb principal m chief; main point
pr
eparatif m preparation (used almost ex- principal, e principal; main
clusively in the plural) principe m principle
pr
eparation f preparation printani-er, ` ere spring
pr
eparer to prepare; to get ready printemps m spring; springtime
pr`
es near, close by priorite f priority; right of way
de closely pris taken, occupied, busy
de near; close to; nearly, almost prise f taking, hold, quarrel, catch
`
a peu more or less, just about priser to value, to take snuff
`
a peu de chose(s) more or less, ap- priv
e, e pp of priver; deprived (de, of); pri-
proximately vate; unofficial
`
a ceci que, ` a cela que except priver to deprive
that, apart from the fact that privil`
ege m privilege
`
a . . . to within . . . ; up to difference of prix m price, value, reward, prize
... probabilit e f probability
pr
esent, e present probable probable; likely
pr
esenter to present, to offer, to introduce probl`eme m problem
pr
eserver to preserve procede m proceeding, behavior, method
presque almost; nearly proceder to proceed, to behave, to prose-
pressant pressing; urgent cute
preste quick; nimble procedure f proceedings; practice
prestige m prestige proc`es m lawsuit; trial; litigation
pr
esumer to presume, to assume processus m process; evolution
pr
esupposer to presuppose prochain m neighbor
pr
et, e ready, prepared, willing prochain, e next, nearest
pr
et m loan prochainement shortly
pr
etendre to claim; to intend; to maintain proche close; near mpl relations
pr
etentieu-x, se pretentious; conceited prodige m prodigy; feat
pr
eter to lend; to ascribe; to give rise prodigieu-x, se prodigious; wonderful
pr
etexte m pretext; pretence prodigue extravagant; wasteful
preuve f proof prodiguer to lavish; to make lots of; to give
pr
evaloir to prevail lots of; to give

53
produc-teur, trice mf producer; produc- prononc e, e pronounced; decided
tive prononcer to pronounce; to utter
production f production; product; output propension f propensity
produire to produce; to yield; to show proportion f proportion; (MATH ) ratio
produit m produce; product; proceeds toutes s gard ees relatively speaking
professor to profess; to teach proportionnel, le proportional; commen-
profession f profession; business surate
profil m profile; section propos m purpose, talk
profini, e profinite `
a at (just) the right time; by the way;
profit m profit; gain; utility opportune
profiter to profit (de, by); to take advan- `
a de about
tage (de, of) proposer to propose; to move
profond, e deep; profound; sound se to intend; to mean
profondeur f depth proposition f proposal; proposition; clause
programme m programme; bill; platform propre own, proper, clean; (MATH )
progr`es m progress; improvement proper; m own characteristic
prohiber to prohibit proprete f neatness; cleanliness; (MATH )
projecteur m projector; headlight properness
projecti-f, ve projective proprietaire mf proprietor; landlord
projectile m missile; missile propriet
e f property; ownership; propriety
projectivite f projectivity propulsion f propelling
projection f projection prorevetement m pro-covering
projet m project; scheme; rough draft prose f prose
projeter to project; to plan prosp`ere prosperous
prolif
erer to proliferate prosperer to prosper; to thrive
prolif
eration f proliferation prot
ege, e mf protege; dependent
prolixe verbose, prolix prot
eger to protect; to shield
prolongation f extension; prolongation protester to protest
prolongement m extension; continuation prouver to prove; to show
prolonger to prolong; to protract; to provenance f origin; source
lengthen provenir to proceed; to originate
se to go on; to continue de to come from; to be due to, to be
promenade f walk; drive; ride; excursion caused by
promener to take about; to walk proverb m proverb
se to take a walk provien- see provenir
promesse f promise provision f provision; supply; retainer
promettre to promise; to look promising provisoire provisional
prompt, e prompt; sudden; hasty provocant, e provoking; alluring

54
provoca-teur, trice mf aggressor; provok- qualifier to qualify; to call
ing qualit
e f quality; property; rank; qualifica-
provoquer to provoke; to challenge; to tion
cause quand when (at what moment); when (at
prudemment prudently the same time)
prudence f prudence quant `a as to, as for
prudent prudent quantite f quantity
pu pp of pouvoir, patre quarante forty
pu-, pu- see pouvoir quasi quasi; all but; almost
public m public quatorze fourteen
publi-c, que public; common quatorzi`eme fourteenth
publication f publication; publishing quatre four
publicitaire advertising; promotional; mf qiatre-vingt-dix ninety
person in advertising quatre-vingt eighty
publicit
e f publicity; advertising quatri`eme fourth
publier to publish que that, if, when, . . .
pu
eril, e childish quel, le which, what
puis then, afterwards, next, besides que whatever; whoever
puiser to draw (water), to derive quelconque whatever, any
puisque since quelque some, about; some, any, a few
puissamment powerfully; mightily quelquefois sometimes; occasionally
puissance f power, force, influence quelquun somebody, someone, anyone
s divis ees fpl divided powers quelques-uns, unes some, a few, any (pl.
puissant, e powerful, mighty of quelquun)
pur, e pure; genuine; clean; mere question f question; matter
purete f purity; chastity questionnaire m set of questions; question-
purge f purge; clearing naire
purger to purge; to cleanse; (JUR) to serve qui who, whom, . . .
(a sentence) quinze fifteen
purifier to purify quitte quits (envers, with)
pyramide f pyramid `
a faire even if it means doing
quitter to leave; to give up; to take off
ne quittez pas! (telephone) hold the line,
Q please!
se to part
quadraticite f quadraticity quoi what, which, that; (exclamation) what!
quadratique quadratic how!
qualification f title; description quoique although, though

55
quota m quota rapide f fast train; fast
quotient m quotient rappel m recall; call to arms; repeal
rappeler to call again; to remind
se to remember
R rapport m link, connection; report; return,
yield; (MATH ) ratio
racine f root, origin s mpl relations
radical m radical par ` a in comparison to, compared with
radical, e radical rapporter to bring back, to report, to yield,
radicielle (MATH ) radical to tell tales
raffin
e, e refined se ` a to refer or relate to
rafinnement m refinement rare rare; scarce; uncommon
rafinner to refine rarete f scarcity; rare object
raison f reason; cause; satisfaction; right; rassemblement m gathering; crowd
ratio rassembler to reassemble; to gather
raisonnable reasonable; sensible se to meet
raisonnement m reasoning; argument rationnel, le rational
raisonner to reason ravi entranced, delighted
rajeunir to rejuvenate rayon m beam, ray; radiation; spoke; ra-
rajouter to add dius; shelf
ramener to take back; to bring back; to put rayonner to shine; to be influential; to radi-
back ate; to tour around
se ` a to come down to r
eaction f reaction
ramifie, e (MATH ) ramified r
eagir to react
ramifier to branch out, to ramify r
ealiser to realize
ramification f branch; ramification r
ealiste realistic; streetwise
rang m row, line, rank, range, rate; r
ealit
e f reality
(MATH ) rank rebutant, e unpleasant
ranger to line up; to tidy; to arrange; to rebuter to disgust; to repel; to put (sb.) off
park r
ecemment recently
parmi to rank among r
ecent, e recent
se to line up; to pull in; to step aside; r
eception f reception; receipt
to settle down recette f recipe, takings; receipts, returns
se ` a to go along with recevoir to receive; to admit
se ` a c
ote de to side with rechange m replacement
r
aper to grate de spare
rapetisser to shrink; to make things smaller recherche f search, refinement, research
r
apeu-x, se rough; rasping rechercher to search, to seek

56
r
eciprocit e f reciprocity r
edac-teur, trice mf editor; journalist
r
eciproque reciprocal r
edaction f wording, editing, editorial staff,
r
eciter to recite; to relate editorial office, essay
recoller to stick together again, to reseal r
edactionnel, le editorial
(envelope) redescendre to take/bring/wind back
r
ecolte f harvest, crop down; to lower; to go/come/climb/drive
r
ecommandable commendable back
r
ecommandation f recommendation r
ediger to draw up, to edit
recommander to recommend; to advise; redire to say again; to find fault (`
a, with)
(letter) to register r
educti-f, ve reductive
recommencer to begin again; to do it again r
eduction f reduction
r
econcilier to reconcile r
eduire to reduce; to set; to put away
reconnaissance f recognition; gratitude se to cut down; to come or boil down
reconnaissant grateful to
reconnatre to recognize; to acknowledge se en to be reduced to
reconnu, e pp of reconnatre; well-known r
eduit, e pp of reduire; reduced
reconsid erer to reconsider r
eduit m small room; recess
reconstruire to reconstruct, to rebuild r
eel m
record m record le reality
recouper to recut, to intersect, to remix, . . . r
eel, le real
recouvrer to regain; to collect r
ef
erence f reference
recouvrir to recover; to cover r
ef
erendum m referendum
r
ecreation f recreation; play-time r
ef
erer to refer
recu m receipt reflet m reflection
recu, e pp of recevoir refl
eter to reflect
r
ecup erable reusable; which can be made r
eflexion m reflection
good again; who can be rehabilitated refonte f overhaul; rewriting
r
ecup erer to get back, to recover; to fetch; r
eforme f reform; reformation
to salvage; to reclaim; to save; to make r
eformer to reform; to discharge
up; to take over, to hijack; to appropri- refr
ener to restrain
ate; to rehabilitate refus m refusal; denial
r
ecurer to scour refuser to refuse; to decline
r
ecurrence f recurrence; (MATH ) recur- r
efuter to refute; to disprove
sion; induction r
egal m treat; pleasure
par (MATH ) by induction r
egaler to entertain
r
ecurrent, e recurrent se to enjoy oneself
r
ecuser to challenge; to reject regard m look; glance
se to decline to give an opinion regarder to look at; to concern

57
r`
egle f ruler; rule rencontrer to meet, to come across, to hit
r
egle, e regular, well-ordered; lined, rules upon
r
egler to settle, to sort out; to adjust; to pay rendre to give back, to render, to yield, . . .
r`
egne m reign; rule; kingdom renforcer to reinforce
r
egner to rule, to reign renfort m reinforcement
regret m regret; sorrow renoncer
regretter to regret, to be sorry ` a to give up; to renounce; to abandon
r
egularit e f regularity renouveler to renew; to repeat; to replace
r
eguli-er, ` ere regular se to be renewed; to recur, to happen
rejet m rejection again
rejeter to throw back; to reject renouvellement m renewal
relater to relate r
enovation f renovation; reform
relati-f, ve relative renseignement m
relation f relation; connection; pl inter- (s) information
course; dealings renseigner to inform, to give information to
relayer to take over from, to relieve; to relay se to enquire, to make enquiries, to find
se to take turns; to take over from each out
other rentree f return; income
rel`
eve f relief rentrer to go/come back home, to return
releve m (bank ) statement, abstract home; to go/come in; to go/come back
releve, e raised, high, noble, spicy in; to bring in; to draw in; to tuck in
rel`
evement m rebuilding; raising; increase; renvoi m return; sending back; dismissal;
(MATH ) lift? splitting? adjournment; reference
relever to raise up again, to relieve, to no- renvoyer to send back, to dismiss, to post-
tice, to dismiss pone
relief m relief; raised reparatre to reappear
religion f religion r
eparation f repair; atonement
r
emanier to restructure; to reshuffle r
eparer to repair; to atone for
remarquable remarkable repartir to start again; to set off again; to
remarque f remark; observation go back; to pick up again
remarquer to remark; to observe r
epartir to distribute; to share out; to
remercier to thank spread
remplacant, e mf substitute r
epartition f distribution
remplacer to replace, to succeed repasser to come/go back; to iron; to re-
remplir to fill; to fill in or out; to complete, take, resist; to show again
to fulfil r
epertoire m repertoire; directory
remployer, reemployer to re-use r
epertorier to index
rencontre f meeting, encounter r
ep
eter to repeat; to go over; to learn; to

58
 rehearse requ erir to require; to demand
r
ep
etiti-f, ve repetitive requ ete f request; petition
r
ep
etition f repetition; (MUS & THEAT ) requis, e pp of requ erir; necessary; requi-
rehearsal site
r
epliquer to reply; to rejoin r
eseau m net, network, system; (MATH )
r
epondre to answer; to reply; to be security lattice
for r
eserve f reservation (doubt); reserve; store
r
eponse f answer, reply r
eserver to reserve
reporter to carry over r
eservoir m reservoir; tank; pond
reposer to put back, to rest; to sit, to stand r
esidence f residence; abode
se to rest r
esider to reside
se sur to rely on r
esidu m residue
reppeler to recall, to remind r
esiduel, le residual
reprendre to take back, to repel, to shoot r
esignation f resignation
out again r
esigner to resign
repr
esentant m representative r
esistant, e resistant; tough
repr
esentation f representation; perfor- r
esister to resist
mance r
esolu resolute
repr
esenter to represent; to point out; to r
esolution f resolution
perform; to show well r
esolv- see r esoudre
r
eprimer to repress; to curb r
esoudre to solve, to resolve; to get sb. to
reprise f resumption; repetition; darning make up his/her mind to do sth.
repriser to mend; to darn se to make up ones mind
reproche m reproach respect m respect; regard
reprocher to reproach respecti-f, ve respective
reproduction f reproduction respectivement respectively
reproduire to reproduce respectueusement respectfully
se to happen again respectueu-x, se respectful
r
epublique f republic respirer to breathe; to inhale
r
epugance f revulsion; reluctance resplendir to be resplendent
r
epugnant, e revolting; disgusting; loath- resplendissant resplendent
some responsabilit e f responsibility
r
epugner to be repugnant to, to disgust responsable responsible; answerable
` a to be averse to ressembler to resemble
` a faire to be reluctant to do, to be ressentiment m resentment
loath to do ressentir to feel; to resent
r
epulsion f repulsion ressource f resource
r
eputation f reputation; character restaurant m restaurant

59
restauration rapide f fast food r
eve, e ideal
rester to remain, to be left, to stay r
eveil m waking (up); awakening; alarm
restreindre to restrict clock; reawakening
se to narrow; to cut back r
eveiller to wake up; to revive
restreint, e pp of restreindre se to wake (up); to reawaken
restricti-f, ve restrictive r
evelation f revelation; discovery
restriction f condition; restriction r
eveler to reveal; to discover
restructurer to restructure se to be revealed; to prove to be
r
esultat m result revenir to come back, to recur, to grow
r
esulter to result again, to amount, to please, to cost
r
esum e m summary; resume revers m reverse; back; wrong side; lapel;
r
esumer to sum up, to summarize turn-up; cuff; backhand; set-back
r
etablir to restore; to reestablish revet see rev etir
r
etablissement m restoration; recovery revetement m covering
retard m delay revetir to cover; to put on; to assume
en late revien- see revenir
retarder to delay; to postpone; to be too r
eviser to revise; to service
slow revoir to see again; to revise; m
retenir to detain; to withhold; to book au good-bye
retien- see retenir revue f review; magazine; variety show
retrancher rien m nothing, anything, trifle
qqch. (de) to cut sth. out (from); to que only
take sth. away from, to deduct sth. cela ne fait that does not matter
(from) du tout nothing at all
se to entrench oneself rigide rigid, stern, strict
r
etr
ecir to make narrower; to take in; to rigidification f rigidification
shrink rigidifier f rigidify
retrospecti-f, ve retrospective rigoureu-x, se rigorous; harsh; strict;
retrouver to find; to recover, to regain; to meticulous
recognize; to meet, to see rigueur f rigor
se to meet (up) again; to find oneself de indispensable
again; to find ones way; to be found, risque m risk
to crop up risque, e hazardous; improper
r
eunion f meeting; union, merging; re- risquer to risk; to venture
union; collection rite m rite
revanche f revenge rituel, le ritual; mf ritual
en on the other hand; in return rival, e rival; mf rival
r
eve m dream rivaliser to rival; to vie; to compete

60
roi m king scalaire scalar; m scalar
r
ole m role; part; character sc`
enario m scenario; film script; screenplay
rond, e round; (play, venture) chubby, sc`
ene f scene; stage; row
plump; (drunk ) tight schema m diagram, sketch, plan; (MATH )
rond m circle; ring scheme
ronde f rounds (pl); beat; round schematique schematic
rondement efficiently, briskly science f science; learning
rouge m red color; red paint; red scientifique scientific
rougir to redden; to blush scindage m splitting
route f road; route; course; journey scind e, e (MATH ) split?
routine f routine; rote scinder to split (en, into), to divide (en,
royal royal; regal into)
royaume m kingdom se to split (en, into), to divide (en,
royaute f royalty into)
rumeur f rumor; noise; report scrupuleu-x, se scrupulous; precise
russe Russian; m (language) Russian; nf scruter to scrutinize
Russian se oneself
rythme m rhythm second m assistant
second, e second
seconde f (time or music) second
S secondaire secondary
seconder to assist
sa his, her, its secourir to help; to rescue
sach- see savoir secour- see secourir
sans without; but for; . . . less secours m help; aid; relief; reinforcements
sait see savoir secret m secret; secrecy
satisfaction f satisfaction au (JUR) in solitary confinement
satisfaire to satisfy secr-et, ` ete secret; reticent
satisfaisant, e satisfactory secretaire mf secretary; m writing desk,
sature m saturation secretaire
saturer to saturate secr`etement secretly
sauf save, except, but s
ecreter to secrete; to exude
sau-f, ve safe, secure s
ecretion f secretion
saur- see savoir secteur m area; district; sector; (ELEC )
savant m scientist mains
savant, e scholarly; skilful, clever; perform- section f section; branch; cutting; (MIL)
ing platoon
savoir to know, to understand, to be able to s ecurit e f security; safety

61
s
edati-f, ve sedative sera see etre
s
edative m sedative serai- see etre
s
ediment m sediment serein, e serene
s
eduire to attract; to appeal to; to seduce s
erenade f serenade
segment m segment s
erenit
e f serenity
segmenter to segment s
erie f series; set
s
eisme m earthquake s
erieu-x, se serious, earnest, grave
seize sixteen serre f greenhouse, glasshouse
s
ejour m stay; living room sers, sert see servir
s
ejourner to stay serviable obliging
sel m salt; savor; piquancy service m service; attendance; duty; set; di-
vine service
s mpl smelling salt
servir to serve, to wait upon
s
elect, e select ses his, her, its, ones
s
electi-f, ve selective seul, e only, sole, alone, mere, single
s
election f selection s
ev`ere severe; stern; harsh
s
electionner to select, to pick s
evir to punish severely; to rage
selon in accordance with; according to si so, however; if, whether
que depending on whether et seulement if and only if
semailles fpl sowing, sowing-time si`
ecle m century; time; age
semaine f week; weekly wage sigle m acronym
semblable m fellow-man; alike; similar signal m signal
semblant m appearance, show signale, e signal
sembler to seem, to appear signalement m description
s
eminaire m seminary, seminar signaler to signal, to point out
seminorme f (MATH ) seminorm signature f signature
semi-simplif e m semi-simplification signe m sign; mark; token
sens m sense, opinion, direction signer to sign
sen-s, t, etc see sentir signifier to mean; to notify
sentir to feel; to smell; to taste of; to see; to silence m silence; stillness
foresee silencieu-x, se silent; still
s
eparable separable singularite f singularity
s
eparablement separably singuli-er, `ere singular; peculiar; odd
s
eparation f separation sinistre sinister; m disaster; blaze; damage
s
epare separated silence m silence; stillness
s
eparer to separate; to divide simple simple; single; plain
sept seven simplicite f simplicity
septembre m September simplification f simplification

62
simplifier to simplify en in short;
simulation f simulation toute when alls said and done
simuler to simulate; to feign sommeil m sleep
simultan e, e simultaneous sommeiller to doze
simultan ement simultaneously sommer to summon, to call upon
sinc`ere sincere; candid; true sommes see etre
sincerite f sincerity; honesty sommet m summit, top, acme
singuli-er, ` ere peculiar; remarkable; son (f. sa, pl. ses) his/her/its
(GRAM ) singular; m (GRAM ) singular sont see etre
sinon if not, otherwise, or else, except sorites ? (LOGIC ) sorites: an argument
site m site; landscape; scenery consisting of propositions so arranged
sit
ot as soon that the predicate of any one forms the
que as soon as subject of the next and the conclusion
situation f situation; position unites the subject of the first proposition
situe, e situated with the predicate of the last
six six sort m spell; fate; lot
social social sorte f sort, kind
societe f society; party; partnership; com- de telle que so that, in such a way
pany that
soi oneself; itself; self; himself; herself sortir to go out, to emerge, to take out
soient see etre soul`
evement m rising; upheaval; insurrec-
soif f thirst tion
avoir to be thirsty soulever to raise; to lift; to stir up
soign e, e tidy, neat; carefully done se to rise; to revolt
soigner to look after, to take care of; to take souligner to underline; to emphasize
care over; treat soumettre to subdue, to submit, to lay be-
se look after oneself fore
soigneusement carefully soum-i, see soumettre
soigne-x, se careful (de, about); tidy soumis, e pp of soumettre; submissive
soin m care pl attention soupcon m suspicion
soir m evening; night soupconner to suspect
soiree f evening (duration of); evening party soupconneu-x, se suspicious
soit either, whether, or, suppose souple supple, flexible, compliant
soixante sixty sous under, beneath, below
soixante-dix seventy sous-ensemble m subset
sommation summons; demand; warning sous-entendre to imply
somme f total, sum; (money) sum, amount; sous-entendu m insinuation
(works) overview; m nap sous-groupe m subgroup

63
sous-faisceau m sub-sheaf stimuler to stimulate; to urge on
sous-fibr e m sub-bundle strate f stratum
sous-jacent, e underlying, subjacent stratification f stratification
sous-sch ema m subscheme strag` ege m strategist
souvenir to remember strategie f strategy
souvent often strategique f strategic
le plus more often than not stratifie, e stratified; laminated
special, e special; particular stress m stress
specialisation f specialization stresser to put on edge; to put under stress;
specialite f speciality; line of business; pro- to get worked up
prietary article strict, e strict
specifique specific structural, e structural
specifier to specify structure f structure; frame; build
spectacle m spectacle; show; play structurer to structure
specta-teur, trice mf spectator; pl audi- se to be structured
ence style m style
spectre m specter; spectrum stylo m pen
specula-teur, trice mf speculator subir to be subjected to; to undergo
speculation f speculation subit, e sudden
speculer to speculate subjecti-f, ve subjective
sph`ere f sphere subs equemment subsequently
spirale f spiral; spiral subs equent, e subsequent
spirituel, le spiritual; witty subsidiaire subsidiary
splendeur f splendor; magnificence subsistance f subsistence
splendide splendid; magnificent subsister to remain; to live, to subsist
spontan e, e spontaneous substance f substance
spontan ement spontaneously substantiel, le substantial
sport m sport; casual substituer to substitute (` a, for)
square m small public garden substitut m substitute; deputy
stabilisa-teur, trice stabilizing; mf stabi- subtil, e subtle; sharp; acute; keen
lizer subtilit e subtlety, acuteness
stabiliser to stabilize; to steady; to make subvenir to provide (` a, for), to help, to re-
firm live
stabilite f stability subvention f grant, subsidy
stable stable; steady; durable subventionner to subsidize
standard standard subversi-f, ve subversive
statistique f statistics; statistical succeder to succeed; to follow after
stimulant, e stimulating; m stimulant succ`es m success

64
successi-f, ve successive tachment
succession f succession; inheritance superviser to supervise
succinct, e succinct; concise suppl eer to make good
sucre m sugar ` a to make up for
sucrer to sweeten; to sugar suppl ement m supplement; extra charge
sud m South; south; southern suppl ementaire additional
suffire to suffice support m support; stand
suffisamment sufficiently supporter to support; to bear
suffisant, e sufficient; self-important supposer to suppose; (JUR) to substitute
suffise see suffire suppression f abolition; lifting; deletion;
suffit see suffire suppression
suffixe m suffix supprimer to suppress, to abolish
suffrage m vote supr em supreme; crowning; last
sugg erer to suggest; to hint sur on, upon, over, above
suis see etre surface f surface; outside; area
sui-s, t, etc see suivre surjectif surjective
suite f rest, consequence, attendants, series, surmonter to overcome
sequence, continuation surplus m surplus
s fpl consequences au moreover
de in succession; immediately surprenant, e surprising
par la afterwards surprendre to surprise
par de owing to, because of surpris, e pp of surprendre
suivant according to surprise f surprise
suivant, e following, next; mf attendant surtout above all, particularly
suivi, e followed; consistent; sought after survie f survival
suivre to follow, to result, to study survivance f survival
faire to forward survivre to survive (`a); to outlive
sujet m subject, person, cause, topic sus on
sujet, te subject, liable, inclined susceptible touchy
super super, great susceptibilite f touchiness
superbe superb; majestic; proud suspect, e suspicious; suspect; f suspect
superfecie f area; surface suspecter to suspect
superficiel, le superficial suspendre to suspend; to hang up
superficiellement superficially syllable f syllable
superflu, e superfluous symbole m symbol
superieur, e upper; superior; senior symbolister to symbolize
superiorite f superiority sym etric see sym etrique
superstition f superstition; obsessive at- sym etrie f symmetry

65
symetrique symmetric tel, le so, so much
sympathtie f liking; sympathy quel, que as it is
sympathique nice, pleasant temps m time, while, period, season,
symplectique symplectic weather, tense, beat
synonyme synonymous; m synonym tendre to stretch; to strain; to hold out; to
syntaxe f syntax tend
synth`ese f synthesis tendre tender; affectionate; new
synthetique synthetic tendresse f tenderness
syst
ematique systematic tendu, e tight; stretched; tense
syst`
eme m system tenir to hold, to keep, to last, to deem, to
depend on
tension f tension
T tensoriel, le tensor(ial)
tensoriser to tensor
table f table; board; index tentant, e tempting
tableau m picture; painting; blackboard; tentation f temptation
list tentative f attempt; endeavor
t
ache f task; job tenter to attempt; to tempt
tacite implied; tacit tenue f holding; behavior; attitude; dress
taciturne taciturn; quiet terme m term; limit; pl conditions
talent m talent; ability terminer to finish; to conclude
tandis que while, whilst, whereas terminologie f terminology
tangent, e (MATH ) tangent, tangential terminologique terminological
tangente f (MATH ) tangent terre f earth; ground; land; estate; the
tant so much, as much, so many, as many world
de so much; so many terrible terrible; dreadful; frightful
que as long as terrifier to terrify
en que as territoire m territory
mieux! all the better! test m quiz
pis! too bad! testament m testament; will
tant
ot presently; shortly; now . . . now t
ete f head, top, wits, presence of mind
tard late texte m text; subject
tarder to delay; to be long textuel, le textual
tardi-f, ve late; tardy; backward th`eme m topic; theme; exercise (at a school)
tardivement late; belatedly theor`eme m theorem
tautologique tautological theorie f theory; drill; procession
technique technical; f technique theorique theoretical
technique-clef f key technique th`ese f argument; thesis; theory

66
theta m? theta touchant,e touching
thon m tuna toucher to touch; to hit; to get, to be paid;
tien- see tenir to cash; to win; to affect, to concern
tien, ne yours se to be adjacent (to each other), to ad-
tirage m circulation; printing; draw; draft; join (each other)
drawing off toucher m
tire, e (face) drawn; worn out le the (sense of) touch
tirer to draw, to pull, to drag, to verge on, au to the touch
to shoot touffe f tuft; clump
titre m title; qualification; bond touffu, e bushy; dense; thick; leafy
s claims touiller to stir; to toss
`
a dexemple as an example toujours always, ever, nevertheless
`
a juste rightly tour m turn, revolution, circumference,
`
a priv e in private capacity trick, trip, lathe; tower
`
a double on two accounts tourbillon m whirlwind; swirl; whirlpool;
de propri et
e title deed hurly-burly
titulaire permanent; tenure; mf holder; oc- tourbilloner to whirl; to swirl; to whirl
cupant (around)
titulariser to give tenure to tourisme m tourism
tolerance f toleration tournant m bend; turning point
tolerer to tolerate tournant, e revolving; swivel; swing
tomber to fall; to abate tourner to turn; to direct; to get round
tome m tome; volume se to turn (right) round
ton m tone; key tous see tout
topologie f topology tout all (any, every, . . . )
topologique topological en in all; in every respect
tordre to twist pas du not at all
tordu, e twisted, bent; warped, twisted; mf rien du nothing at all
(MATH ) twists ` a fait quite, entirely; exactly
tore m torus ` a lheure in a little while, shortly; a lit-
torique toric tle while ago
torodal, e toroidal `
a` a lheure! see you later!
torseur m torsor de suite immediately, at once
torsion f twisting; torsion le monde everybody
tort wrong toutefois yet, however
t
ot soon, early trace f trace; track; footstep
total m total trac
e m outline; planning; line
total, e total; whole tracer to trace; to draw out; to lay down

67
traduc-teur, trice mf translator trivial, e coarse, crude; ordinary, everyday,
traduction f translation, translating mundane; simplistic; (MATH ) trivial
traduire to translate trivialisation f trivialization
trait m line, stroke; feature; trait, feature; trivialis
e, e trivialized
act; (MATH ) spectrum of discrete valu- trivialiser to trivialize
ation ring trivialit
e f coarseness, crudeness; triteness,
traite f milking; bill, draft triviality; platitude
traite m treatise; treaty trois three
traiter to treat, to handel, to negotiate trombone f trombone; paper clip
transcendant, e transcendent; wonderful; tromper to deceive; to cheat
(MATH ) transcendental se to make a mistake
transferer to transfer trompette f trumpet
transformer to transform; to change into trompeu-r, se misleading; deceptive
transiti-f, ve transitive tronqu e, e truncated
transparent m transparency tronquer to truncate
transparent, e transparent trop too; too much
transport m transport trouvaille f discovery
transporter to transport trouver to find; to think; to consider
transposer to transpose truchement
transpos e m transpose par le de qch. through sth.
transpos e, e transposed tuer to kill, to slaughter
transversal, e transversal type m type; symbol
transversalit e f transversality typique typical
transverse transverse
travail m work, labor, toil
travailler to work, to work on, to ferment U
(of wine, etc. . . )
travaux see travail ult
erieur, e subsequent, ulterior
treize thirteen ultime ultimate, final
trente thirty ultram etrique ultrametric
tr`
es very; very much; most un, e one, unit, first; an, one, any
tr
esor m treasure unibranche unibranch
triangle m triangle unicite f uniqueness
triangulaire triangular unifier to unify
trigonom etrie f trigonometry uniforme m uniform
trigonom etrique trigonometric uniform ement uniformly
triste sad; gloomy; dreary uniformisation f standardization; uni-
tristesse f sadness; gloom; melancholy formization

68
unimodulaire unimodular valeur f value, worth
union f union; marriage; harmony valide valid
unipotent, e unipotent validit
e f validity
unique only; sole; unique; matchless valoir to be worth, to yield
unir to unite; to smooth valse f waltz
unisson m unison valuati-f, ve valuative
unitaire unitary valuation f (MATH ) valuation
unite unity, unit valu
e (MATH ) valued? (in a field, ring, etc)
univers m universe variable variable; changeable
universel, le universal variation f variation
universitaire mf member of the university; variante f variant
belonging to the university varier to vary; to differ
universit e f university vari
et
e f variety
univoque unambiguous; one-on-one; injec- vaudr- see valoir
tive? vaut see valoir
urgence f urgency; emergency vecteur m vector
urgent, e urgent vectoriel m vector space
usage m use, custom, habit, wear vectoriel, le vectorial
usag e used venir to come, to arrive, to happen, to grow
usager m user; (language) speaker vent m wind; scent; emptiness
us
e, e worn out; stale; hackneyed v
eridique veracious; truthful
user to wear, to spend v
erigier to verify; to check
de to use; to exercise; to exploit; to take v
eritable true, genuine, downright
usuel, le usual v
erit
e f truth
ut m (MUS ) do; C verr- see voir
utile useful, serviceable; m utility vers toward, about
utiliser to utilize, to make use for vers m verse, line
utilitaire utilitarian; practical; functional; version f version; translation
commercial versus versus
utilite f utility; usefulness vertical, e vertical
utopie f Utopia vertu f virtue; properties, power
utopique utopian vertueusement virtuously
vertueu-x, se virtuous
v
et
eran m veteran
V veut see vouloir
vide empty; m empty space, vacuum
vain vain; fruitless; vainglorious vider to empty, to drain, to settle
valable valid vie f life; living; existence

69
viens, vient see venir vogue f vogue; fashion
vi-f, ve alive; sharp; quick tempered; bright voici here is, here are
(color); strong; running voie f way, road, track, . . .
vigoureu-x, se vigorous; sturdy; energetic voil`
a there is; there are
vigueur f vigor, strength voile f sail; sailing; m voile; veil; mist;
ville f town; city (PHOT ) fogging; (MED) shadow
vin m wine voil
e, e veiled; dull; buckled; (PHOT )
vingt twenty fogged; muffled
violation f violation; infringement voiler to veil; to hide; to cover; to buckle
violemment violently se to wear to veil; to cloud over; to mist
violence f violence over; to buckle
violent, e violent voir to see, to inspect, to visit, to meet
violer to violate; to infringe; ro rape voire indeed, nay, even
violon m violin voisin, e neighboring; next-door; similar;
virtuel, le virtual mf neighbor
virus m virus voisinage m neighborhood; vicinity
visa m signature; visa voiture f car; carriage
visage m face; visage; look voix f voice; tone; vote
vis-`
a-vis in relation to vol m flight; flock; theft; robbery
vis
ee f aim; design; end vol
ee f flight; flock; volley
viser to aim at, to aspire to, to endorse voler to fly; to steal
` a qch. to aim at sth. vol-eur, -euse thieving; mf thief
` a faire to aim to do volontaire m volunteer; voluntary; head-
visible visible strong
vision f vision; sight; phantom volente f will; wish; will-power
visionnaire visionary volontiers willingly
visite f visit; search; medical; examination volume m volume; bulk; mass; size
visiter to visit; to inspect; to search volumineu-x, se voluminous
visuel, le visual vomi m vomit
vital, e vital vomir to vomit; to belch out; to sick
vitalite f vitality vote m voting; vote
vivace long-lived; deep-tooted voter to vote for; to pass
vivacit e f vivacity; hastiness (of temper) votre your
vivant, e living; alive; lively v
otre yours
vivre to live, to board vouer to dedicate
vivre mpl food; provisions vouloir to be willing, to want, to require;
vocabulaire m vocabulary will
vocal vocal voulu, e pp of vouloir; wanted, required,

70
 intentional Present jai, tu as, il/elle a, nous avons, vous
voyage m travel; journey; trip avez, ils/elles ont
voyager to travel; to journey Pass e compos e jai eu, tu as eu, il/elle a eu,
voyageu-r, se mf traveller; traveller nous avons eu, vous avez eu, ils/elles ont eu
vrai truly; m truth Imparfait javais, tu avais, il/elle avait, nous
vrai, e true, genuine, regular, errant avions, vous aviez, ils/elles avaient
vraiment truly; indeed Plus-que-parfait javais eu, yu avais eu,
vraisemblable likely il/elle avait eu, nous avions eu, vous aviez
vraisemblance f likelihood eu, ils/elles avaient eu
vu seeing, considering; m sight, examina- Pass e simple jeus, tu eus, il/elle eut, nous
tion eumes, vous e utes, ils/elles eurent
vu, e seen, examined Pass e ant erieur jeus eu, tu eus eu, il/elle
vue f sight; view; prospect; design; purpose eut eu, nous e umes eu, vous e utes eu, ile/elles
eurent eu
Futur simple jaurai, yu auras, il/elle aura,
Y nous aurons, vous aurez, ils/elles auront
Futur ant erieur jaurai eu, tu auras eu,
y to it, at it, by it, . . . ; there, within, . . . il/elle aura eu, nous aurons eu, vous aurez
eu, ils/elles auront eu
Mode conditionnel
Z Present jaurais, tu aurais, il/elle aurait,
nous aurions, vous auriez, ils/elles auraient
z
ero m nought, zero; nil
Passe jaurais eu, tu aurais eu, il/elle aurait
z
eta m zeta
eu, nous aurions eu, vous auriez eu, ils/elles
auraient eu
Statistics Mode imperatif
aie, ayons, ayez
Total entries: 4057 Mode Subjonctif
Total subentries: 460 Present que jaie, que tu aies, quil/elle ait,
que nous ayons, que vous ayez, quils/elles
aient
Pass e que jaie eu, que tu aies eu, quil/elle
Tables of Verbs ait eu, que nous ayons eu, que vous ayez eu,
quils/elles/ aient eu
avoir Imparfait que jeusse, que tu eusses,
quil/elle e
ut, que nous eussions, que vous eu-
Mode indicatif ssiez, quils/elles eussent

71
Plus-que-parfait que jeusse eu, que tu eu- Pr esent je serais, tu serais, il/elle serait,
sses eu, quil/elle e
ut eu, que nous eussions nous serions, vous seriez, ils/elles seraient
eu, que vous eussiez eu, quils/elles eussent Pass e jaurais ete, tu aurais ete, il/elle aurait
eu ete, nous aurions ete, vous auriez ete, ils/elles
auraient ete
Mode infinitif
Pr
esent avoir Mode imperatif
Pass
e avoir eu sois, soyons, soyez

Mode participe Mode subjonctif

Pr
esent ayant Pr esent que je sois, que tu sois, quil/elle
soit, que nous soyons, que vous soyez,
Pass
e eu, eue, ayant ey
quils/elles solent
Pass e que jaie ete, que tu aies ete, quil/elle
etre ait ete, que nous ayons ete, que vous ayez ete,
quils/elles aient ete
Mode indicatif Imparfait que je fusse, que tu fusses,
Pr esent je suis, tu es, il/elle est, nous quil/elle f ut, que nous fussions, que vous
sommes, vous etes, ils/elles sont fussiez, quils/elles fussent
Pass e compos e jai ete, tu as ete, il/elle as Plus-que-parfait que jeusse ete, que tu eu-
ete, nous avons ete, vous avez ete, ils/elles sses ete, quil/elle eut ete, que nous eussions
ont ete ete, que vous eussiez ete, quils/elles eussent
Imparfait jetais, tu etais, il/elle etait, nous ete
etions, vous etiez, ils/elles etaient Mode infinitif
Plus-que-parfait javais ete, tu avais ete, Pr
esent etre
il/elle avait ete, vous avions ete, vous aviez Pass
e avoir ete
ete, ils/elles avaient ete Mode participe
Pass e simple je fus, tu fus, il/elle fut, nous Pr
esent etant
f
umes, vous f utes, ils/elles furent Pass
e ete (invariable), ayant ete
Pass e ant erieur jeus ete, tu eus ete, il/elle
eut ete, nous e umes ete, vous e utes ete,
ils/elles eurent ete aimer
Futur simple je serai, tu seras, il/elle sera,
nous serons, vous serez, ils/elles seront Mode indicatif
Pr esent jaime, tu aimes, il/elle aime, nous
Futur ant erieur jaurai ete, tu auras ete,
aimons, vous aimez, ils/elles aiment
il/elle aura ete, nous aurons ete, vous aurez
Pass e compos e jai aime, tu as aime, il/elle
ete, ils/elles auront ete
a aime, nous avons aime, vous avez aime,
Mode conditionnel ils/elles ont aime

72
Imparfait jaimais, tu aimais, il/elle aimait, Plus-que-parfait que jeusse aime, que tu
nous aimions, vous aimiez, ils/elles aimaient eusses aime, quil/elle e
ut aime, que nous eus-
Plus-que-parfait javais aime, tu avais sions aime, que vous eussiez aime, quils/elles
aime, il/elle avait aime, nous avions aime, eussent aime
vous aviez aime, ils/elles avaient aime
Mode infinitif
Pass e simple jaimai, tu aimas, il/elle
Pr
esent aimer
aima, nous aimames, vous aimates, ils/elles
Pass
e avoir aime
aim`erent
Pass e ant erieur jeus eime, tu eus aime, Mode participe
il/elle eut aime, nous e
umes aime, vous eutes Pr
esent aimant
aime, ils/elles eurent aime Pass
e aime, aimee, ayant aime
Futur simple jaimerai, tu aimeras, il/elle
aimera, nous aimerons, vous aimerez, ils/elles
aimeront finir
Futur ant erieur jaurai aime, tu auras aime,
il/elle aura aime, nous aurons aime, vous au- Mode indicatif
rez aime, ils/elles auront aime Pr esent je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit, nous
finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent
Mode conditionnel
Pass e compos e jai fini, tu as fini, il/elle a
Pr esent jaimerais, tu aimerais, il/elle
fini, nous avons fini, vous avez fini, ils/elles
aimerait, nous aimerions, vous aimeriez,
ont fini
ils/elles aimeraient
Imparfait je finissais, tu finissais, il/elle
Pass e jaurais aime, tu aurais aime, il/elle
finissait, nous finissions, vous finissiez,
aurait aime, nous aurions aime, vous auriez
ils/elles finissaient
aime, ils/elles auraient aime
Plus-que-parfait javais fini, tu avais fini,
Mode imperatif il/elle avait fini, nous avions fini, vous aviez
Pr
esent aime, aimons, aimez fini, ils/elles avaient fini
Pass
e aie aime, ayons aime, ayez aime Pass e simple je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit,
Mode subjonctif nous finimes, vous finites, ils/elles finirent
Present que jaime, que tu aimes, quil/elle Pass e ant erieur jeus fini, tu eus fini, il/elle
aime, que nous aimions, que vous aimiez, eut fini, nous e umes fini, vous e utes fini,
quils/elles aiment ils/elles eurent fini
Pass e que jaie aime, que tu aies aime, Futur simple je finirai, tu finiras, il/elle
quil/elle ait aime, que nous ayons aime, que finira, nous finirons, vous finirez, ils/elles
vous ayez aimt, quils/elles aient aime finiront
Imparfait que jaimasse, que tu aimasses, Futur ant erieur jaurai fini, tu auras fini,
quil/elle aimat, que nous aimassions, que il/elle aura fini, nous aurons fini, vous aurez
vous aimassiez, quils/elles aimassent fini, ils/elles auront fini

73
Mode conditionnel Pr esent je dors, tu dors, il/elle dort, nous
Pr esent je finirais, tu finirais, il/elle finirait, dormons, vous dormez, ils/elles dorment
nous finirions, vous finiriez, ils/elles finiraient Pass e jai dormi, tu as dormi, il/elle a dormi,
Pass e jaurais fini, tu aurais fini, il/elle au- nous avons dormi, vous avez dormi, ils/elles
rait fini, nous aurions fini, vous auriez fini, ont dormi
ils/elles auraient fini Imparfait je dormais, tu dormais, il/elle
Mode imparatif dormait, nous dormions, vous dormiez,
Pr
esent finis, finissons, finissez ils/elles dormaient
Pass
e aie fini, ayons fini, ayez fini Plus-que-parfait javais dormi, tu avais
dormi, il/elle avait dormi, nous avions dormi,
Mode subjonctif vous aviez dormi, ils/elles avaient dormi
Pr esent que je finisse, que tu finisses, Pass e simple je dormis, tu dormis, il/elle
quil/elle finisse, que nous finissions, que vous dormit, nous dormimes, vous dormites,
finissiez, quils/elles finissent ils/elles dormirent
Pass e que jaie fini, que tu aies fini, quil/elle Pass e ant erieur jeus dormi, tu eus dormi,
ait fini, que nous ayons fini, que vous ayez fini, il/elle eut dormi, nous e umes dormi, vous
quils/elles aient fini eutes dormi, ils/elles eurent dormi
Imparfait que je finisse, que tu finisses, Futur simple je dormirai, tu dormi-
quil/elle finit, que nous finissions, que vous ras, il/elle dormira, il/elle dormirons, vous
finissiez, quils/elles finissent dormirez, ils/elles dormirent
Plus-que-parfait que jeusse fini, que tu eu- Futur ant erieur jaurai dormi, tu auras
sses fini, quil/elle e
ut fini, que nous eussions dormi, il/elle aura dormi, nous aurons dormi,
fini, que vous eussiez fini, quils/elles eussent vous aurez dormi, ils/elles auront dormi
fini
Mode conditionnel
Mode infinitif Pr esent je dormirais, tu dormirais, il/elle
Pr
esent finir dormirait, nous dormirions, vous dormiriez,
Pass
e avoir fini ils/elles dormiraient
Mode participe Pass e jaurais dormi, tu aurais dormi, il/elle
Pr
esent finissant aurait dormi, nous aurions dormi, vous auriez
Pass
e fini, finie, ayant fini dormi, ils/elles auraient dormi
Mode imperatif
dormir Pr
esent dors, dormons, dormez
Pass
e aie dormi, ayons dormi, ayez dormi
Also: mentir, sentir, servir, sortir, partir, Mode subjonctif
though sortir and partir use etre instead of Present que je dorme, que tu dormes,
avoir. quil/elle dorme, que nous dormions, que
Mode indicatif vous dormiez, quils/elles dorment

74
Pass e que jaie dormi, que tu aies dormi, Pass e ant erieur je fus venu, tu fus venu,
quil/elle ait dormi, que nous ayons dormi, il/elle fut venu, nous fumes venus, vous f utes
que vous ayez dormi, quils/elles aient dormi venus, ils furent venus
Imparfait que je dormisse, que tu dormisses, Futur simple je viendrai, tu viendras,
quil/elle dormit, que nous dormissions, que il/elle viendra, nous viendrons, vous vien-
vous dormissiez, quils/elles dormissent drez, ils/elles viendront
Plus-que-parfait que jeusse dormi, que Futur ant erieur je serai venu, tu seras venu,
tu eusses dormi, quil/elle e ut dormi, que il/elle seras venu, nous serons venus, vous
nous eussions dormi, que vous eussiez dormi, serez venus, ils/elles seront venus
quils/elles eussent dormi
Mode conditionnel
Mode infinitif Pr esent je viendrais, tu viendrais, il/elle
Pr
esent dormir viendrait, nous viendrions, vous viendriez,
Pass
e avoir dormi ils/elles viendraient
Mode participe Pass e je serais venu, tu serais venu, il/elle
Pr
esent dormant serait venu, nous serions venus, vous seriez
Pass
e dormi, ayant dormi venus, ils/elles seraient venus
Mode imperatif
venir Pr
esent viens, venons, venez
Pass
e sois venu, soyons venus, soyez venus
Also: tenir, and their combinations: con-
venir, devenir, parvenir, se souvenir, etc.; Mode subjonctif
appartenir, contenir, manitenir, obtenir, etc; Present que je vienne, que tu viennes,
but prevenir, subvenir, tenir and combina- quil/elle vienne, que nous venions, que vous
tions of tenir use avoir instead of etre. veniez, quils/elles viennent
Pass e que je sois venu, que tu sois venu,
Mode indicatif
quil/elle soit venu, que nous soyons venus,
Present je viens, tu viens, il/elle vient, vous
que vous soyez venus, quils/elles soient venus
venons, vous venez, ils/elles viennent
Imparfait que je vinsse, que tu vinsses,
Pass e compos e je suis venu, tu es venu,
quil/elle vint, que nous vinssions, que vous
il/elle est venu, nous sommes venus, vous etes
vinssiez, quils/elles vinssent
venus, ils/elles sont venus
Plus-que-parfait que je fusse venu, que
Imparfait je venais, tu venais, il/elle venait,
tu fusses venu, quil/elle f ut venu, que
nous venions, vous veniez, ils/elles venaient
nous fussions venus, que vous fussiez venus,
Plus-que-parfait jetais venu, tu etais venu,
quils/elles fussent venus
il/elle etait venu, nous etions venus, vous
eties venus, ils etaient venus Mode infinitif
Pass e simple je vins, tu vins, il/elle vint, Pr esent venir
nous vinmes, vous vintes, ils/elles vinrent Pass
e etre venu

75
Mode participe Pass e jaurais recu, tu aurais recu, il/elle au-
Pr
esent venant rait recu, nous aurions recu, vous auriez recu,
Pass
e etant venu ils/elles auraient recu
Mode imperatif
recevoir Pr
esent recois, recevons, recevez
Pass
e aie recu, ayons recu, ayez recu
Also: apercevoir, concevoir, decevoir,
percevoir, devoir, but the past participle of Mode subjonctif
devoir is du. Present que je recoive, que tu recoives,
Mode indicatif quil/elle recoive, que nous recevions, que
Pr esent je recois, tu recois, il/elle recoit, vous receviez, quils/elles recoivent
nous recevons, vous recevez, ils/elles Pass e que jaie recu, que tu aies recu,
recoivent quil/elle ait recu, que nous ayons recu, que
Pass e compos e jai recu, tu as recu, il/elle a vous ayez recu, quils/elles aient recu
recu, nous avons recu, vous avez recu, ils/elles Imparfait que je recusse, que tu recusses,
ont recu quil/elle recu
t, que nous recussions, que vous
Imparfait je recevais, tu recevais, il/elle re- re
c ussiez, quils/elles recussent
cevait, nous recevions, vous receviez, ils/elles Plus-que-parfait que jeusse recu, que tu
recevaient eusses recu, quil/elle eut recu, que nous eus-
Plus-que-parfait javais recu, tu avais recu, sions re
c u, que vous eussiez recu, quils/elles
il/elle avait recu, nous avions recu, vous aviez eussent recu
recu, ils/elles avaient recu Mode infinitif
Pass e simple je recs, tu recus, il/elle recut, Pr
esent recevoir
nous recumes, recutes, ils/elles recurent Pass
e avoir recu
Pass e ant erieur jeus recu, tu eus recu,
il/elle eut recu, nous eumes recu, vous e utes Mode participe
recu, ils/elles eurent recu Pr
esent recevant
Futur simple je recevrai, tu recevras, Pass
e recu, recue, ayant recu
il/elle recevra, nous recevrons, vous recevrez,
ils/elles recevrent rendre
Futur ant erieur jaurai recu, tu auras recu,
il/elle aura recu, nous aurons recu, vous aurez Also: attendre, defendre, dependre, descen-
recu, ils/elles auront recu dre, entendre, perdre, repondre, suspendre,
tendre, vendre.
Mode conditionnel
Pr esent je recevrais, tu recevrais, il/elle Mode indicatif
recevrait, nous recevrions, vous recevriez, Pr esent je rends, tu rends, il/elle rend, nous
ils/elles recevraient rendons, vous rendez, ils/elles rendent

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Pass e compos e jai rendu, tu as rendu, quil/elle ait rendu, que nous ayons rendu,
il/elle a rendu, nous avons rendu, vous avez que vous ayez rendu, quils/elles aient rendu
rendu, ils/elles ont rendu Imparfait que je rendisse, que tu rendisses,
Imparfait je rendais, tu rendais, il/elle quil/elle rendit, que nous rendissions, que
rendait, nous rendions, vous rendiez, ils/elles vous rendissiez, quils/elles rendissent
rendaient Plus-que-parfait que jeusse rendu, que
Plus-que-parfait javais rendu, tu avais tu eusses rendu, quil/elle e ut rendu, que
rendu, il/elle avait rendu, nous avions rendu, nous eussions rendu, que vous eussiez rendu,
vous aviez rendu, ils/elles avaient rendu quils/elles eussent rendu
Pass e simple je rendis, tu rendis, il/elle ren- Mode infinitif
dit, nous rendimes, vous rendites, ils/elles Pr
esent rendre
rendirent Pass
e avoir rendu
Pass e anterieur jeus rendu, tu eus rendu,
Mode participe
nous e umes rendu, vous eutes rendu, ils/elles
Pr
esent rendant
eurent rendu
Pass
e rendu, rendue, ayant rendu
Futur simple je rendrai, tu rendras, il/elle
rendra, nous rendrons, vous rendrez, ils/elles
rendront
etre aim
e
Futur ant erieur jaurai rendu, tu auras
rendu, il/elle aura rendu, nous aurons rendu, Mode indicatif
vous aurez rendu, ils/elles auront rendu Pr esent je suis aime, tu es aime, il/elle est
aime, nous sommes aimes, vous etes aimes,
Mode conditionnel ils/elles sont aimes
Pr esent je rendrais, tu rendrais, il/elle Pass e compos e jai ete aime, tu as ete aime,
rendrait, nous rendrions, vous rendiez, il/elle a ete aime, nous avons ete aimes, vous
ils/elles rendraient avez ete aimes, ils/elles ont ete aimes
Pass e jaurais rendu, tu aurais rendu, il/elle Imparfait jetais aime, tu etais aime, il etais
aurait rendu, nous aurions rendu, vous auriez aime, nous etions aimes, vous etiez aimes,
rendu, ils/elles auraient rendu ils/elles etaient aimes
Mode imperatif Plus-que-parfait javais ete aime, tu avais
Pr
esent rends, rendons, rendez ete aime, il/elle avait ete aime, nous avions
Pass
e aie rendu, ayons redu, ayez rendu ete aimes, vous aviez ete aimes, ils/elles
avaient ete aimes
Mode subjonctif Pass e simple je fus aime, tu fus aime, il
Present que je rende, que tu rendes, fut aime, nous f umes aimes, vous f utes aimes,
quil/elle rende, que nous rendions, que vous ils/elles furent aimes
rendiez, quils/elles rendent Pass e ant erieur jeus ete aime, tu eus ete
Pass e que jaie rendu, que tu aies rendu, aime, il/elle eut ete aime, nous e umes ete

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 aimes, vous e utes ete aimes, ils/elles eurent Mode infinitif
ete aimes Pr
esent etre aime
Futur simple je serai aime, tu seras aime, Pass
e avoir ete aime
il/elle sera aime, nous serons aimes, vous
Mode participe
serez aimes, ils/elles seront aimes
Futur ant erieur jaurai ete aime, tu auras Pr
esent etant aime
ete aime, il aura ete aime, nous aurons ete Pass
e ayant ete aime
aimes, vous aurez ete aimes, ils/elles auront
ete aimes se laver
Mode conditionnel
Present je serais aime, tu serais aime, il/elle Mode indicatif
serait aime, nous serions aimes, vous seriez Pr esent je me lave, tu te laves, il se lave,
aimes, ils/elles seraient aimes nous nous lavons, vous vous lavez, ils se lavent
Pass e jaurais ete aime, tu aurais ete aime, Pass e compos e je me suis lave, tu tes lave,
il/elle aurait ete aime, nous aurions ete aimes, il/elle sest lave, nous nous sommes laves,
vous auriez ete aimes, ils/elles auraient ete vous vous etes laves, ils/elles se sont laves
aimes Imparfait je me lavais, tu te lavais, il/elle
Mode imperatif se lavait, nous nous lavions, vous vous laviez,
Present sois aime, soyons aimes, soyez aimes ils/elles se lavaient
Passe aie ete aime, ayons ete aimes, ayez ete Plus-que-parfait je metais lave, tu tetais
aimes lave, il/elle setait lave, nous nous etions
laves, vous vous etiez laves, ils/elles setaient
Mode subjonctif laves
Present que je sois aime, que tu sois aime, Pass e simple je me lavai, tu te lavas, il/elle
quil/elle soit aime, que nous soyons aimes, se lava, nous nous lavames, vous vous lavates,
que vous soyez aimes, quils/elles soient aimes ils/elles se lav`erent
Pass e que jaie ete aime, que tu aies ete aime,
Pass e ant erieur je me fus lave, tu te fus
quil/elle ait ete aime, que nous ayons ete
lave, il/elle se fut lave, nous nous f
umes laves,
aimes, que vous ayez ete aimes, quils/elles
vous vous f utes laves, ils/elles furent laves
aient ete aimes
Futur simple je me laverai, tu te laveras,
Imparfait que je fusse aime, que tu fusses
il se lavera, nous nous laverons, vous vous
aime, quil/elle f ut aime, que nous fussions
laverez, ils se laveront
aimes, que vous fussiez aimes, quils/elles
Futur an etieur je me serai lave, tu te seras
fussent aimes
lave, il/elle se sera lave, nous nous serons
Plus-que-parfait que jeusse ete aime, que
laves, vous vous serez laves, ils/elles se seront
tu eusses ete aime, quil/elle e
ut ete aime, que
laves
nous eussions ete aimes, que vous eussiez ete
aimes, quils/elles eussent ete aimes Mode conditionnel

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Present je me laverais, tu te laverais, il se Pass
e compos e Il a neige.
laverait, nous nous laverions, vous vous laver- Imparfait Il neigeait.
iez, ils/elles se laveraient Plus-que-parfait Il avait neige.
Pass e je me serais lave, tu te serais lave, Pass
e simple Il neigea.
il/elle se serait lave, nous nous serions laves, Pass
e ant
erieur Il eut neige.
vous vous seriez laves, ils/elles se seraient Futur simple Il neigera.
laves Futur ant
erieur Il aura neige.
Mode imperatif Mode conditionnel
Pr
esent lave-toi, lavons-nous, lavez-vous Pr
esent Il neigerait.
Mode subjonctif Pass
e Il aurait neige.
Present que je me lave, que tu te laves, Mode subjonctif
quil/elle se lave, que nous nous lavions, que Pr
esent quil neige
vous vous laviez, quils/elles se lavent Parfait quil ait neige
Pass e que je me sois lave, que tu te sois lave, Imparfait quil neigeat
quil/elle se soit lave, que nous nous soyons Plus-que-parfait quil eut neige
laves, que vous vous soyez laves, quils/elles
Mode infinitif
se soient laves
Pr
esent neiger
Imparfait que je me lavasse, que tu
Pass
e avoir neige
te lavesses, quil/elle se lavat, que nous
nous lavassions, que vous vous lavassiez, Mode participe
quils/elles se lavassent Pr
esent neigeant.
Plus-que-parfait que je me fusse lave, que Pass
e neige, ayant neige
tu te fusses lave, quil/elle se f ut lave, que
nous nous fussions laves, que vous vous
fussiez laves, quils/elles fussent laves
Mode infinitif
Pr
esent se laver
Pass
e setre lave
Mode participe
Pr
esent se lavant
Pass
e lave, lavee, setant lave

neiger
Mode indicatif
Pr
esent Il neige.

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