T.R.

ABHILASHI MEMORIAL INSTITUTE

OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PRACTICAL FILE

AUTO CAD

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

ER. NANCY NAME RAJESH

CIVIL - 8TH SEM.
CLASS ROLL NO.- 113038
U. ROLL NO. - BT301475

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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S.NO. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS PAGE NO.

1. Introduction to computer aided drafting 3-5

2. Software for CAD- Introduction to different 6-22

softwares

3. Practice exercises on CAD software 23-30

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 Experiment No. 1

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING

Computer Aided Drafting is a process of preparing a drawing of an object on the screen of
acomputer. There are various types of drawings in different fields of engineering and sciences. In
the fields of mechanical or aeronautical engineering, the drawings of machine components and the
layouts of them are prepared. In the field of civil engineering, plans and layouts of the buildings
are prepared. In the field of electrical engineering, the layouts of power distribution system are
prepared. In all fields of engineering use of computer is made for drawing and drafting.
The use of CAD process provides enhanced graphics capabilities which allow any designer to:-

Conceptualize his ideas

Modify the design very easily
Perform animation
Make design calculations
Use colors, fonts and other aesthetic features.

1.2 REASONS FOR IMPLEMENTING A CAD SYSTEM

1. Increases the productivity of the designer: CAD improves the productivity of the designer to
visualize the product and its component, parts and reduces the time required in synthesizing,
analyzing and documenting the design.

2. Improves the quality of the design: CAD system improves the quality of the design. A CAD
system permits a more detailed engineering analysis and a larger number of design alternatives can
be investigated. The design errors are also reduced because of the greater accuracy provided by the
system.

3. Improves communication: It improves the communication in design. The use of a CAD system
provides better engineering drawings, more standardization in the drawing, and better
documentation of the design, few drawing errors and legibility.

4. Create data base for manufacturing: In the process of creating the documentation for these
products, much of the required data base to manufacture the products is also created.

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5. Improves the efficiency of the design: It improves the efficiency of the designprocess and the
wastage at the design stage can be reduced.

1.3. APPLICATION OF CAD

There are various processes which can be performed by use of computer in the drafting process.
1. Automated drafting: This involves the creation of hard copy engineering drawings directly
from CAD data base. Drafting also includes features like automatic dimensioning, generation of
cross -hatched areas, scaling of the drawing and the capability to develop sectional views and
enlarged views in detail. It has ability to perform transformations of images and prepare 3D
drawings like isometric views, perspective views etc.,
2. Geometric modeling: concerned with the computer compatible mathematical description of the
geometry of an object. The mathematical description allows the image of an object to be displayed
and manipulated on a graphics terminal through signals from the CPU of the CAD system. The
software that provides geometric modeling capabilities must be designed for efficient use both by
computer and the human designer.

1.4. BENEFITS OF CAD

The implementation of the CAD system provides variety of benefits to the industries in design and
production as given below:
1. Improved productivity in drafting
2. Shorter preparation time for drawing
3. Reduced man power requirement
4. Customer modifications in drawing are easier
5. More efficient operation in drafting
6. Low wastage in drafting
7. Minimized transcription errors in drawing
8. Improved accuracy of drawing
9. Assistance in preparation of documentation
10. Better designs can be evolved
11. Revisions are possible
12. Colors can be used to customize the product
13. Production of orthographic projections with dimensions and tolerances
14. Hatching of all sections with different filling pattern.
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1.5. LIMITATIONS OF CAD
1. 32 bit word computer is necessary because of large amount of computer memory and time
2. The size of the software package is large
3. Skill and judgment are required to prepare the drawing
4. Large investment

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

SOFTWARES FOR CADD

2.1. INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENT SOFTWARES CAD SOFTWARES

The software is an interpreter or translator which allows the user to perform specific type of
application or job related to CAD. The following softwares are available for drafting:-
1. AUTOCAD7. MSc. NASTRAN
2. Pro E8. IDEAS

3. CATIA 9. SOLID WORKS

4. MS OFFICE 10. HYPERME

5. PAINT 11. FLUENT-GAMBIT

6. ANSYS
The above softwares are used depending upon their application.
AUTO CAD
Auto CAD package is suitable for accurate and perfect drawings of engineering designs. The
drawing of machine parts, isometric views and assembly drawings are possible in AutoCAD. The
package is suitable for 2D and 3D drawings.

2.2. STARTING WITH AUTO CAD

CAD uses four basic elements for preparation of any drawing:
Line
Curves
Text
Filling point.
Computer Aided Drafting is done by the operator by placing the mouse pointer by placing the
mouse pointer at the desired location and then executing the command to draw the graphic
elements using different methods. Advanced computer aided drafting packages utilize four areas on
the screen.

Drawing Area
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 Command Area
Menu Area
Tool Boxes.

2.3. Layout and Sketching

The package provides various facilities for layout, sketching and borders for preparing a drawing.
It provides facilities for display co-ordinates and measurement units.

a. Units: The format for display co ordinates and measurement can be selected according to the
requirement. Several measurement styles are available in ACAD. The main methods are
engineering and architectural, having specific base unit assigned to them.

1. Decimal: select to enter and display measurements in decimal notation

2. Engineering: Display measurements in feet and decimal inches.
3. Architectural: Display measurements in feet, inches and fractional inches
4. Fractional: Display measurements in mixed numbers notation
5. Scientific: Display measurements in scientific notation.

The precision that is specified controls the number of decimal places or fractional size to which we
want linear measurements displayed.

b.Angles: Select the format in which we want to enter and display angles.

Decimal Degrees: Display partial degrees as decimals

Deg/Min/Sec: Display partial degrees as minutes and seconds.
Grades: Display Angles as grades
Radians: Display angles as radians.
Surveyor: Displays angles in surveyor units.

c. Angle measure: Select the direction of the zero angle for the entry of angles:

East: Select to specify the compass direction east as the zero angles.
North: Select to specify the compass direction north as the zero angles.
West: Select to specify the compass direction west as the zero angles.
South: Select to specify the compass direction south as the zero angles.
Other: Select to specify a direction different from the points of the compass as the zero
angles.

d. Area: Enter the approximate width and length which is planned to draw in full scale units. This
limits the area of the drawing covered by grid dots when the grid is turned on. It also adjusts

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several default settings, such as text height, line type scaling and snap distance to convenient
values. It is possible to adjust these settings.

e. Title block: Select the description of an ACAD drawing file of a title block to insert as a symbol
in the new drawing. It can add or remove drawing files of title blocks from the list with the Add or
Remove buttons

f. Layout: Paper space is often used to create complex multiple view drawings. There are three
types of paper spaces:

1. Work on the drawing while viewing the layout.

2. Work on the drawing without the layout visible
3. Work on the layout of the drawing.
The following procedure is used for this purpose
1. From the File menu or from the standard tool bar, choose New
2. In the startup dialog box, choose Use a wizard, and select Advanced wizard
3. Choose OK
4. In the Advanced Setup Dialog box, select Title Block.
5. Select Title Block Description and Title Block file Name from the lists and then choose
Add.
6. In the Select Title Block File dialog box, Select a title block, then choose open
7. In the Advanced Setup dialog box, a sample of that title is displayed.
8. Choose Done.

2.3 DRAWING ENVIRONMENT

ACAD provides two drawing environments for creating and laying out the drawing.

i. Model Space

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ii. Paper Space.

ACAD allows creating drawing, called a model, in full scale in an area known as model space
without regard to the final layout or size when the drawing is plotted on the paper. In the space
opened for the first time, it is possible to create floating viewports to contain different views of the
model. In the paper space, floating viewports are treated as objects which can be moved and
resized in order to create a suitable layout.

2.4 ELEMENTS OF DRAWING

2.4.1 DRAW COMMANDS

LINE:
A line is specified by giving its two end points or first point and the distance of line along with its
angle of inclination. A line can be drawn by using two commands.
Command: line
Specify first point: Specify a point (1)
Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify a point (2)
The second point can be indicated by @d<a
Where d is the distance of line and a is the angle of inclination in degrees.

PLINE:
This is a poly line which allows continuous segment of the line and it is drawn similar to the line
command. The polyline allows changing the thickness of the line according to the requirement.

From the Draw tool bar choose the Polyline flyout.

Draw pull down menu: Polyline

At the command prompt, enter Pline Syntax

Specify start point: Specify a point (1)

Current line-width is <current>

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Half width/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify a point (2) or enter an
option.

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 LINETYPE
Creates, loads, and sets line types. The LINETYPE command defines line characteristics
consisting of dashes, dots, and spaces.
Format menu: Linetype or Command line: line type

CURVES
Following are the various types of
i. Circle
ii. Ellipse
iii. Arc
iv. Regular or any other type.
i. Circle: The circle can be drawn by using two types of commands
a. Circle
b. Donut
a) CIRCLE: This command draws the circle by using four methods:
Center point and radius
Two point circle
Three point circle
Tangent circle
At the command prompt, enter circle
Specify center point for circle or [3P (Three Points)/2P (Two Points)/Ttr]:
Specify a point or enter an option

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b) DONUT: This draws filled circles and rings.
Donuts are constructed of a closed polyline composed of wide arc segments at the command
prompt.
Enter donut
Specify inside diameter of donut <current>: Specify a distance or press ENTER
If you specify an inside diameter of 0, the donut is a filled circle.
Specify outside diameter of donut <current>: Specify a distance or press ENTER
Specify center of donut or <exit>: Specify a point (1) or press ENTER to end the command
c) ELLIPSE: It is a curve having major and minor axis with a center. The ellipse can be prepared
by four methods. Creates an ellipse or an elliptic arc.
Axis end point: Defines the first axis by two specified endpoints. The angle of the first axis
determines the angle of the ellipse. The first axis can define either the major or the minor axis of
the ellipse.
Arc: Creates an elliptical arc. The angle of the first axis determines the angle of the elliptical arc.
The first axis can define either the major or the minor axis of the elliptical arc.
Center: Creates the ellipse by a specified center point.
Iso circle: Creates an isometric circle in the current isometric drawing plane.
At the command prompt, enter ellipse
i. Arc: The arc is a curve specified by center and radius as well as the start angle and end angle.
There are seven method used for drawing an arc.
1. Three point method
2. Start point-center point end point
3. Start point-center point-length of chord
4. Start point-end point angle of inclusion
5. Start point-end point-direction
6. Start point-center point-angle of inclusion
7. Start point-end point-radius
These methods can be used by executing the arc command
ARC: creates an arc.
At the command prompt, enter arc
Center/<start point>: specify a point, enter c, or press enter

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Poly-arc: the second method of the drawing the arc is poly arc by use of p-line command. This
command allows drawing of filled arc of any width .it also allows for drawing of a regular or
irregular curve.
2. Drawing of Rectangle: A rectangle can be drawn by LINE command or by Rectangle
command. The PLINE command also allows for drawing of hollow or filled rectangle .A SOLID
command is also used for drawing of filled rectangles.
1. RECTANGLES: draws a rectangular polyline
At the command prompt, enter rectangle
First corner: specify point (1)
Other corner: specify point (2)
2. SOLID: creates solid filled polygons .solids is filled only when fill system variable is set to on
view is set to plan.
At the command prompt, enter solid
First corner: specify point (1)
Other corner: specify point (2)
The first two points define one edge of the polygon.
Third point: specify a point (3) diagonally opposite the second
Forth point: specify a point (4) or press enter
3. DRAWING OF POLYGON
Creates an equilateral closed polyline .A polygon is a polyline object. AUTOCAD draws poly line
with zero width and no tangent information.
At the command prompt enter polygon
Number of sides <current>: enter a value between 3 and 1024 or press enter
Edge/<center of polygon>: specify a point (1) or enter.
4. POINT
Creates a point object .points can act as nodes to which you can snap objects .you can specify a full
3D location for a point.
At the command prompt, enter point
Point: specify a point
5. ERASING OF OBJECT:
The object can be removed or erased by use of erase command.
ERASE

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This removes object from drawing.
At the command prompt, enter erase Select objects: use an object selection method.

6. COLOURING OF OBJECT:
The object can be drawn with any variety of color which ranges from 0 to 256. The setting of color
can be done by color command.
COLOR
Set the color for new objects.
At the command prompt, enter color <current>: enter a value (1-255), color name, by block, or by
layer.

7. FILLING OF OBJECT: The object can be filled with different colors and patterns by use of
hatch command. This command allows selection of various patterns, scale of pattern and angle of
pattern.
HATCH
This fills an area with a pattern.
HATCH Fills the specified hatch boundary with non-associative hatch
A non associative hatch is not updated when its boundaries are modified .a hatch boundary
consists of an object or objects that completely enclose an area
At the command prompt, enter hatch
Pattern (? Or name/ U, style) <current>: enter a predefined pattern name, enter u, enter? Or press
enter.

8. SCALING OF DRAWING: Zoom command displays the object at a specified scale factor. The
value entered is relative to the limits of the drawing .for example, entering 2 doubles the apparent
display size of any objects from what it would be if it were zoomed to the limits of the drawing.

If you enter a value followed by xp, auto CAD specifies the scale relative to paper scale units .for
example, entering 0.5xp displays model space at half the scale of paper space units .the following
illustration shows a number of viewports arranged in paper space. the view in each view port is
scaled relative to paper space .the first view is scaled 1=1 relative to paper space (1xp) ,the second
is scaled 0.5=1 relative to paper space (0.5xp),and so on.
ZOOM
This increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in the current view port

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At the command prompt, enter zoom
All/center/dynamic/extents/left/previous/vmax/window/<scale(x/xp)>: enter an option
or value, specify a point, or press enter.

9. TEXT: The text in software is indicated by fonts .the fonts define the shapes of the text
characters that make up each character set. In AUTOCAD, you can use true type fonts in addition
to AUTOCADs own compiled shape (SHX) fonts.
A font is indicated by various parameters like

i. Style: these are four types: normal, bold, italic, underline.

ii. Size: this is the size of characters

iii. Color: there are facilities to color the characters selecting layer.

iv. Type: different types of fonts may be used:

Mono text: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

Romans: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

Romand: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

D-text: This displays text on the screen as it is entered .AutoCAD can create text with a variety of
character patterns, or fonts. These fonts can be stretched, compressed, oblique, mirrored, or aligned
in a vertical column by applying a style to the font .text can be rotated, justified, and made any
size.
At the command prompt, enter text
Justify/style/<start point>: specify a point or enter an option.
TEXT: This creates a single line of text .AutoCAD can create text with a variety of character
patterns, or fonts. These fonts can be stretched, compressed, oblique, mirrored, or aligned in a
vertical column by applying a style to the font.
At the command prompt, enter text

Justify/style/<start point>: specify a point or enter an option.

QTEXT: This controls the display and plotting of text and attribute of objects.

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At the command prompt, enter text

ON/OFF <current>: enter on or off, or press enter

10. TRANSFORMATIONS: These are the modifications in the drawn objects. There are different
types of transformations used.

1. MOVE: This allows to move or displace objects a specified distance in a specified direction.
At the command prompt, enter move
Select objects: use an object selection method
Base point or displacement: specify a base point (1)
Second point of displacement: specify a point (2) or press enter.

2. COPY: This is used for producing a duplicate copy of the drawing.

At the command prompt, enter copy
Select objects: use an object selection method
<Base point or displacement >/multiple: specify a base.

3. ROTATE: It moves objects about a base point.

At the command prompt, enter rotate
Select objects: use an object selection method
<Rotate angle >/reference: specify an angle or enter.

4. STRETCH: This moves or stretches objects .AutoCAD stretches lines, arcs, elliptical arcs,
splines, rays and polyline segments that cross the selection window.
At the command prompt, enter stretch
Select objects: use the CPOLYGON or cross object selection method
(1,2) Base point or displacement: specify a point (3) or press
Second point of displacement: specify a point ($) or press.

5. EXTEND: This extends an object to meet another object. Objects that can be extended include
arcs, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D, and 3Dpolylines and rays.
At command prompt, enter extend
Select boundary edges
(promode =UCS, edge mode=no extend)
Select objects: use an object selection method.
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6. SCALE: This enlarges or reduces selected objects equally in X and Y directions.
At the command prompt, enter scale
Select objects: use an object selection methodBase point: specify a point (1)<Scale
factor>/reference: specify a scale or enter r

7. TRACE: This creates solid lines.

From the miscellaneous tool bar choose
At the command prompt,enter trace
Trace width<current>: specify a distance, enter a value, or press enter
From point: specify point (1)
To point: specify a point (2)
To point: specify a point (3) or press to end the command.

8. EXTRUDE: This creates unique solid primitives by extruding existing two-dimensional objects
extrudes also creates solids by extruding two-dimensional objects along a specified path. we can
extrude multiple objects with extrude
At the command prompt enter, extrude
Select objects: use an object selection method.
Path/<height of extrusion>: specify a distance or enter p.

9. MIRROR: This is used to producing mirror image of the object.

At the command prompt enter, mirror
Select objects: use an object selection method
First point of the mirror line: specify a point (1)
Second point: specify a point (2).

10. OFFSET: This creates concentric circles, parallel lines and parallel curves, offset creates a
creates a new object at a specified distance from an existing object or through a specified point
At the command prompt enter, offset
Offset distance: specify a distance, enter t or press enter
11. ARRAY: This creates multiple copies of objects in pattern. Each object in an array can be
manipulated independently.
At the command prompt enter, array
Rectangular or polar array<current>: enter an option or press enter specify a point.

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12. CUTTING OF OBJECTS
The drawn objects can be cut or trimmed by using following commands:-

1. TRIM: Trims objects at a cutting object defined by other objects. Objects that can be trimmed
include arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D and 3Dpolylines, rays and splines.
At the command prompt, enter trim
Select cutting edges:
Select objects: use object selection method
<Select object to trim>/project/edge/undo: select an object, enter an option, or press enter.

2. BREAK: This erases an object or splits the object in to two parts from the modify toolbar select
break flyout.
At the command prompt, enter break
Select objects: use an object selection method
First point of the mirror line: specify a point (1) on an object
Enter second point: specify the second break point (2) or enter F.

13. DIMENSIONING IN DRAWINGS:

The dimensions are inserted in the drawing by use of DIM command. There are various types of
dimensions used in AutoCAD.

1. Linear dimensions:
Horizontal- this allows horizontal dimensions
Vertical- this allows vertical dimensions
Aligned- this allows inclined dimensions
Rotated- this allows inclined dimensions
2. Angular dimensions:
This allows angular dimensioning of objects.

3. Radial dimensions:
This allows radial dimensioning of arc or circle
4. Diametric dimensions:
This allows diametrical dimensions of the circle. For dimensioning of objects, the first point and
second point has to be specified. The dimension text must be written and then the position of
dimension must be specified.
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At the command prompt, enter dim
Dim: Enter a dimensioning mode command.

14. AREA:
This allows calculation of the area and perimeter of objects or of defined areas
From the object properties toolbar, choose the inquiry flyout, then
At the command prompt, enter area
<First point>/object/add/subtract: specify a point or enter option.

15. FILLET
Rounds and fillets the edges of the object.
At the command prompt enterfillet
Polyline / Radius / Trim / <Select first object>: use an object selection method or enter an option.
Select first object.
Select second object: use an object selection method.
Enter radius <current>: specify a distance or press Chain / Radius <Select edge>:
Select edges or enter c or r their intersection.

16. CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM

The co- ordinate system can be modified in the AutoCAD. There are two types of coordinate
systems used. The WCS (World co- ordinate system) is a universal system in which its origin isat
the fixed position. The UCS (User co- ordinate system) is a system in whichuser can fix his origin
at any point.

1. UCS: This manages user co- ordinate systems At the command prompt enter UCS

17. UNION:

This measures the distance and angle between two points. At the command prompt, enter union
Select object: Use an object selection method.

18. DIST: This measures the distance and the angle between two points. At the command prompt
area enter dist.
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First point: Specify a point
(1)Second point: Specify a point
(2) Distance = calculated distance
Angle in XY plane = angle from XY plane = angle
Delta X = change in X
Delta Y = change in
Y Delta Z = change in Z.

19. REGENERATION OF DRAWING:

ACAD provides a facility of regenerating a drawing to clear the cross points or marks on the
screen.
REDRAW
REGEN
REGENALL
REGENAUTO.

21. TOLERANCE
This creates geometric tolerances. Geometric tolerances define the maximum allowable variations
of form or profile, orientation, location and run out from the exact geometry in a drawing. They
specify the required accuracy for proper function and fit the objects drawn in AutoCAD.

22. SKETCH: This creates a series of free hand line segments. From the miscellaneous toolbar,
chooseAt the command prompt enter sketch

2.5 3D FUNCTIONS

1. BOX
This creates a three dimensional solid box.
At command prompt enter box
Center/<corner of the box><0,0,0> :
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Specify a point (1), enter c, or press enter Corner of a box Specifying a point or pressing defines
the first corner of the box.
Cube/length /<other corner>: specify a point (2) or enter an option center.
Creates the box by a specified center point.

2. CONE
This creates a 3D solid cone. A cone is solid primitive with a circular or elliptical based tapering
symmetrically to a point perpendicular to its base.
At the command prompt enter cone
Elliptical /<center point><0,0,0>: specify a point, enter e or press enter.

3. CYLINDER
This creates a 3D solid cylinder. A cylinder is solid primitive with a circular or elliptical based to a
point perpendicular to its base without a taper.
At the command prompt enter cylinder
Elliptical /<center point><0,0,0> : specify a point, enter e or press enter.

4. SPHERE
This creates a 3D solid sphere. A sphere is positioned so that its central axis is parallel to the Z-axis
of the current UCS. Latitudinal lines are parallel to the XY plane.
At the command prompt enter sphere.
center of the sphere <0,0,0> : specify a point , enter e or press enter.

5. WEDGE
This creates a three dimensional solid with a sloped face tapering along X axis. At the command
prompt enter wedge.
Center <corner of the wedge><0,0,0> : specify a point, enter e or press enter Follow the
prompting.
6. ELEV
This sets an elevation and extrusion thickness of new objects. The current elevation is the Z value
that is used whenever a 3D point is expected but only X and y values are supplied.
At the command prompt enter elev.

7. SHADE

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This displays a flat shaded image of the drawing in the current view port. SHADE removes hidden
lines and displays a shaded picture of the drawing.

8. REGION

This creates a region object from a selection set of existing objects. Regions are 2Dimensional
areas you create from closed shapes.

9. REINIT

This reinitializes the input/output ports, digitizer, display and program parameters file.

10. REPLAY

This displays a GIF, TGA or TIFF image. From the tools menu, choose image, then view.

11. REVOLVE
This creates a solid by revolving a two dimensional object about an axis. From the solids toolbar,
choose.
At the command prompt, enter revolve.

12. SHAPE
This inserts a shape. Before inserting a shape, you must load the file containing the desired shape.

13. ROTATE 3D

This moves objects about a three dimensional axis From the modify toolbar, choose the rotate fly
out then Follow the prompting.

14. SECTION

This uses the intersection of a plane and solids to create a region. AutoCAD creates regions on the
current layer and inserts them at the location of the cross section. Selecting several solids creates
separate regions for each solid.

15. SLICE
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This slices a set of solids with a plane.

16. SHELL

This accesses operating system commands.

17. REVOLVE

This creates a solid by revolving a two dimensional object about an axis.

18. RENDER

This creates a realistically shaded image of a three dimensional wireframe or solid model.
RENDER produces an image using information from a scene, the current selection set, or the
current view.

2.6 STARTING THE DRAWING

The figures we do in engineering are fitted into a template. In ACAD draw a template known as
Drawingsheet in two different formats. The size of the drawing sheet is ISO A4 210 X.

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 Experiment No. 3

PRACTICE EXERCISES ON CAD SOFTWARE

Launching AutoCAD from operating System.

Click on Start.
Go to Programs.
Go to Auto Desk.
Go to Auto CAD 2012- English.
Click on Auto CAD 2012- English.
Using your pointing device:
One of the key means of controlling commands & inputting information into yourdrawing file will
be by using your mouse.

Using three button mouse:

Left button: data / accept used to select command & enter points.
Middle button: It is used as Pan and scroll zooming
Right button: Reset / reject / repeat last command used to end a command or todisplayo a small
pull down menu or to repeat last command.
Using the Key boards.
Typing Command name is command line can run all the commands in auto CAD.
Enter button and Space bar can be used to accept a command or repeat last command.
The Function Keys can be used as toggle buttons to switch ON/ OFF for some offunctions. The
Important ones are

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 Table of Function Keys:
Function key Function
F1 Help on
F2 Toggle text windows
F3 Toggle object snap setting
F4 3D o snap on/off
F5 Isoplane Top / Left/ Right
F6 Dynamic UCS off/ on
F7 Toggle Grid points

F8 Ortho on/off
F9 Toggle Snap on/off
F10 Toggle Polar on

F11 Object snap tracking off

F12 Dynamic on/off

User coordinate system:

You can enter pts directly on the command line using 3 different systems. The one youuse is
depend on which is more applicable for the situation. The first assignment will get youused to this
the 3 systems are as follows.
a. Absolute Coordinate system (x, y)
b. Relative Polar Coordinate system: You would use this System if you know that you want to
draw a line a certain distance at a _ Lar Angle. We would enter this as at D.
A. In This case D is the distance and A is the angle.
Example: At 10 Angle 900 ( 10< 90)

c. Creating a new AutoCAD file:

Go to file menu
Select new & Click on drawing
Then select template in that selects ACAD and then click on open.
d. Command in AutoCAD to DRAW, MODIFY and DIMENSION: Before going tostart draw
any drawing must set Units, Limits & Grid.
Unit limits:
Command: units (enter)

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Type Decimal
Millimeters
Click on ok.

Limits:
Command: limits (enter)
Specify lower left corner (0, 0)
Specify upper right corner (100, 100)

Grid on:
Click on F7
Zoom Command:
Command: Z enter
Options: (All / center/ dynamic/ extents. Previous/ scale/ window/ object) (real Time)
Line command:
Command: L (enter)
Using absolute ordinate system
L (enter)
(0, 0) enter
(100, 0) enter
(100, 00) enter
(10, 100) enter

Using relative rectangular coordinate system

L (enter)
(0,0) enter
@100, 0
@0,100
@-100, 0
C enter

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 Using relative polar Coordinate System:
L enter
Click on screen
@ 100 < 0 enter
@ 100< 90 enter
@ 100 < 180 enter
Construction Line:
Command: XL enter
XLINE Specify a point or [ Hor/ ver/ Ang/ Bisect/ offset ] : h
Polyline:
Command: PL (enter)
Specify Start point:
Specify next point (or) [ Arc/ Half width/ length/ undo/ width] : click on screen
For arc in the polyline enter option A
Polygon:
Command: POL (enter)
Polygon enter no. of sides : 5 (enter)
Specify center of polygon or edge : Click on Screen
Enter an option [Inscribed circle/ circumscribed about circle] {I}:C
Circle:
Command: C (enter)
Circle Specify center pt for circle or [ 3p / 2p/ Ttr]: click on screen
Specify radius of circle : 50 (enter)
second click.

Rectangle:
Rec (enter)
Specify 1st Corner pt: click on Screen first pt
Specify 2nd
Corner pt: click on Screen second pt
Option for specifying other corner points

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 Using dimension option
Specify other corner pt: [Area/ dimension]: D (enter)
Specify length: 100 (enter)
Specify width: 50 (enter)
Click on screen
Using Area option
A (enter)
Enter area of rectangle: 100
L (enter)
10 (enter)
Arc:
Command: Arc (enter)
Specify 1st pt: click on screen
Specify 2nd pt: click on screen
Specify end pt: click on screen
Revision cloud:
Command: Revcloud (enter)
Specify start pt or [arc/length/object/ style]
s (enter)
Spline: Command :Spl (enter)
Click on screen
Ellipse:
Command: El (enter)
Click on screen (3pts)
Ellipse Arc:
Command: El (enter)
A (enter)
Click on screen (3pts).
Hatch:
Command: h (enter)
Scale 50 (properties)
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Click on pick pts.
Click on rectangle
Command: H (enter)
Scale 0.5
Pick pts
Click on rectangle
Point & Point style:
Points are very simple objects and the process of creating them is very simple.
Points are rarely used as drawing components although there is no reason why theycould
not be.
For Example: Points are automatically created when you measure and divide commands
and toset act distance along lines
Point
Command: po (enter)
Click on Screen
Multi Line commands
Command: mline (enter)
Click on Screen
Multiline Style Commands:
Go to format menu
Select multiline style and click
Keyboard: ML style.
Object snap.
Command: OS (enter)
Select the required node otherwise (select all).

Text command
Command: t (enter)
Specify two corners
Enter the textClick on ok
Copy
Command: co (or) cp (enter)
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Select the Object (enter)
Select the base point and place the point
Mirror
Command: mi (enter)
Select the object (enter)
Specify the first pt of mirror line
Specify the second pt of mirror line
Erase the source object (yes/No) <N>
Rectangular Array
Command: ar (enter)
Select Tick The rectangular array
Enter the no of rows
Enter the no of columns
Click on the selected objects button
Polar array:
Command: ar (enter)
Tick polar array
Select the objects
Enter the total no of items
Specify the angle
Specify the center point
Move
Command: m (enter)
Select the object
Specify the base point
Click wherever required
Rotate
Command: ro (enter)
Select the object (enter)
Specify the base point
Enter the angle

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Example: 450 enter
Scale
Command: sc (enter)
Select the object (enter)
Specify the base points
Enter the scale
factor Example: 2
(enter)
Stretch
s (enter)
Select the object (enter)
Specify Base point and drag the mouse
towards the required direction V 25
Trim
Command: tr (enter)
Select cutting edges (enter)
Select the objects to trim
Extend command
Command: Ex (enter)
Select boundary edges (enter)
Then select the object to extend
Break command:
Command: br (enter)
Select 1st point and 2nd point.

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