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Introduction to Venn Diagrams and Probability
Problem Sets
130 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas
Venn diagram isa rectangle (the universal set) that includes circles depicting the
subsets. This diagram is named after the English logician John Venn (1834 — 1923)
in 1880.
Below is a typical problem that is given in the engineering licensure examinations.
A survey was conducted in a graduating ECE students in a certain university on
which board subject they like best. The result is tabulated as follows:
Mathematics 55 Math & Electronics 32
Electronics 50 Math & Communications 28
Communications 51 Electronics & Comm 25
All three subjects 10
How many were there in tHe graduating class? #
Solution: Use Venn diagram:
“(-)
N=5+22+10+18
4341548 (oN
N= 81 students
Electronics
PERMUTATION / COMBINATION / PROBABILITY
Fundamental principle of counting:
* if a thing can be done in m different ways and another thing can be done inn
different ways, then the two things can be done in m times n different ways.”
Nein
‘Communications Venn Diagram, Permutation, Combination and Probability 131
PERMUTATION: (Arrangement with specific order)
“The numer of parmutatons of eon tings taken rat a time is
If taken alll, ea
COMBINATION: (Arrangement regardless of the order)
“The number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time is
—a
Relation between permutation and combination:
#
PROBABILITY:
‘The probability (chance) of occurrence of a certain event in the following topics
are based on the idea that all possible outcomes are equally likely to occur. This
means that if a die is thrown once, the probability of getting a six is 1/6. The same
probability with all the other numbers, i.e for 1 is 1/6, for 2 is 1/6 and so on.
|. Probability that an event E will happen:
%
where: S = number of successful outcomes
‘T= number of outcomes.
ll. Probability that it is not E:
Ill, Mutually exclusive event: 132. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas
IV. Conditional and Independent probability:
V. Binomial or repeated trial probability:
esa
where: p = probability of success
q= probability of failure = 1—p
n= number of trials,
= number of successful trials
. CARDS. When dealing with playing cards, pack of cards
or deck of cards is understood to be 52 cards.
The playing cards were used to describe a calendar year.
‘The 52 cards represent the 52 weeks in a year. The 4
figures (Heart, Spade, Club and Diamond) represent the
4 seasons of the year and the 12 persons (kings,
Queens, Jacks) are the 12 months of the year.
. DICES. Dices were first used by the Chinese. The sum of
the opposite faces of a die is always equal to 7. And the
‘sum of all the vertical faces of a die, no matter how it rolls
is always equal to 14.
Bid you Know that...the number 4 followed by 100 zeros is called
“google” and the term “google” was coined in the 1930s by the nine-
year old nephew of the American mathematician Edward Kasner when
he was asked to come up with a name for a very large number.
Proceed to the next page for your sixth test. GOODLUCK |
