fundamentals of Reinforced CHAPTE ie F our 125 concrete Design Shear and Diagonal Ten Chapier 4 Shear and Diagonal Tension oe I NS GENERAL Another type of beam failure other than bending is shear failure, Shear farlure very dangerous especially if it happens before flexure failure because they caf occur without warming, “To avoid shear failure, the Code provides permissible shear values that have larger safety factors compared to bending failure, thus ensuring ductile type of failure (b) Shear failure of beam stirrup or shear reinforcement Figure 4.4: Shear failure in beams Without stirrup, there is nothing to stop the concrete tension as in Figure 4.1 (a). Stirruj closely spaced as in Figure 4.1 (b). from splitting due to diagonal PS prevent this occurrence especially if they are ‘ t (a) Shear failure of beam without stirrup or shear reinforcementmentals Of Rey, Concrete n? CHAPT R FOUR FAILURE ee TYPES OF SHEAR of the load applied relative in nearest peg, | p Tocation or var failure may be ( diagonal tension fai ) splitting or true shear failure Shear failures or known as the she: shear-compression fail ar span. and (c Diagonal Tension Failure hear span is greater ¢ ‘ar, on the 5 Diagonal tension failure usually occur when the or 4d. shear span > 24 | j q i + | f Shear-Compression Failure Shear-compression failure occurs when the shear span is from d to 2.5 Shear span “\. compression failure Spliting or True Shear Failure plitting failure occurs when th e shear span is less th an the effective depthé z pth Shearantals of Reintoy Funda Concrete Deyet CHAPTER FOUR 7 128 shear and Diagon! a Tension = anion, shear FeinlOrceny, oct to significant axial nsio . embers subject (0 Sif al shear 5.11.3.1.3 For my shall be designed to carry lol he pent Ty exceeds: 5 » factored torsional mom 5.11.3.1.4 At sections W puted by the more detailed calculation « 5,113.2 Shear strength Ve may be com Sec, 5.11.3.21 through 5.11.3.23. 7 but not greater than 0.3, /f'c bm 4. Quantity Vy d/M, shall not be taken grea than 1.0 in computing V; by Eq. 4 - 7, where M, is factored moment occurrirg simultaneously with V,, at section considered. i 5.11.3.2.1 For members subject to shear and flexure only, Eq.4-7 5.11.3.2.2 For members subject to axial compression, Eq. 4 - 7 may be used compute V; with M,, substituted for M, and V, d/M, not then limited to 1.0, whet = 4h-d Mu = My ~ Ny«——— 8 Eq. 4-§ However, V; shall not be taken greater than OF toa Ne a 1 shall be expressed in MP Yu shall be computed by Bese Quantity N, / A, negative, When me as computed by Eq. 48°amentals of Reinforced eunrete Design CHAPTERFOUR 499 Gu Shear and Diagonal Tension 5.11.3.2.5 For members subje to Signitic ant axial tension, x a 2 3/2 a SS = tS bd Eq. 4-10 6 2 where Ns is negative for tension, Quantity N/A, shall be expressed in MPa in the foregoing, yf'- is in MPa and shall not exceed 0.7 MPa except as provided Section 5.11.1.2.1, be Oe Aa bed 1, bis the width of web in mm, d is the effective depth in mm SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY REINFORCEMENT | When factored shear force V, exceeds strength 9V;, shear reinforcement shall be provided to satisfy Eq. 4-1 and Eq. 4-2. The shear strength provided by the stirrups is given by the following but shall not be taken greater than 12 [Fe bud. (a) When shear reinforcement perpendictilar to axis of member is used, Ay fyd V.= why 44-11 | where A, is the area of shear reinforcement within a distance 5. 4, =2 Ay for a U stirrup (see Figure 4.2) (b) When inclined stirrups are used as shear reinforcement, Ay fy(sina + cosa)d Vv. = Avfy(sina + cosa)d Eq. 4-12 | s where a is the angle between inclined stirrups and longitudinal axis of member {c) When shear reinforcement consist of a single bar or a single group of parallel bars, all bent up at the same distance from the support, =A,fysina $ Vf fe budJjamentals of Reinto, Fund: Concrete Dea H JAPTER FOUR 130 Shear and Diagonal Ten Derivation of Eq. 4-11: —, ————E ~~ Fake al nt, Vs is equal to the total Shes ent, ' einforcem arried by re ear force to be carr oe a nee of the bars within @ distat resistan Ve= (Av fd x” ae i ssin ection area each stirrup has crossing, Ay = cross 5! i ina dit n= number of stirrups within a d Av hyd Y= Aafy ©, then Vs= ed, = — istance 7 i EMENT TYPES OF SHEAR REINFORC! / : a According to Section 5.11.5.1 of the Code, shear reinforcement may consist of: f member, and 4) stirrups perpendicular to axis o} 7 i 4 welded wire fabric with wires located perpendicular to axis of member, For nonprestressed members, shear reinforcement may also consist of: 4) stirrups making an angle of 45° or more with longitudinal tension reinforcement, 5) longitudinal reinforcement with bent portion making an angle of 30° or more with the longitudinal tension reinforcement, , ©) combinations of stirrups and bent lon itudinal rei al rein! dspimls 8! forcement, and DESIGN YiELp STRENGTH OF STIRRUPS According the Section § 11.5.2. the des i wing te e design yie! shall not exceed 415 Mpg Stitrups ays ll extend to a distance d fy Ai strength of shear reinforcemet ther bars or wires used as shel! rom extreme s J reinforcement ends to develop @nt@e Compression fiber an P the design yield strength ofundamentals of Reinforced concrete Design SI CHAPTER FOUR 131 (@) A= 2A (b) A= 2A, (O A= 4h —_—____ (d) Ay = 2A, Figure 4.2: Types of stirrups SPACING LIMITS OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT, S According to Section 5.1.5.4 of the Code, the spacing s of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of members shall not exceed d/2 in nonprestressed members and (3/4)h in prestressed members, nor 600 mm. Inclined stirrups and bent longitudinal reinforcement shall be so spaced that every 45° line, extending toward the reaction from middepth of member d/2 to longitudinal tension ‘reinforcement, shall be crossed by at least one line of shear reinforcement. ‘When V, exceed 4 Fe bod maximum spacing given by the above limits shall be » ‘reduced by one-half. MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT ‘According to Section 5.11.55 of the Code, a minimum area of shear reinforcement shall be provided in all reinforced concrete flexural members (prestressed and nonprestressed) where factored shear force Vu exceeds one-half the shear strength ‘provided by concrete Vc , except: (a) Slabs and footings : (®) Concrete joist construction defined by Sec. 5.8.11 ; (c) Beams with total depth not greater than 250 mm, 2-1 times thickness of flange, or ¥2 the width of web, whichever is greatest. 1 \ JERR BR NinFundamentals of Reiny, t CHAPTER FOUR a Concrete, ei, Diagonal Ten: . 132 shear and Diag tt may not be required if sho em ement require i eae - shear reinforcemen WG shear strengths a oped This minimum nal flexural an ts shall simulate effects of gith, test that required nominal Pet ch tes thsi eco shear reinforcement is omg wenper i 7 f i ervice. ettiement, creep, I ane inser’ sccecoment of such effects occurring required, the minimum area of shear reinfo,,, i rf . tis requil reali Where shear ~einforcemen shall be computed by Av® a Bay where by and sare in millimeters. CRITICAL SECTION FOR BEAM SHEAR According to section 5.11.13 of NSCP, the maximum factored shear force We supports may be computed in accordance with the following conditions Provide, that: (2) the support reaction, in direction of the applied shear, compression into the end regions of member, and (6) no concentrated load occurs location of the critical section. introduce between the face of the support and th of support may be des distance dgamentals of Reinforced ke i CHAPTER FOUR cesereen rnerensoun 133 yor prestressed memb ions located less than a distance h/2 from face of support may be designed for the same shear V, as that computed at a distance 1/2 {oy I +e, STEPS IN VERTICAL STIRRUP DESIGN LL I. Vv. Calculate the factored shear force Vy at critical sections defined in Page 132, or at any section you want the spacing to be determined. Calculate the shear stréngth provided by concrete, Ve. Verh J fic bind (or using Eq. 4 - 7) If Vu > Vo, stirrups are necessary, proceed to Set IV. If Vu < 6Vc but Vi > ¥2 §Ve, proceed to step VI (ec. 5.11.5.5.1) If V, <¥%26V;, stirrups are not needéd . Calculate the shear strength V, to be provided by the stirrup. 1. Vn= Vu/o 2. Ve= Va- Ve= Vu/- Ve If Vis 3 J fic bwd, proceed to Step V (Sect. 5.11.5.6.8) If V.> 2 fic bed, adjust the size of the beam ect. 5.11.5.6.8) Spacing of stirrups: Ay fyd Spacing, s= Sohe ; See Figure 4.2 in Page 131 for the value of Ap. s If s < 25 mm, increase the value of A, by either using a bigger bar size or adding more shear area.CHAPTER FOUR Fundamentals of Reintore, 134 Concrete De, ? Shear and Diagonal Tension Maximum spacing, s: (a) When Ves 4 fc beds San 1 3 (bt) When Ve> 4 [fic bu ds Sax = d/4 or 300 mm = d/20r 600 mm VIOUS OV, but Vi > 2 OV: bw § Sect. 5.1155 Minimum area of stirrup, Ar= 3 5.5.3) ty Her) where s = d/2 or 600 mm (whichever ts sma7 tals of Reinforced PE 8 corer Design Shear andDiagonalTension 135 1 (LUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS problem 41 Determine the minimum cross section required for a rectangular beam from a shear standpoint so that no web reinforcement is required by the Code if V.. 168 KN and f = 27.6 MPa. Use V, = 2 ff hd. Assume d = 1.75h. solution Vy= 168 KN v= 2 V276 bud V, = 0.8756 bd (N) $V; = 0.85(0.8756 bd) V, = 0.74426 bd According to Section 5.11.5.5, shear remforcement ts necessary only if Vi/o > ¥2Ve, then Vy = 29. 168,000 = ¥2(0.74426 bd) bd = 451455 mm? 4(1.75b) = 451,455 mm? b= 508 mm say 510 mm d= 889 mm sav 890 mm Problem 4.2 (CE Board) A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties Beam width, b = 320 mm Effective depth, d= 640 mm Concrete strength, f.= 25 MPa Reinforcing steel strength, fy = 400 MPa. If the factored shear force at the critical section is 200,000 N, compute the nominal shear carried by the shear reinforcement according to the ACI ue Hint: V, = 1/6 times the square root of f, times b times d Use 6 = 0.85TE Fundamentals of pe, CHAPTER FOUR oncret fension Shear and Diagonal 7 136 ‘Solution ape section 15 given BY ae rominal sear capaci of ven vet Ve vend fe bet vie pH Ne v= 170967 then ee : fy 200 MPa, is nearest to: Solution “The required stirrup spacing is given by the formula, $= Ave2a $00? A= 1971 mm? V2838kN Vi= 838 «108N (net shear) Note: We cannot check fr maximum spacing because by. is not given. into, CHAPTER FOUR Shear and Diagonal Tension supported reinforced concrete beam with a wi ve depth d of 500 mm has a span of 6mm cm a dead load of 9 kN/m i soistion tion 5.11.1.3.1 of aw ° ung tse o 1 tethers [| -— teen sen Bee em the ce oppor T we (kN) uy = LADL + 1.7L) 1.4(9) #1 43.20 kN/m 4V, = 0.85(101.42) 6V, = 86.207 KN Since V, > $V, web ri cement is necessary Vee Ver Ve Va= Vi/ V, = 127.06 Ve 127.06 - 101.42 V,= 25.64 kNa Fundamentatso (“ ae “hatte j e orgona Ter crete 138 Spear and O09" required shear: “check i the eA 7 (2901500) c a fem 405080 BAT Ags? V(OK) vs or 105mm node requirement 5.11.54) sou s0P Y fiman tO 0) { Fe d= WDSAKN since + Yr Bot a d/2=500/2* 250:mm oF = 600 mm Therefore; uses = 250 mm el Problem 45 “A rectangular beam wih b= 350 mm and d= 600 mm is provided with 10m Aertcal Ustirups with = 414 MPa, Assume f= 20.7 MPa 1) Determine the required stirrup spacing for Vy = 62 KN. 1) Determine the required stirrup spacing for V, = 380 KN, «Determine the required stirrup spacing for Vs = 710 kN Solution Wn bP bel Y= £ 1207 (350)600) v= 15940 Ww y gamentts 1 REIMOFEED pndee peso", Ener snmemeigersncous 139 | vy, = 15924 KN ov 4089105928) joveerorras 5 fF hat 207 C50, 600) Bf bast = 686981 N = 696.961 KN sor Var OBEN ‘ance Vi< $ Oe Stirtups are not needed por Va 380KN Since Vi> $0V. stirrups are needed vy = 28. 085 Vy = 447 KIN V,= 28) V, = 287,760 N Aofyl Ag 2x Ac= 1571 ~_157.1(414)(600) 287,760 5=135.6mm fovided by the 1207 (350)¢6 LP. bod = 318,481 N 4 [TE bod = 8481 KN,parTER FOUR rnso” Concrarinte, Wr 140 Sera ee “SOR entals of Reinforced cum d/2= 600/2 = 300 pant Nes a im mm net Shear ana ogriarter FOUR gee remeron 00 mani pmo et et sginrop 2335 mo “Therefore use 1 “ viet Wie 2b S276 8751570) vet ye 1878 N Veo ye7t0 KN giv7 138.086 KN actored sh — U. for the beam sh¢ rr Ts beam shown in Figure 4, Design pena LL = 67 4N/™ Use f= 27:6MPa and fy = 414 4p" ia Val > = 378/085 Vy/0 = 44.7 KN vin Valo V, V2 4d7 - 187.16 v= 25754 KN 50m 432mm 7 0000 __ Ane FOP «2 Ay = 157 mm? Figure 4.3Po rndaenta of Z one { 142 Sewane 290 Samp snot = Nal fe ee Frors-1591 51018 srais-795 ~ 51018 ane ls6m (6.09 m from support 10.18 - 231.9(0.9) 30147 KN> $V. Ve Vi/o-Ve V,= 301.47/085 - 187.16 V,= 1675KN 157(414)(570) on js of Reinforced Date | gaat et | pyndtite Desig” cons s CHAPTER FOUR hear and Diagonal Fenton ve je B3.9/085- 197.16 Ye 8500 KN nes * 285-m009) at al with the centerline} Length 7mm 980 mm] 1050 mam 220 mm | 1270 menin USHITUPS pe, The dead € & 3 00 0° 00 Figure 4.4 Solution R= ¥s[126(6) + 340) R= S45 KN forthe beam SHOWN in Figure Wd shown includes begs 44, oat beam St | "oH Py = 1.7(200) = 340 kn = 1.4(90) = 126 kvm vek fed [ v= v207 (@50)(635) Vv, = 168529 N V, = 168.53 KN 0, = 0.85(168.53) 0, = 143.25 kN Near the support V, = 548 ~ 126(0.635) Vi. = 468 KN > oV, ako an te ed po Con! tals of Reinforced oor pena Shear ana HAPTER FOUR "af and Diagonal Tension 145 Val Ve 168/085 ~ 168.53, Ve 55206 EN py te section is adeq¥ete cary the shear LY bed = 4 1207 (80,608) 3 [Fc bn d= 7418 N > V. (OK) be ave FOR? ‘pen 157 ma? 157(273.8)(625) s* 382,060 = 72mm Maximum spacing: “Frc be d= 997,059 N since V.> 4 {Fc bwd smux d/ 4= 635/4 Sun 158.75 mam oF 300 min @09 m from support. V.,= 548 ~ 126(0.90) Vi 434.6 KN > 6Ve Va = 434.6/0.85 - 168.53 Vp= 342.76 KN > 4 Frc bed (Sma = 158.75) __ 137(275.8)(635) i 342,760 s= 80mm, @12m from support: Vy = 548 ~ 126(1.2) Vy = 396.8 KN > 6V.Fundamentals of V, = 588 - 1263) Vy = 170KN>4V, Ye 170/085 ~ 16853 VaSMA7ENE SIF bed (6 = 3175) FR Comers | — CHAPTER FOUR 4 sentas of REINO Shear ana Diagonal Tension enamme bese cones 147 Uses= 317mm ee ete te [sews | [osam | sam [0mm | aap sidmm | smn —\ {oman s0mm_| ass mm | ae oc [sevomm | 0mm | 285mm | su1 its outer edge shall ;cement shal mae The depth of rt. Reinfor the required deF TF shear reinforcement of area Ay, The shear reinforceman shall consist ‘sa, or more than ind shall be unio fess than ni shear bar sal dep ofthe bracket adjacent the main tension distributed wit it be less than 0.04 f/ fer tars. The ratio= Aub! ‘at front face of bracket or corbel, anchored by one ofthe folowing / 1) by a structural weld to a transverse Bar Of 2 Bed develop specified yield stength yf As bars; (iby bending primary tension bars A back to form a horizontal loop, or (0. by some other mars of positive anchorage. primary tension reinforcement A. shall by least equal size; weld to be ‘SHEAR FRICTION DESIGN METHOD (SECTION 5.11.7.4) When the ratio of a/d is 05 or less, the bracket design may comply with Section S174 of NSCP. With this method, a failure crack location is assumed Reinforcement is then provided perpendicular tothe crack to prevent failure. Due to the rough surface at a crack, friction develops under the tension in the CHAPTER FOUR gals of Reinforced Shear and Diagonal Tension jamentals of pote bess load develops in the concrete at ran ose a tetra nk the ox res on friction reinfc x of eof! FEINFOFCEMEN Ay required In adebon to reinforcement scement yield a given as he design shear in Newton, at the section, f fot more than 415 MPa; and i, the co Concrete placed monolithically o Aah ‘Concrete placed against hardened concrete with surface roughened as specified in Sec. 5.1.7.9 1.0% Concrete placed against hardened concrete not intentionally roughened oer Concrete anchored to as-rolled structural steel by headed Om Meads or by reinforcing bars (see Sec.5.11.7.10) spore = 10 for normal Weight concrete, 085 for “sand-lightwel ete all light-weight” concrete, Linear interpola sand replacement 1m reinforcement A, should be adequate ‘due to the vertical load and any horizontal forces. The reinforce! developed to prevent pull-out, or proper anchorage wit bar welded to the bars at the end of the bracket tis used, The tension the moments ‘must be properly support and by a cross! concrete and sn is permitted when partial face of the support to resist ment in theFor members cast monolithically with a slab, the overhanging flange width used in computing Avy and py shall conform to Section 413.34 Re of Reintorcea en mmentais of Rint onan Bei9, Carrer Four 4654 Shear and Diagonal Tension, iscP C101-01) ter of concrete CFOSS-SectiON, my, Ty 19 a member is required 6 ery vousnt ea to arn a eaath ale given in Sectiam 4117.1 \ 5° on, 76 \ resisting torsion withina distanc. y indeterminat up e for al Kes, ly te struc Te reduction of the torsional we a 22 0 rembe an aoe ene eta tora | sang externally applied loads or ap je ithe maximum factored torsional moment hibaipersieealee tee “inforcement, MPa 4 pete torsional reinforcement, MP 1, For non-prestressed members, at the sections described in Section 4117.24 7 -rete cross-section, mm ine closed transvey ones outermost os "ny iment in direction parallel to lon Biting f I gonals in russ analogy fOr torsion angle ofcomPress the f sion effects when the factored to neglect tors Lorsiony remitted 1.71 It shall be pert saa Tis less ta in such a case, the correspondingly redistributed bending, moments and shears embers: restressed mem! .djoining members shall be used in the design of those members. 1 inthe a 1. For nompi 41.723 Unless determined by @ more exact analysis, it shall be permitted to take the torsional loading from a slab as uniformly distributed along, the member. er 411.724 In non-prestressed members, sections located less than a distance d essed members: from the face of a support shall be designed for not less than the torsion Ty computed at a distance d. If a concentrated torque occurs within this distance. the critical section for design shall be at the face of the support. 2 For pret 411.7.25 In prestressed members, sections located less than a distance ht/2 from the face of a support shall be designed for not less than the torsion T u computed ata distance /i/2. .If a concentrated torque occurs within this distance, the critical section for design shall be at the face of the support.Fundamentals of p, oe, Ses sound the perimeter of a h n where the left-hand thickness is ess 411734 Design yield strength of non-prestressed torsion reinforcement shall ot exe 415 MPa, 411.735 The rsforcement required for torsion shall be cletermined from: Tso Ty 1.736 The tans “ast nforement for torsion shall be designed usi mentals of Reinforced CHAPTER FOUR Fund Design, Shear and Diagonal Tension 153 tone —————— ~ bbe determined by analysis except that it shall be permitted to take shall not be taken wes nor larger than permitted to take 0 " than 30 ds 1. 45x omprestssed members or menor with ss pre ss than in 75? for prestressed members with an effective > than 40 percent of the tes P 411.737 The a pe fess thar (shall be the same value used in Eq, 4 - 24 and A,/s shall be taken as the ed from Eq. 4 - 24 not modified in accordance with Section Pre inforcement required for torsion shall be added to that required for the shear, moment and axial force that act in combination with the torsion. The ost restrictive requirements for reinforcement spacing and placement must be met 4117.39 It shall be permitted: to reduce the area of longitudinal torsion reinforcement in the flexural compression zone by an amount equal to M./(09 4 {where M, is he factored moment acting at the section in combination with T,except that the reinforcement provided shall not be less than that required by Section 411.753 or 411.7.6.2. In Prestressed Beams: 1. The total longitudinal reinforcement including tendons at each section shall resist the factored bending moment at that section plus an additional concentric longitudinal tensile force equal to Ar fy, based on the factored torsion at that section, and 2 The spacing of the longitudinal reinforcement including tendons sl satisfy the requirements in Section 411.7.6.2 4111.73.11 In prestressed beams, it shall be permitted to reduce the area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement on the side of the member in compressionee Pe Fundamentals of _ on Harter FOUR, yen sioP : = Shear an Pontecan ae s ‘Diagonal Tension 155 se ahat rower Tequired for torsion 19S with a may be inside the each comer brovided for a distance of atleast (b+ a) Shear failure of beamrune - Concrete pottty H fe Deg tt R ; HAPTER Fowonal Tension c shear an! 156 , 7 ctangular beam , U stirrup in a Te _ wit vq spacing of 10-mm eo KN. Use fc = 28 MPa by required spa section where Vi 4 and; 420 problem 4.8 Calculate the 280 mm and d= 345 MPa. Problem 4.9 ‘ a rectangular beam wi U stirrup in With Calculate the re a yn 250 KN. Use fe = 20.7 MPa ma ih 280 mm and d = quired spacing of 10- 440 mm at a section = 276 MPa. Problem 4.10 . . A rectangular beam with b = 270 mm and d = 510 mm is provided with 10-my vertical U stirrups with fy = 276 MPa. Assume f'c = 22 MPa a) Determine the required stirrup spacing for V, = 45 kN 4) Determine the required stirrup spacing for V, = 95 kN d stirrup spacing for Vy = 247 kN ©) Determine the require ‘Determine the required stirrup spacing for Vi = 480 KN Problem 4.11 Select the stirrup spacing for the T-beam beam shown. supported over a span of 6 m and carries a uniform d support a dead | (including its own weight) and live load of 100 KN/m. Use Soa ane if assume f; = 20.7 MPa and fy = 275.8 MPa The beam is simply 1400 mm 600 mm 400 mm