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Electron Configuration and

Chemical Periodicity
1 UNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA

Prof. Dr. Fakhili Gul

Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity

1 Development of the Periodic Table

2 Characteristics of Many-Electron Atoms

3 The Quantum-Mechanical Model and the Periodic Table

4 Trends in Some Key Periodic Atomic Properties

5 The Connection Between Atomic Structure and Chemical

Reactivity

Mendeleevs Periodic Law

Arranged the 65 known elements by atomic mass
and by recurrence of various physical and
chemical properties.

The Periodic Table today is very similar but

arranged according to atomic number (number of
protons).

The arrangement led to families of elements with

similar properties and at the time allowed for the
prediction and properties of elements yet to be
discovered.

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Table 1 Mendeleevs Predicted Properties of Germanium

(eka Silicon) and Its Actual Properties

Predicted Properties Actual Properties of

Property of eka Silicon(E) Germanium (Ge)

atomic mass 72amu 72.61amu

appearance gray metal gray metal
density 5.5g/cm3 5.32g/cm3
molar volume 13cm3/mol 13.65cm3/mol
specific heat capacity 0.31J/g*K 0.32J/g*K
oxide formula EO2 GeO2
oxide density 4.7g/cm3 4.23g/cm3
sulfide formula ES2; insoluble in H2O; GeS2; insoluble in H2O;
and solubility soluble in aqueous (NH4)2S soluble in aqueous (NH4)2S
chloride formula ECl4; (<1000C) GeCl4; (840C)
(boiling point)
chloride density 1.9g/cm3 1.844g/cm3
element preparation reduction of K2EF6 with reduction of K2GeF6 with
sodium sodium

Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital is specified by three quantum numbers.
n the principal quantum number - a positive integer
l the angular momentum quantum number - an integer from 0 to n-1
ml the magnetic moment quantum number - an integer from -l to +l
The three quantum numbers are actually giving the energy of the
electron in the orbital and a fourth q.n. is needed to describe a
property of electrons called spin. The spin can be clockwise or
counterclockwise.
The spin q.n., ms can be + or - .

The Pauli Exclusion Principle - No two electrons in the

same atom can have the same four q.n. Since the first three
q.n. define the orbital, this means only two electrons can be
in the same orbital and they must have opposite spins.

Table 2 Summary of Quantum Numbers of Electrons in Atoms

Name Symbol Permitted Values Property

principal n positive integers(1,2,3,) orbital energy (size)

angular l integers from 0 to n-1 orbital shape (The l values
momentum 0, 1, 2, and 3 correspond to
s, p, d, and f orbitals,
respectively.)
magnetic ml integers from -l to 0 to +l orbital orientation

spin ms +1/2 or -1/2 direction of e- spin

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Factors Affecting Atomic Orbital Energies

The Effect of Nuclear Charge (Zeffective)

Higher nuclear charge lowers orbital energy (stabilizes the

system) by increasing nucleus-electron attractions.

The Effect of Electron Repulsions (Shielding)

Additional electron in the same orbital (makes less stable)

An additional electron raises the orbital energy through
electron-electron repulsions.

Additional electrons in inner orbitals (makes outer orbital less stable)

Inner electrons shield outer electrons more effectively than

do electrons in the same sublevel.

The effect of
another electron
in the same
orbital

The effect of other

electrons in inner
orbitals

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The effect of orbital shape

Order for filling energy sublevels with

electrons

Illustrating Orbital Occupancies

The electron configuration

# of electrons in the sublevel

n l
as s,p,d,f

The orbital diagram

empty

A vertical
orbital diagram
for the Li half-filled
ground state

filled, spin-paired

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 Determining Quantum Numbers from Orbital

Diagrams
PROBLEM: Write a set of quantum numbers for the third electron and a set
for the eighth electron of the F atom.

PLAN: Use the orbital diagram to find the third and eighth electrons.

9F

1s 2s 2p

SOLUTION: The third electron is in the 2s orbital. Its quantum numbers are

n= 2 l= 0 ml = 0 ms= +1/2

The eighth electron is in a 2p orbital. Its quantum numbers are

n= 2 l= 1 ml = -1 ms = -1/2

Orbital occupancy for the first 10 elements, H through Ne.

Hunds rule

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Condensed ground-state electron configurations in

the first three periods.

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A periodic table of partial ground-state electron configurations

The relation between orbital filling and the periodic table

General
pattern for
filling the
sublevels

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 Determining Electron Configuration

PROBLEM: Using the periodic table on the inside cover of the text (not Figure
8.12 or Table 8.4), give the full and condensed electrons
configurations, partial orbital diagrams showing valence electrons,
and number of inner electrons for the following elements:
(a) potassium (K: Z = 19) (b) molybdenum (Mo: Z = 42) (c) lead (Pb: Z = 82)
PLAN: Use the atomic number for the number of electrons and the periodic
table for the order of filling for electron orbitals. Condensed
configurations consist of the preceding noble gas and outer electrons.
SOLUTION:
(a) for K (Z = 19)

full configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s1

condensed configuration [Ar] 4s1
partial orbital diagram There are 18 inner electrons.

4s1

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

continued
(b) for Mo (Z = 42)

full configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s14d5

condensed configuration [Kr] 5s14d5
partial orbital diagram There are 36 inner electrons
and 6 valence electrons.

5s1 4d5

(c) for Pb (Z = 82)

full configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p2
condensed configuration [Xe] 6s24f145d106p2
partial orbital diagram
There are 78 inner electrons
and 4 valence electrons.

6s2 6p2

Defining metallic and covalent radii

Knowing the Cl radius and

the C-Cl bond length, the C
radius can be determined.

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Trends in the
Periodic Table

Atomic radii of the main-

group and transition
elements.

Trends in the
Periodic Table

Periodicity of atomic radius

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 Ranking Elements by Atomic Size

PROBLEM: Using only the periodic table (not Figure 8.15)m rank each set of
main group elements in order of decreasing atomic size:
(a) Ca, Mg, Sr (b) K, Ga, Ca (c) Br, Rb, Kr (d) Sr, Ca, Rb

PLAN: Elements in the same group decrease in size as you go up;

elements decrease in size as you go across a period.

SOLUTION:
(a) Sr > Ca > Mg These elements are in Group 2A(2).

(b) K > Ca > Ga These elements are in Period 4.

(c) Rb > Br > Kr Rb has a higher energy level and is far to the left.
Br is to the left of Kr.

(d) Rb > Sr > Ca Ca is one energy level smaller than Rb and Sr.
Rb is to the left of Sr.

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Trends in the
Periodic Table
Periodicity of first ionization
energy (IE1)

Energy required to
remove one outermost
electron.

First ionization
energies of the
main-group
elements

Trends in the
Periodic Table

SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 Ranking Elements by First Ionization Energy

PROBLEM: Using the periodic table only, rank the elements in each of the
following sets in order of decreasing IE1:
(a) Kr, He, Ar (b) Sb, Te, Sn (c) K, Ca, Rb (d) I, Xe, Cs

PLAN: IE increases as you proceed up in a group; IE increases as you go

across a period.

SOLUTION:
(a) He > Ar > Kr Group 8A(18) - IE decreases down a group.

(b) Te > Sb > Sn Period 5 elements - IE increases across a period.

(c) Ca > K > Rb Ca is to the right of K; Rb is below K.

(d) Xe > I > Cs I is to the left of Xe; Cs is further to the left and
down one period.

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Trends in the The first three ionization

energies of beryllium
Periodic Table (in MJ/mol)

SAMPLE PROBLEM 5 Identifying an Element from Successive

Ionization Energies

PROBLEM: Name the Period 3 element with the following ionization energies
(in kJ/mol) and write its electron configuration:
IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6
1012 1903 2910 4956 6278 22,230

PLAN: Look for a large increase in energy which indicates that all of the
valence electrons have been removed.

SOLUTION:
The largest increase occurs after IE5, that is, after the 5th valence
electron has been removed. Five electrons would mean that the
valence configuration is 3s23p3 and the element must be
phosphorous, P (Z = 15).
The complete electron configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p3.

Electron affinities of the main-group elements

Trends in the
Periodic
Table

Electron Affinity:

Energy change to
add one electron.

In most cases, EA
negative (energy
released because
electron attracted
to nucleus

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Trends in three atomic properties

Trends in metallic behavior

Main-group ions and the noble

Trends in the Properties of
gas configurations
Monatomic Ions
Periodic
Table

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 6 Writing Electron Configurations of Main-Group Ions

PROBLEM: Using condensed electron configurations, write reactions for the

formation of the common ions of the following elements:
(a) Iodine (Z = 53) (b) Potassium (Z = 19) (c) Indium (Z = 49)
PLAN: Ions of elements in Groups 1A(1), 2A(2), 6A(16), and 7A(17) are usually
isoelectronic with the nearest noble gas.
Metals in Groups 3A(13) to 5A(15) can lose their np or ns and np
electrons.
SOLUTION:
(a) Iodine (Z = 53) is in Group 7A(17) and will gain one electron to be isoelectronic
with Xe: I ([Kr]5s24d105p5) + e- I- ([Kr]5s24d105p6)

(b) Potassium (Z = 19) is in Group 1A(1) and will lose one electron to be isoelectronic
with Ar: K ([Ar]4s1) K+ ([Ar]) + e-

(c) Indium (Z = 49) is in Group 3A(13) and can lose either one electron or three
electrons: In ([Kr]5s24d105p1) In+ ([Kr]5s24d10) + e-
In ([Kr]5s24d105p1) In3+([Kr] 4d10) + 3e-

Magnetic Properties of Transition

Metal Ions
A species with unpaired electrons exhibits paramagnetism.
It is attracted by an external magnetic field.

Species with all paired es, not attracted........diamagnetic

SAMPLE PROBLEM 7 Writing Electron Configurations and Predicting

Magnetic Behavior of Transition Metal Ions

PROBLEM: Use condensed electron configurations to write the reaction for the
formation of each transition metal ion, and predict whether the ion is
paramagnetic.
(a) Mn2+(Z = 25) (b) Cr3+(Z = 24) (c) Hg2+(Z = 80)

PLAN: Write the electron configuration and remove electrons starting with
ns to match the charge on the ion. If the remaining configuration
has unpaired electrons, it is paramagnetic.
SOLUTION:
(a) Mn2+(Z = 25) Mn([Ar]4s23d5) Mn2+ ([Ar] 3d5) + 2e- paramagnetic

(b) Cr3+(Z = 24) Cr([Ar]4s23d6) Cr3+ ([Ar] 3d5) + 3e- paramagnetic

(c) Hg2+(Z = 80) Hg([Xe]6s24f145d10) Hg2+ ([Xe] 4f145d10) + 2e-

not paramagnetic (is diamagnetic)

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Ionic vs.
atomic radius

SAMPLE PROBLEM 8 Ranking Ions by Size

PROBLEM: Rank each set of ions in order of decreasing size, and explain your
ranking:
(a) Ca2+, Sr2+, Mg2+ (b) K+, S2-, Cl - (c) Au+, Au3+
PLAN: Compare positions in the periodic table, formation of positive and
negative ions and changes in size due to gain or loss of electrons.

SOLUTION:

(a) Sr2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ These are members of the same Group (2A/2) and
therefore decrease in size going up the group.

(b) S2- > Cl - > K+ The ions are isoelectronic; S2- has the smallest Zeff and
therefore is the largest while K+ is a cation with a large Zeff
and is the smallest.
(c) Au+ > Au3+ The higher the + charge, the smaller the ion.

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