WRITING
A. FREE WRITING
Free writing is a prewriting technique in which a person writes continuously for a set
period of time without regard to spelling, grammar, or topic. It helps writers overcome blocks of
apathy and self-criticism. It is used mainly by prose writers and writing teachers. The purpose of
free writing is not the end product. It is used to collect thoughts and ideas and explore a subject.
The only rule to be followed in free writing is not to stop writing.
Characteristics of Free Writing:
There is no structure, organization or clear connections.
No importance is given to grammar, punctuation, or spelling.
The benefits of Free Writing:
It makes you more comfortable with the act of writing.
It can be a valve to release inner tensions.
It can help you discover things to write about.
It can indirectly improve your formal writing.
Example:
My hobby
My hobby is reading. I read story books, magazines, newspapers and any kind of material
that I find interesting. This hobby got started when I was a little boy. I had always wanted my
parents to read fairy tales and other stories to me. Reading enables me to learn about so many
things.
Reading books keep one always happy and busy. It is the good source of enjoyment,
knowledge, inspiration and instruction. It makes us disciplined, loyal, punctual and most
importantly a successful person in the life. Now I really know the benefits of my reading habit. It
enables me to gain all the general knowledge about any topic. This habit makes me learned about
the world wonders, history of origin of life, space, animals, plants, aquatic animals, human
achievements, and other fascinating things about world.
My dream
Everyone in this life has his own dream. Dream is what you want to do for your future.
My dream is to become a teacher. Teaching is a noble profession. Teachers are respected by
students and parents. I want to become a guide, Philosopher and a real friend of the students. I
want to turn the inner eye towards light with the powerful tool called education. I will follow
simple living and high thinking.
I will share the subject knowledge with my students and also theoretical knowledge to
develop their personal character. I will instill spirit of patriotism and nationalism in the minds of
my students so that they are aware about the rights and duties. I will show them the path towards
truth to lead a virtuous and noble life. I will try my best to do my dream job in the future, I will
keep on dreaming to overcome the problem and keep believing I will have a good life in the
future.
B. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL WRITING
An autobiography is a written account of the life of a person written by that person. The
word 'autobiography' comes from the Greek words- 'autos' which means ' self '; 'bios' which
means ' life' and 'graphien' which means 'writing'. An Autobiography can provide insightful
information to future generations, or reflect on one's life or just provide an exercise in narrative
writing.
Guidelines to writing an Autobiography:
Present yourself as a whole person, and be true to yourself
Decide where you want to start from
Begin by introducing yourself
Create an outline
Don't exaggerate
Write a first draft
Edit and redraft your story
Example:
My Unforgettable Day
My first day at college is an important event of my life. It is an unforgettable day. It was
quite different from what I had seen in and around our school. I came across many unknown
faces. The professors were coming smilingly and exchanging greetings with the students in a
friendly manner.I found all the newly admitted students in high spirits. They were all happy to
make friends. I moved round the college. I was very much delighted to see the grand library of
the college. The college laboratory excited my interest on the very first day and I got eager to
perform experiments there. There is no restriction of [Link] first day was full of new
experiences, old friends and interesting classes. I feel happy and comfortable.
My Holiday Trip
I went to Chennai. It is the amazing place in TamilNadu and it is also known as "Gate
way of South India". I visited Fort St. George . It is a place of pride and prominence in Chennai.
It was built in 1640 AD. I saw Valluvar Kottam which is the memorial to the poet-saint
Tiruvalluvar. I went to Marina Beach and I saw the glittering golden sand and a clear strip of
blue sea .It is said to be the second longest beach in the world. In the platform I had a cup of
warm milk and some sweetmeats. I really enjoyed my trip. I'm so excited. My trip had been a lot
more enjoyable than expected.
BIOGRAPHICAL WRITING (PLACE, PEOPLE)
Biographical Writing
A biography is simply the story of a person or the history of the place. Biographies tell the basic
facts of someone's life, importance, and basic information.
Biographies are usually about famous or ordinary people. Biography of an ordinary person can
tell a lot about a particular time and place. It gives details of historical figures, but it can also be
about people who are alive. Biographies analyze and interpret the events in a person's life. It
finds connections, explain the meaning of unexpected actions or mysteries, and make arguments
about the significance of the person's accomplishments or life activities. To write a biography a
person or thing is selected. The basic facts of the person's life or place or the thing are found out.
Important events that happened in the life of the person or important data about the thing are
collected. Then they are written in the chronological order and coherence in an interesting
manner.
Steve Jobs of Apple and Bill Gates of Microsoft
Steve Jobs born in Green Bay, Wisconsin on the 24th of February 1995 is the co-founder and
CEO of Apple Computer and a leader in Pixar which is a computer animation studio. On the
other hand, Bill Gates born in Seattle, Washington on the 28th of October 1955 is married to
Melinda French Gates and has three children. Bill Gates is the co-founder and current Chairman
and Chief Software Architect of Microsoft. Both started their careers almost at the same time and
within the same industry. They are without doubt, two of the most successful and wealthy men in
the PC industry. Steve Jobs is a true creative thinker and technological leader while Bill Gates is
the opportunity seeker. The competition and rivalry between Gates and Jobs has become one of
the most enduring and fascinating in the American business industry. In the end both men are
well-known and idolized by many.
Although each company has its own philosophy, there is a slight difference between Microsoft's
and Apple's philosophies because each philosophy has a different aim. Microsoft's philosophy is;
"Make computers accessible to everyone and make it very easy to use" and that is more
concerned about making their computers being easy to access and making it as easy as they can
for everyone else to use.
They both established and co-founded their companies along with another person. Bill Gates
cofounded Microsoft with Paul Allen who dropped out of Washington State University to pursue
his higher studies and Bill Gates dreamt of writing software commercially for the new personal
computers. However, in November 2000 Allen resigned from his position on the Microsoft
board. As for Apple, it was co-founded by Steve Jobs Wozniak who is credited with initiating the
entry of computers into private homes and he also wrote most of the software that Apple ran.
Bill Gates' first achievement was the development of a programming language called BASIC for
the Altair computer which is the first commercially successful personal computer. As for Steve
Jobs, his first big achievement was Apple II which was the most popular and best selling
personal computer of its time. There is a difference between their first achievements because
Microsoft first development was software whereas Apple's first product was hardware.
Both Bill Gates and Steve Jobs are extremely good in inventing ideas, and developing them and
making them into a successful product. This is possible for them because they are not at all afraid
of taking any risks and try very hard even if they do not always get it right the first time. An
example for this would be MS-DOS for Microsoft and an example for Apple would be The Lisa
and the Page Maker.
Bill Gates has two books written by him, these books called 'Business @ The speed of Thought'
and 'The Road Ahead'. In addition to that, he also has books written about him like 'Bill Gates
and the Making of Microsoft Empire.' On the other hand, Steve Jobs does not have any books
written by him but there were books written about him like 'The Second Coming of Steve Jobs'
and 'Steve Jobs and The Next Big Thing.'
No matter how much rivalry or competition, Bill Gates and Steve Jobs achieved a huge amount
of success in their own way. They had similarities between them such as co-founding their
companies along with another person, Steve Jobs co-founded Apple with Steve Wozniak and
Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. They were also similar in taking in an idea
and developing them without being afraid of facing any risks. Apart from these similarities, Bill
Gates and Steve Jobs also had some differences between them; these differences include the fact
that both of their companies have their own different and unique philosophy with different aims.
Also their first achievements differ because Microsoft's first achievement BASIC was software
whereas Apple's first achievement Apple II was hardware. Bill Gate also had 2 books written by
him in addition to books written about him but Steve Jobs didn't have the skills to write any
books , there were only books written about him by other people.
Favourite National Leader Dr. APJ. Abdul Kalam
Abul Phaqir Jain-ul-Abideen Abdul Kalam is known as A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. He is a dynamic
personality, very kind in nature and an inspiring Indian to the billions of Indians. He was born on
15th October, 1931 in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India. He spent most of his childhood in
financial problems and started working at an early age to support his family. His father had to
lend his boat to other fishermen. Abdul Kalam was able to tackle the difficulties at a very early
age. He sold newspapers around the town. Later he became a living legend, who became popular
in the absence or resources and finances. He is a symbol of hard work and excellence to each and
every citizen of India.
He is a world renowned scientist, an aerospace engineer, professor, and chancellor of the Indian
Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST). He has also served as the 11 th President of
India from 25th July 2002 to 2007. He is popularly known as the People's President. Prior to his
presidency, Kalam held different posts in DRDO (Defense Research and Development
Organisation) and in ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation). He was also the Chief
instructor of SLV3 project, and has successfully launched Indias various missiles like Agni,
Akash, Prithvi, Naag, Trishul etc. Owing to the success of this project, he has become famous as
Missile man of India and all over the world. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest
civilian honour in 1997. Dr. Kalam was honored with Bharat Ratna even before being elected to
the highest office. Moreover he has received thirty honorary doctoral degrees from various
universities all over the world. The Government of India honoured him with the nation's highest
civilian honours: the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and Padma Vibhushan in 1990.
Dr. Kalam is a man of vision who has lofty dreams for Mother India. He is secular to the core
and hence his great popularity with all sections of society. He reads the Quoran as well as the
Gita everyday and greets his visitors with Ram Ram and Salam. Apart from reading, he has
great interest in Indian classical music and is also a good writer. He is the author of four books,
like Wings of Fire, India 2020, My Journey, and Ignited Minds.
The first novel Wings of Fire is an autobiography of him. He narrates his own story to success,
the great story of a simple boy from a very humble background in a remote corner of India, to a
top engineer, a rocket scientist, a great leader and eventually the President of a billion plus
people. Right from his childhood, his story is one of sacrifice and struggle. His family also
sacrificed a lot to help him succeed and go beyond his small fishing village. His autobiography
has anecdotes of the roles various mentors played in his life. He succeeded in his life with the
constant motivation and guidance of leaders like [Link] Sarabhai and [Link] Prakash.
In his book India 2020 Kalam has strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a
strong nation by the year 2020. He has regarded his nation as a knowledge superpower. His work
projects India's nuclear weapons program as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.
In his third book My Journey Dr. Kalam has given the way of transforming the dreams into
actions. It describes the unique experience and anecdotes from his life. It shows the value of
education and the good values of life, to be followed by youth. Through this book he has given a
great message for every child that "Hard work and piety, study and learning, compassion and
forgiveness - these are the cornerstones of life. Ignited Minds: is a book written to unleash the
power in India. The people of our nation have the power, and hard work, to realize their dream of
a good life. In this book, he has discussed different issues and themes that struck him on his tour
around the country where he met thousands of school children, teachers, scientists, saints and
seers in the course of two years. The necessity for patriotism transcends religion and politics. We
should have role models who point out the path to take, and for confidence in ourselves and in
our strengths. Dr. Kalam believed and practiced these principles.
Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal of Agra is one of the Seven Wonders of the World, for reasons more than just
looking magnificent. It's the history of Taj Mahal that adds a soul to its majesty: a soul that is
filled with love, loss, remorse, and love again. Because if it was not for love, the world would
have been robbed of a fine example upon which people base their relationships. It was built by
the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, in the remembrance of love with Mumtaz Mahal, his dear wife.
She was a Muslim Persian princess (her name Arjumand Banu Begum before marriage) and he
was the son of the Mughal Emperor Jehangir and grandson of Akbar the Great. It was at the age
of 14 that he met Mumtaz and fell in love with her. Five years later in the year 1612, they got
married.
Mumtaz Mahal, an inseparable companion of Shah Jahan, died in 1631, while giving birth to
their 14th child. It was in the memory of his beloved wife that Shah Jahan built a magnificent
monument as a tribute to her, which we today know as the "Taj Mahal". The construction of Taj
Mahal started in the year 1631. Masons, stonecutters, inlayers, carvers, painters, calligraphers,
dome-builders and other artisans were requisitioned from the whole of the empire and also from
Central Asia and Iran, and it took approximately 22 years to build what we see today. An epitome
of love, it made use of the services of 22,000 laborers and 1,000 elephants. The monument was
built entirely out of white marble, which was brought in from all over India and central Asia.
After an expenditure of approximately 32 million rupees (approx US $68000), Taj Mahal was
finally completed in the year 1653.
It was soon after the completion of Taj Mahal that Shah Jahan was deposed by his own son
Aurangzeb and was put under house arrest at nearby Agra Fort. Shah Jahan, himself also, lies
entombed in this mausoleum along with his wife. Moving further down the history, it was at the
end of the 19th century that British Viceroy Lord Curzon ordered a sweeping restoration project,
which was completed in 1908, as a measure to restore what was lost during the Indian rebellion
of 1857: Taj being blemished by British soldiers and government officials who also deprived the
monument of its immaculate beauty by chiseling out precious stones and lapis lazuli from its
walls. Also, the British style lawns that we see today adding on to the beauty of Taj were
remodeled around the same time. Despite prevailing controversies, past and present threats from
Indo-Pak war and environmental pollution, this epitome of love continuous to shine and attract
people from all over the world.
Exercise
1. Write a biography of [Link] Kalam of 300 words.
2. Write a biography of Dynamo of about 300 words.
3. Write a history on the great wall of China, the essay should not exceed more than 300
words.
Process Description
In a process description, the first step is to begin with an overall functioning of the process and
then move on to the step by step performance of specific stages. Process description should be
in the objective and impersonal style. It must be written in the passive construction. Words
should be specific and concrete. Present tense is used.
Description of the process of Rice Husk Cement production:
Rice Husk is produced in such a huge quantity in rice mills that its disposal becomes a serious
problem. A new process has been evolved to convert it into cement by following a few steps in
the process of conversion.
Rice husk and lime sludge are mixed together in equal quantity. The mixing is done so
thoroughly that the ingredients cannot be easily separated. Secondly, the mixed substance is
made into cakes and dried sufficiently in sunlight. Next, it is burnt in the open in a furnace and
as a result, reactive ash is formed which can be ground to powder. The powder is mixed with
lime. Now it has acquired the properties of cement.
The cement thus obtained may not have the usual compressive strength of Portland cement. It
can, however, be used for constructing small houses in rural areas.
The Glass Making Process
Glass can be made from three ingredients. Silica, the most prevalent ingredient in the Earth's
crust, is found as quartz and sand. Soda ash, or sodium carbonate, is also used to make glass.
This material can be obtained from the ashes of certain plants and from processing salt. Calcium
oxide, also known as lime, is another key ingredient of glass and is found in limestone. Silica,
soda ash and lime are the main ingredients in glass, but many other chemicals can be added to
the mixture to create certain properties. For example, barium is sometimes used to increase glass'
brilliance, and boron can be added to increase heat resistance. Chemicals that reduce the melting
point of the silica are also frequently used. Sometimes recycled glass, called cullet, is also added.
The desired ingredients are mixed and then melted into liquid in large furnaces.
Once glass has been melted, it can be shaped and used in various ways. When blowing
glass, a ball of melted glass is placed on the end of a hollow iron tube. Air is then blown into the
tube to shape the glass on the other end. Air can be blown in manually or by machine. The glass
is reheated often during this process so that it stays pliable. When the glass blower is finished
with the piece, it is allowed to cool and is then broken free from the blowing tube. In the pressing
method of glass making, the liquid glass is poured into a mold and then pressed into shape by
either a machine or a special tool. This is how bowls and ashtrays are made. Glass drawing is
used to make flat and tubular pieces, such as glass for windows and test tubes. To make the glass
flat, it is placed into a tank along with melted tin. The glass floats on top of the tin. Because the
tin has a very smooth surface, the glass floats on top and forms sheets. Tube-shaped glass is
poured into a spinning mold. Air is blown through the mold as it spins to keep the cooling glass
on the outside edge of the tube.
Once the glass is finished, it goes through an annealing or tempering process to increase
its strength. The annealing process involves making the glass hot again and then allowing it to
cool slowly. When glass is tempered it is also reheated, but tempered glass is cooled very quickly
with air. Depending on the desired properties, the finished glass can be coated with different
materials to further increase strength, reduce glare or add other desired traits.
Describe the process of
1. Operating a bicycle pump and pumping air into a cycle tube.
2. Booking a train ticket at a Reservation Counter.
3. Applying for a B.E/[Link] seat.
4. Extraction of gold
5. Manufacture of spartec tiles
