Grammar 1

VERBS PATTERNS

+VERB+ING AVOID END UP REGRET BEGIN PREFER

(DOING) KEEP START DONT MIND CONTINUE FINISH
LOVE LIKE HATE MISS ENJOY
+INF WITH REFUSE NEED HOPE PRETEND
TO (TO DO) MANAGE PREFER START SEEM CONTINUE
FORGET LOVE LIKE HATE PLAN
DECIDE
+OBJ+INF MAKE LET
(SB/STH DO)
+OBJ+INF ALLOW FORCE ENCOURAGE EXPECT PERSUADE
WITH TO ASK TEACH HELP PAY CONVINCE
(SB/STH TO
DO)
+INF (DO) MIGHT CAN WILL COULD WOULD
SHOULD HAD BETTER RATHER

En UK, the verbs LIKE, LOVE, DISLIKE y HATE van con verb (ing) pero en USA van con
TO INFINITIVE

VERBS WITH DIFFERENT MEANINGS

REMEMBER + VERB (ING): recordar algo que se hizo antes

REMEMBER + TO INF : hacer una nota mental de algo para hacer en el futuro
STOP + VERB (ING): dejar de hacer algo que se estaba haciendo
STOP + TO INF: dejar de hacer algo para hacer otra
TRY + VERB (ING): hacer algo para resolver un problema
TRY + TO INF: hacer un esfuerzo para hacer algo difcil

ENGLISH VERB SYSTEM

Simple forms: things that are repeated, permanent (present simple) or completed
(past simple).
Continuous forms: things that are in progress (past continuous) , temporary (present
continuous).
Perfect forms : things that connect two different time periods (past and
present)Present Perfect Simple and Past Perfect Simple
ACTIVITY AND STATE VERBS

Activity verbs: activities and actions (learn, change, run, play, hit, lose, etc)
State verbs: states, feelings and opinions (need, seem, know, remember, love, want,
have got, hear, believe, agree, forget, mean, understand, like, hate, prefer, belong,
own, cost). No se usan state verbs en formas continuas.

USES OF AUXILIARIES

CONTINUOUS FORMS : be+ verb (ing)

PERFECT FORMS: have + past participle
PASSIVE FORMS: be + past participle
PRESENT SIMPLE and PAST SIMPLE: in questions and negatives
MODAL VERBS: will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, ought to, must, have
to.

OTHER AUXILIARIES

QUESTION TAGS
ECHO QUESTIONS TO SHOW INTEREST
SO /NEITHER
I DONT : to avoid repeating a ver or phrase
SHORT ANSWERS TO YES/NO QUESTIONS
TO ADD EMPHASIS: I did have a map!!

PRESENT AND PAST HABITS, REPEATED ACTIONS AND STATES

Present Simple: present habits, repeated actions and states.
Present Continuous: present habits and repeated actions that annoy us or happen
more than usual.
Will + infinitive: repeated and typical behaviour in the present
Past Simple // used to + inf : past habits, repeated actions and states.
Would + infinitive: past habits and repeated actions
Used to (negative): didnt use to / never used to..

BE USED TO, GET USED TO

Be used to: things that are familiar and no longer strange or difficult for us.
Get used to: things that become familiar, less strange or less difficult over a period of
time
QUESTION WORDS
QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SUBJECT:
the word order in the question and the answer is the same.
Example:
-Ben designed this house?
-who designed this house?

We use WHAT, WHO, WHICH, WHOSE and HOW MANY

QUESTIONS ABOUT THE OBJECT:

need an auxiliary verb before the subject
Example:
Wren designed this cathedral
What did Wren design?
We use WHAT, WHICH, WHO, SHOSE, WHEN, WHERE, HOW OFTEN
o Who do ?
o Whatdid.?
o What kind ofdo?
o Whichdo .?
o Whosedid?
o How many did.?
o Why did.?
o When did.?
o How do .?
o How far is?
o How long does?
o How often do.?

WHAT OR WHICH?
What: the choice is open
Which: the choice is limited

QUESTION TAGS
Positive sentence, negative sentence
Debe existir correlacin en cuanto al tiempo verbal
Modal verbs.. modal verbs (negativo o positivo)
Verbo s/auxiliar..do

Casos especiales
I amarent I ?
[Link]?
[Link]/wont
[Link]/are there?
Somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, no one..verbo+ they
Nothing, something, everything..verbo + it
Grammar 2
EXPRESSING FREQUENCY

LOWER FREQUENCY HIGHER FREQUENCY

Rarely Frequently
Occasionally More often tan not
Seldom Most weeks
Every so often Most of the time
Once in a while
Every now and again

FEELINGS AND OPINIONS

Terrified of (by)
Fascinated by (with)
Excited about (by, at)
Satisfied with (by)
Shocked by (at) at sth
Disappointed in (by, with)
Impressed by (with, at)..sb/sth
Aware of .sth
Famous for
Fond of .sb/sth
Sure about (of)
Sick of .sth

WORD BUILDING: SUFFIXES

VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB
Prefer Preference Preferable Preferably
Decide Decision Decisive Decisively
Originate Origin Original Originally
Originality
Realism Realistic Realistically
Reality Real Really
Convince Conviction Convinced
Convincing Convincingly
Responsability Responsable Responsibly
Weaken weakness weak Weakly
Improve Improvement Improved
Criticise Criticism Critical Critically
Recognise Recognition Recognisable recognisably
PRESENT AND PAST HABITS, REPEATED ACTIONS AND STATES

Present Simple: present habits, repeated actions and states.

Present Continuous with always : present habits and repeated actions that annoy us
or happen more than usual.
Will + infinitive: repeated and typical behaviour in the present. We dont usually use
this verb form with state verbs for this meaning.

PAST HABITS, REPEATED ACTION AND STATES

Past Simple and used to + infinitive : past habits, repeated actions and states
Would + Infinitive: past habits and repeated actions. We dont use this ver form with
state verbs.
We can use negative sentences with never used to o didnt use to
Used to + would + infinitive : When we describing past habits, then continue with
would + inf

BE USED TO, GET USED TO

Be Used To: Things that are familiar and no longer strange or difficult for us.
Get Used To: things that become familiar, less strange or less dificult over a period of
time
o Despus de Be used to y Get used to va seguido de verb+ing pero tambin
puede ir seguido de un nombre o pronombre.
o Pueden ir en cualquiera forma verbal
Present simple: Im used to getting up at 5 am every day
Present continuous: Im slowly getting used to it.
Present perfect simple: I still havent got used to being a pedestrian
here.
Past Simple: I wasnt used to people driving so close to me.
Will+ infinitive: Ill never get used to doing that!
Infinitive with to: It just takes a while for a foreigner to get used to
them.
Grammar 3

FIRST/SECOND AND THIRD CONDITIONAL

Mirar ficha ***
Grammar 4
PHRASAL VERBS
Call back..DEVOLVER UNA LLAMADA
Call off..CANCELAR
Check inREGISTRARSE
Check outSALIR
Come [Link] CON ALGUIEN
Come round..VOLVER EN S
Cut downREDUCIR CANTIDAD
Do withNECESITAR O QUERER
Fall [Link] ATRAIDO POR
Get on [Link] BUENA RELACIN CON
Get on. PROGRESAR
Get [Link]
Get [Link]
Go off..EXPLOTAR
Go onCONTINUAR, SEGUIR, SALIR
Go over..EXAMINAR
Have [Link] PUESTO
Head forDIRIGIRSE HACIA
Hold [Link], RETRASAR
Join [Link]
Knock sb out or knock out [Link] HASTA DEJAR INCONSCIENTE
Live up [Link] A LA ALTURA DE ALGO
Look forBUSCAR
Look forward [Link], ANHELAR
Look [Link]
Look up to..RESPETAR, ADMIRAR
Make sth up or make up sth..INVENTAR UNA EXCUSA
Make up [Link] POR
Make up..INTENTAR
Pass sth on (to sb) or pass on sth (to sb)PASAR INFORMACIN
Put [Link]
Put up with..SOPORTAR
Put up..LEVANTAR
Run awayESCAPAR
Run out [Link] SIN BATERIA
Run sb/sth over or run over sb/sth..ATROPELLAR
See offDECIR ADIS A
Set [Link] UNA JORNADA
 Settle down ASENTAR CABEZA?
Slow downDISMINUIR LA VELOCIDAD
Stand forREPRESENTAR
Stand up to..HACER FRENTE A
Take [Link]?
Take [Link]
Take up...EMPEZAR UNA ACTIVIDAD
Turn down..RECHAZAR
Turn [Link] ALGO DE MANERA INESPERADA
Turn up.. LLEGAR
Work sth out or work out sthENCONTRAR UNA RESPUESTA POR PENSAR EN ELLO
Write [Link], APUNTAR

NARRATIVE TENSES WORKSHEET

PAST SIMPLE

a) Completed action at a definite time in the past. The past simple is the most
common tense after when
b) To express habits (used to + inf)

PAST CONTINUOUS

a) To describe the situation in which the events of the narrative occurred

b) Express an activity in progress at a time in the past. It is the most common tense after
While in questions and statements.

The past continuous also express the idea of: an interrupted activity, an unfinished
activity, a repeated action, a temporary situation

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

a) Situation happened BEFORE the events in the narrative described in the simple past

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

It is used for longer activities that were happening continuosly up until a specified time in the
past. It show the idea of unfinished activity, repeated activity
DEFINING/NON-DEFINING/ REDUCED CLAUSES

DEFINING:

Necessary
It never goes between commas

-WHO /THAT (PEOPLE)

-WHOSE (POSSESIVES)
-WHOM (FORMAL)
PRONOUNS

WHICH/ THAT (THINGS)

RELATIVISERS

-WHERE
ADVERBS
-WHEN

NON DEFINING:
Between commas: , ,
The information is aditional

Ej: Delibes, whose first novel was 5 hours with Mario, was born in Valladolid.

Relativisers : the same as defining (menos that)

REDUCED :

Non-finite verb forms : +ing /pp

Ej: People living(who are living) in Madrid suffer from pollutions.

5 hours with Mario writen(which was writen) by Delives is very famous

GRAMMAR 6
USES OF VERB+ ING
1. As a part of a continuous verb form: As an Englishman, I was laughing out loud
2. After prepositions: Apart from asking for information
3. After certain verbs + object: Its absolutely normal for commuters to spend years
travelling on the same train
4. As an adjective: This highly entertaining book looks at
5. In reduced relative clauses: people standing at a bus stop will often break an
uncomfortable silence by
6. After despite or in spite of : However, despite not wanting to engage in conversation
7. As a subject (or part of the subject ) of a verb: talking to strangers on trains just
isnt done!
We can use verb+ ing as a noun: I usually do the cooking and my husband does the
cleaning.
We often use verb + ing when there isnt a noun that describes a particular idea :
Working at home can be rather lonely

REAL WORLD:
ASKING FOR PERMISSION TO INTERRUPT

Sorry to bother you, but have you got a minute ?

Is this a good time?
Sorry to disturb you
I was wondering if I could see you for a moment
Are you busy?
Can I have a word?

REFUSING PERMISSION TO INTERRUPT

Sorry, this isnt a good time

Im really up against it at the moment
Im afraid Im a bit tied up just now
Im rather pushed for time at the moment
Im really rather busy right now

TIP: IF WE ARE REFUSED PERMISSION WE OFTEN SAY.

DONT WORRY, its not important / it can wait / its not urgent / I ll catch you later /
some other time.
WHEN WOULD BE a good time / a better time / more convenient?
VOCABULARY
PHRASES WITH TAKE

Take a long time

Take risks
Take sth seriously
Take advice
Take sb for granted
Take responsability for sth
Take advantage fo sb
Take notice (of sb/sth)
Take (my, your,etc ) time
Take sides