STEEPLED Analysis
STEEPLED Analysis of Gems and Jewellery in Morocco
Socio Cultural
Social is regularly dynamical. As an example, fashions square measure perpetually
modification. Society of morocco is moving toward the urban fashion thus its cause
increase use and consumption of gems and jewellery. Individuals square measure
possible to buy jewellery and completely different gems. The socio and cultural play a
negligible role within the jewellery market in morocco as a result of theres a
little development of gems and jewellery business.
It is thought of as spiritual to wear jewellery at occasion. Morocco peoples don't seem to
be well-educated in order that they cannot afford expensive jewellery. Individuals just like
the jewellery like Berber jewellery, kelka jewellery, bead dreamer, sheeky doodle, anteka
etc. Most celebrated is that the silver hand of Islamist (Fatima was the Prophet
Mohammads girl in law) that is believed to guard its wearers from misfortune and ill
health.
Silver jewellery is claimed to be the characteristically Moroccan because it is usually
created by Moroccos native Berbers. Whereas ancient Berber girls still wear silver
jewellery particularly family heirlooms for wedding ceremonies gold has become the
preference among them and additionally trendy Moroccan girl because it may be a sign
of wealth.
So it's conclude that social issue like fashion, Education, angle and befits have absolutely
impact on the Gems and jewellery business. Morocco is that the one in all the country
wherever smart living normal square measure there thus individuals trend carrying the
jewellery a lot of.
Technological:
It is discovered that in associate business that mostly, caters to the standard demand and
additionally fashionable unpleasant person market, innovation is actually in business
organization with restricted technological changes. The symptoms instructed higher than
square measure derived from the observations on the behaviour of the prevailing firms
within the business. Though these indicators refer specifically to the options of the gems
and jewellery business of Morocco, they additionally bring out the fact that structure
innovation is truly a by-product of market sorts and talent necessities within the production
method of the business. During this sense the symptoms would have general
attractiveness and may reveal options of the similar relations in alternative industries.
In order to contend within the growing world jewellery market, Moroccan jewellery
business has been making an attempt to induce accustomed to the kind of style and
elegance standard within the foreign market, with the assistance from foreign designers.
These days entrepreneurs are finance in educating the employees by organizing
workshops to reinforce their skills.
In Morocco, most of the gold and work that was dole out in precedent days within the
production of jewellery was crafted by soul silversmiths. The artisans took refuge in
Morocco once the Reconquista in Espana in 1492 and brought with them their skills in
jewellery-making, mistreatment their own customs and traditions to make a trade that has
served to reinforce the name of Moroccan jewellery. While urban jewellery was
preponderantly made from gold, rural jewellery was invariably made from silver, and was
nearly solely crafted by men WHO succeeded their father within the profession from
generation to generation. Techniques used enclosed enameling, engraving, filigree,
niello and relief work, also because the attachment of semi-precious stones like amber,
carnelian, coral and turquoise. Beads that were once used as currency for mercantilism
functions were additionally often connected to necklaces, adding to their beauty and
price. Recent silver coins additionally other price to the piece.
Economic:
Morocco could be a mid-sized economy with restricted exposure to the worldwide
economy. However, the country maintains robust trade relation with world organization.
The sluggishness within the EU market has wedged morocco export and flow within the
number of years.
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Morocco enlarged four.50 p.c within the fourth
quarter of 2015 over constant quarter of the previous year. Value rate in Morocco
averaged four.36 p.c from 1999 to 2015, reaching AN all-time high of nine.30 p.c within
the second quarter of 2006 and a record low of zero.50 p.c within the fourth quarter of
1999. Value rate in Morocco is rumoured by the Haut provisions au arrange.
Consumer defrayment in Morocco accrued to 567535 MAD Million in 2015 from 552595
MAD Million in 2014. shopper defrayment in Morocco averaged 369057.33 MAD
Million from 1998 to 2015, reaching AN all-time high of 567535 MAD Million in 2015 and
a record low of 234359 MAD Million in 1998.
Consumer costs in Morocco rose by one.6 p.c year-on-year in August 2016, constant
pace as within the previous month. Value of food costs accrued three p.c (+2.7 p.c in
July); non-food things rose zero.6 p.c (+0.5 percent), whereas transport costs fell by
zero.9 p.c (-1.1 percent). On a monthly basis, shopper costs were flat. Rate in Morocco
averaged one.46 p.c from 2008 to 2016, reaching AN all-time high of five.20 p.c in could
of twenty08 and a record low of -1.60 p.c in December 2009.
In the Morocco government is assured to managing its commercial enterprise position. In
2011 budget of the Morocco government doesn't embrace any increase in charge per unit
thanks to the Morocco government wish to cut back the impact of the 2008-09 crisis
impact. When the tax burden of the Morocco is a smaller amount compare to any or all
alternative countries like France, Spain etc.
The Morocco tax structure is of income tax:
Table No. 2.1 Economic Morocco tax structure
Income Group ( In DH) Rate
0-30,000 0%
30,001-50,000 10%
50,001-60,000 20
60,001-80,000 30
80,001-1,80,000 34%
Beyond 1,80,000 38%
VAT rate is applied to the commercial craft, industrial and liberal activities in addition as
import operation. The quality rate of two hundredth, and it reduced rate of seven sure
enough shopper merchandise
Gold Reserves in Morocco remained unchanged at twenty-two.05 Tonnes within the
second quarter of 2016 from twenty-two.05 Tonnes within the half-moon of 2016. Gold
Reserves in Morocco averaged twenty-two.02 Tonnes from 2000 to 2016, reaching
Associate in nursing all time high of twenty-two.05 Tonnes within the fourth quarter of
2009 and a record low of twenty-one.94 Tonnes within the second quarter of 2000. Gold
Reserves in Morocco is reported by the planet Gold Council.
It is concluded that The Morocco rate is a smaller amount than a pair of. In order that
economy have completely support any trade. The value rate is four.5% and has potential
growth opportunities. In order that Gems and jewellery trade have a lot of opportunities
to achieve success and lowering the percentage.
Environment:
Extending in a locality of 446,550 sq. kilometre and with an outline of one, 835 km,
Morocco could be a mountainous country, subject to each marine and Saharan
influences. The rise in population has junction rectifier to a rise of GDP that has been
amid the degradation of the setting (accentuated by inadequate resource management).
Indeed, the annual value of environmental harm has been calculable at nearly eight p.c
of Moroccos GDP. Morocco could be a country that has scarce natural resources,
particularly tillable land and water, and in recent years intensive agricultural production,
large-scale irrigation schemes, industrialization and urbanization are making serious
issues. The country has round-faced severe issues of air, water and soil pollution,
environmental health issues, deforestation and eroding. The country is incredibly
vulnerable relating to impacts of (global) global climate change. Also, natural hazards like
earthquakes and droughts occur sporadically. The CO2 emissions were for one998 of 1.2
metric tons per capita (UNDESA 1997b, UNDP 1999, UN 2002, WB 2003).
Political and Legal:
Gems and jewellery trade is suffering from several sides of presidency. Especially, all
trade should go with law. They have to conjointly think about the impact of any legislation
on their operation.
The government give backing to established business of gems and jewellery. Politics of
Morocco happen in an exceedingly framework of a parliamentary constitutional autocracy,
whereby the Prime Minister of Morocco is that the head of presidency, and of a multi-
party system The morocco government has given bound profit to import the gems and
jewellery to alternative country.
Gems and jewellery area unit exempted from tax that has direct profit to country. On Jan,
2013 King Mohamed VI proclaimed a series of reforms that will offer advantages to gems
and jewellery trade. Theres negligible tax on import gems and jewellery in Morocco.
The constitution grants the king intensive powers; he's each the profane politico and also
the Commander of the Faithful as an immediate descendant of the Prophet Mahound.
He presides over the Council of Ministers; appoints the Prime Minister following legislative
elections, and on recommendations from the latter, appoints the members of the
govt. The morocco government created his policy in an exceedingly approach that a lot
of profit given thereto trade might have potential however not grow in line with expectation.
They created policy for gems and jewellery in an exceedingly approach that bourgeois
get a lot of profit, in order that they encourage them to export a lot of jewellery and gems
to grow this sort of business.
Ethical:
There are some ethical standard established by government of Morocco like:
Gems and jewellery retailer or manufacturing responsibility.
Written information regarding jewellery to their customers
Online traders of jewellery
Take back waste in store etc.
Morocco could be a country of multi-ethnic with an upscale culture and civilization.
Morocco folks AR moral to doing a business. They maintain their moral commonplace
whereas they do any reasonably business. With relevance gems and jewelry folks ne'er
cheat client of jewelry. Morocco folks follow moral the least bit level. AN honest Jeweler
could be a rarity, nonetheless several Berber have found prosperity through the trade
exactly thanks to their non-secular beliefs and robust reputations. As Berbers advises
that achieving purity is decided through facing and overcoming lifes temptations.
Demographic:
The total population of morocco is thirty-two.6 million. The 2009 growth rate was
one.47%. Population centers AR erratically distributed, with important conglomerations
on the northern coast, the RIF space and therefore the Atlas chain of mountains. the
present male in Morocco is forty-ninth of the whole population. the present feminine
is fifty-one of the whole population. Moroccos population is comparatively young,
roughly twenty-ninth of the population below fifteen years older, whereas sixty-fifth of
locals AR between fifteen and sixty-five and around 6 June 1944 AR over sixty-five.
Moroccan population is principally created from Arabs, a mix of Arab-Berber and Sunni
Muslims of Berber descent.
STEEPLED Analysis of Gems and Jewellery in Gujarat
Socio Cultural:
The socio and cultural play an enormous role within the jewellery market of Republic of
India likewise as Gujarat as a result of jewellery is bear in mind to be ancient from
ancestral time. In wedding jewellery may be an extremely auspicious occasion in Gujarat
culture.
It is thought-about as spiritual to wear jewellery at each occasion like wedding,
competition of Gujarat etc.
The Gems and jewellery sector has been enjoying a really necessary role within the
Gujarat likewise as Indian it's been causative between half dozen to seven per cent of the
countrys GDP, aside from large-scale employment generation. This business provides
direct employment to roughly two.5 million folks with the potential to come up with
employment of zero.7 to 1.5 million over ensuing 5 years.
The Gujarat is one among the most important jewellery markets within the world; it's far
away from being saturated. With additional households having financial gain to pay on
the far side basic requirements currently, cultural inclination towards jewellery suggests
that per capita consumption can increase several fold with rising financial gain levels. The
results of alleviation in 1991 are felt within the new millennium. Gujarat was growing at a
major pace and private income doubled between 2001 and 2008. Gems and jewellery is
predicted to grow to over three million by 2015. Further, a share of note case analysis
reveals that jewellery accounts for quite a fourth of the discretionary defrayment by
customers in Republic of India.
The Gujarat likewise as Republic of India has A calculable 229 million ladies aged 20
49. The amount of ladies, the key client class for jewellery is rising in no time. Defrayment
power {of ladies of girls of ladies} WHO work is discovered to be a lot of more than women
WHO dont. A majority of those square measure in urban areas, any increasing their
propensity to pay given the alternatives on provide.
Technological:
The technologies utilized in Gujarat mining diamonds changes in keeping with the various
characteristics of the diamond mine. A number of the common diamond mining
technologies embrace open pit mining, exhausting rock mining, artisanal mining,
excavation, marine mining etc.
The diamond trade in Gujarat makes use of varied high-tech diamond sweetening
procedure like fracture filling, optical maser drilling and colour treatment. Optical maser
drilling techniques are wont to determine, take away and ultimately scale back the
quantity of visible black carbons and imperfections within the diamonds clarity. The
technology was solely introduced within the diamond trade regarding twenty years once
the optical maser drilling technology became standard.
The domestic gems & jewellery market was calculable to be around USD fifty billion in
Gujarat in 2016. Gems and jewellery Business in Gujarat is that the quickest growing
sectors within the country. Supported by Policy Initiatives by the govt., additionally to
cutting and sprucing of Diamonds, process and jewellery style has conjointly gained
prominence. Handmade, ancient and trendy styles with arch labour, Gujarat has the
excellence of second largest producer of Gold jewellery with eighty-fifth contribute share
to national jewellery production. Gujarat contributes eightieth to Diamond Exports.
Traditionally Indian jewellery trade ne'er felt the requirement for any new technology for
jewellery producing as most of the process was done by hand.
Due to this modification Indias jewellery producing facilities have developed and currently
are at par with the worlds best, equipped with the newest CAD/CAM and alternative
advanced computerized system to confirm merchandise that meet each international
quality standards and timely deliveries.
The jewellery producing area in Gujarat yet as India is very fragmented and characterized
by tiny unorganized players UN agency still account for the lions share of the market.
However, the previous few years have seen giant organized players rising, with a bigger
specialist in quality and style. They need brought on to the scene, trendy and well
organized units. The larger producing units preponderantly cater to the organized share
of the retail market. On these lines, retailers have conjointly started backward integration
across worth the worth} chain to garner higher margins by a bigger share within the value
addition method.
Economic:
Economic issue that drives demand and provide in Gujarat for diamond trade would
possibly considerably influence on the trade structure, competition and attractiveness. Its
according that the assembly phase of diamond trade achieved the very best in operation
ratio of 22-26% wherever there are a unit solely many huge players during this sector.
Diamond mining trade is additionally thought-about to possess highest come back
quantitative relation compared to different mining trade. Thanks to the worldwide
economic recession, Gujarat additionally as Bharat gems and jewellery export and import
additionally got affected it that has direct impact in Gujarat jewellery trade. The dynamic
modification within the exchange rates of pound and government agency have an effect
on the domestic additionally as international market. It affected the gross domestic
product of Indian economy and therefore lessons the patron expenditure too moving the
sales. The leading player in Gujarat for jewellery is Gitanjali gems restricted and Tanishq,
Reliance jewel and Joyalukkas.
Environment:
Wastage charges on Gold jewelry is legal in Asian nation. Some Asian nation jeweler don't
add the wastage charge however they increase the creating charges two hundredth to
half-hour depends upon the jewelry. They pay four wheel drive of wastage changes to the
Gujarat [no salary]. Jeweler increases the wastage charges unto 15 August
1945.Therefore, remainder of wastage charge is other as margins to the jeweler.
Wastes and emissions ar solid, liquid or vaporize materials that ar free, discarded or not
required in Asian nation. Wastes and emissions will cause pollution and impact on the
surroundings if not properly managed. within the jewelry offer chain, the most kinds of
waste embrace general operational waste, air and water emissions. a number of the
measures to contend with dangerous substances are:
Dispose of waste substances in compliance with Applicable Law
Take steps to scale back the amount of waste created from their operations
Infrastructure in Gujarat accommodating 2500 craftsmen, is No. one premiere diamond
sprucing works within the world with extremely equipped srate-of-art technology.
Political and Legal:
The Economic Survey for 2015-16 in Gujarat at higher taxes on gold. whereas Survey
had not detected during which type that would be, the analyst fraternity had dominated
out a cut in duty. Instead, the Analysts had pointed that an excise duty might be
introduced.
Consumers can ought to deal additional for the gold and diamond jewelry because the
budget has obligatory one per cent excise duty, that comes as a blow to the gems and
jewelry sector that hoped for a cut in duty on gold from ten per cent to a pair of per cent.
High on Exports with spectacular performance, Gujarats Export share in Republic of
India|Bharat|Asian country|Asian nation} is the highest contribute to a mean over Bastille
Day share in India. Gems and jewelry view for an increase to twenty-fifth and over. the
govt. is encouraging SEZ (Special Economic Zones) thought-about as growth engines
which will boost producing, augments exports and generate employment.
The overall gross exports of Gems & jewelry in April 2016 stood at US$ three.23 billion,
whereas exports of cut and polished diamonds stood at US$ one.78 billion. Exports of
gold coins and medallions stood at US$ 302.67 million and silver jewelry export stood at
US$ 299.69 million in April 2016. the general gross imports of Gems & jewelry in April a
pair of016 stood at US$ 2.90 billion.
Ethical:
Many trendy Jains face a quandary once making an attempt to mix their personal values
with their career aspirations. Yet, the jewelry trade is, arguably, a business that has the
facility to corrupt its professionals because of the pressures that go with managing high-
value things in Gujarat. AN honest Jeweler may be a rarity, however several Jains have
found prosperity through the trade exactly owing to their non-secular beliefs and robust
reputations.
Gujarat further as Asian country has been a center for the Gem and jewelry trade since
the terribly begin of civilization, as genuine by the Vedas and therefore the Jain Agamas.
the foremost standard agamid lizard, the Kalpasutra, describes plenty of gemstones
because the thirteenth of the fourteen grand dreams of Trishala, mother of Lord Mahavira.
Here, Gem identification was listed joined of the seventy-two main skills to be learned by
men. Most of the gemstones in past were found within the sub-continent, together with
the range of mountains, Kalinga, Burma, Ceylon and Islamic State of Afghanistan.
During the years of British rule the wealth, riches, strength And influence of an empire
were measured in terms of gold and jewelry. At this point, Asian country was exportation
several commodities however foreign solely gold and gemstones because of a high
demand by the noble population. of these factors helped the jewelry change Gujarat to
grow and flourish.
Demographic:
In Gujarat, individuals are prefer to wear jewellery in any occasion. Each man and ladies
with kids wear jewellery in wedding and other competition.
Ornaments in Gujarat With time, as everything changes, thus do the ornaments. The
ornaments that girls wear are currently obtaining additional fashionable, esthetic and are
obtainable in nice selection.
They have become easier and sober. The final ornaments like rings, earrings, bangles
and chains are currently recuperating in each side. These are the ornaments that makes
a bride even additional stunning on the occasion of her wedding. Though' the influence
of Western civilization has brought some changes in India however these ancient
ornaments are one thing that keeps the string of culture tightly tied to our gift day youth.
Women ordinarily droop keys around their waist in Gujarat. They wear differing kinds of
bijou like jewellery, earrings, bangles, rings and mangalsutra. Though' the opposite
jewellery has the aim of fashion alone, however mangalsutra carries a deep that means
in a very womans life. Girls conjointly place red powder in centre of higher fringe of their
forehead. The powder is understood as Sindoor. It symbolizes that a girl is married.
To make the occasion excellent, wedding girls like to beautify themselves from head to
toe with jewellery that, in fact, enhances her apparel and temperament in conjunction with
swish trying whereas the individuals consider jewellery as a method of celebrating the
body.
The bridal jewellery displayed in India in addition as Gujarat includes, as an example,
Maangtika or jewelled headdress (used to adorn the centre forehead parting of the bride),
Earrings, (available in each thinkable vogue and colour) ring, (called Nath' in Hindi that
consisted of decorated ring with a protracted chain attached within the hair) jewellery,
(most eye catchy versatile piece of bridal jewellery) Armbands, (worn on the higher a part
of the arms) Bangles, (symbol of Indian culture and tradition) band, (worn with sarees in
addition as lehnga) rings, (traditional image of matrimony worn by each man and women)
Ring bracelet, (the latest trend become common as bridal wear) and Toe Rings in
beautiful decorative styles.
Broach was an awfully necessary centre for precious metals, stones and jewellery trade
for India. Because of this, several carvers, artisans, stone cutters settled in and around
these commerce hubs. Thus, jewellery creating hubs are unfold across the state of
Gujarat. Virtually 80-90% of the diamonds of the globe are cut within the cities of Surat,
Bhavnagar, Ahmedabad and Navasari. The most jewelleries worn by the Gujarati girls
are bangles, earrings, Mangal Sutras, necklaces and rings. The antique and common
social group jewellery craft of Pachchikam is slowly and steady gaining quality. Mundra,
Anjar, Bhuj, Porbandar, Surendranagar, Jamnagar and Ahmedabad are the most centers
of silver jewellery creating.
No look is complete while not practiced use of jewelleries, and you'll see a similar in
Gujarat. Made cultural heritage is well mirrored in their jewelleries, wherever the most
style comes from social group teams. The ornaments embody earrings, rings, neck
pieces, bangles, chains and even bracelets. Apart from these, mangalsutra plays a crucial
role within the lives of married girls, in conjunction with chura that could be a significant
set of white bangles with meenakari work on high.
Comparison of STEEPLED Analysis of Morocco and Gujarat
Table No. 2.2 Comparison of STEEPLED Analysis of Morocco and Gujarat
Factors Morocco Gujarat
Socio Cultural The socio and cultural play a The socio and cultural play a
negligible role within the large role within the jewellery
jewellery market in morocco market of India yet as Gujarat
as a result of there's little as a result of jewellery is taken
development of gems and into account being ancient
jewellery business. from ancestral time and it's a
It is thought of as non- necessity of its cultural
secular to wear jewellery at occasion.
occasion. Morocco peoples
aren't well-educated so that
they cannot afford pricey
jewellery.
Technological Morocco jewellery trade has Traditionally Indian jewellery
been making an attempt to trade ne'er felt the requirement
induce aware of the sort of for any new technology for
style and magnificence jewellery producing as most of
common within the foreign the process was done by
market, with the assistance hand.
from foreign designers. Today Due to this variation Indias
entrepreneurs are investment jewellery producing facilities
in educating the staff by have developed and currently
organizing workshops to square measure at par with the
reinforce their skills. worlds best, equipped with the
Techniques used enclosed most recent CAD/CAM and
enamelling, engraving, alternative
filigree, niello and relief work, advanced computerized syste
similarly because the m to make sure product that
attachment of semi-precious meet each international quality
stones like amber, carnelian, standards and timely
coral and turquoise. deliveries.
Economics Morocco could be a mid-sized Due to the world economic
economy with restricted recession, India gems and
exposure to the worldwide jewellery export and import
economy. However, the conjointly got affected it that
country maintains sturdy trade has direct impact in Gujarat
relation with international jewellery trade.
organization. Economic issue that drives
The Morocco rate of inflation is demand and provide in
a smaller amount than a pair Gujarat for diamond trade may
of. So economy have considerably influence on the
completely support any trade. trade structure, competition
The gross domestic product and attractiveness. Its
rate is four.5% and has rumoured that the assembly
potential growth opportunities. phase of diamond trade
So Gems and jewellery trade achieved the very best
have additional opportunities operational ratio of 22-26%
to achieve success and wherever there are solely
reducing the percent. many massive players during
this sector.
Environment The annual price of Wastes and emissions square
environmental injury has been measure solid, liquid or
calculable at nearly eight % of aeriform materials that square
Moroccos value. Morocco measure free, discarded or
may be a country that has now not required in Asian
scarce natural resources, nation. Wastes and emissions
particularly productive land will cause pollution and impact
and water, and in recent years on the atmosphere if not
intensive agricultural properly managed. within the
production, large-scale jewelry provide chain, the
irrigation schemes, industrial most varieties of waste
enterprise and urbanization embrace general operational
are making serious issues. waste, air and water
The country has sweet-faced emissions, and a few forms of
severe issues of air, water and venturesome substances
soil pollution, environmental India:
health issues, deforestation Dispose of waste substances
and wearing away. in compliance with Applicable
Law
Take steps to cut back the
amount of waste created from
their operations
Seek to decrease emissions
to air, water and land relative
to production output.
Political and Gems and jewellery is The Government is
Legal suffering from several encouraging SEZ (Special
facets of state. Specially, all Economic Zones) thought-
trade should fit law. They about as growth engines
have to conjointly contemplate which will boost producing,
the impact of any legislation augments exports and
on their operation. generate employment.
The government provides The Economic Survey for
backing to established 2015-16 in Gujarat at higher
business of gems and taxes on gold. Whereas
jewellery. Gems and jewellery Survey had not identified
are exempted from tax that during which type that might
has direct profit to country. be, the analyst fraternity had
dominated out a cut in tariff.
Instead, the
associatealysts had pointed
that an excise duty can be
introduced.
Consumers can got to dish out
a lot of for the gold and
diamond jewellery because
the budget has obligatory one
per cent excise duty that
comes as a blow to the gems
and jewellery sector that
hoped for a cut in tariff on gold
from ten per cent to two per
cent.
Ethical There are some ethical Many fashionable Jains face a
standard established by quandary once trying to mix
government of Morocco. Like; their personal values with their
Gems and jewellery retailer career aspirations. Yet, the
or manufacturing jewellery trade is, arguably, a
responsibility. business that has the facility to
Written information regarding corrupt its professionals
jewellery to their customer. thanks to the pressures that
Online traders of jewellery. associate with coping with
Take back waste in store etc. high- price things in Gujarat.
An honest jeweller may be a
rarity, nevertheless several
Jains have found prosperity
through the trade exactly
attributable to their non-
secular beliefs and robust
reputations.
Demographic Morocco could be a nation of In Gujarat, individuals area
concerning fifty million unit prefer to wear jewellery in
individuals of numerous any occasion. Each man and
origins, cultures, languages, girls with kids wear jewellery in
and religions. The last census wedding and alternative
was control in 2011. Morocco pageant.
is home to associate degree
calculable half-dozen million
illicit immigrants, together with
some two million
Zimbabweans. A series of
anti-immigrant riots occurred
in Morocco starting on eleven
could 2008.
