Exercise 131, Page 368

A 4-pole, wave-connected armature of a d.c. machine has 750 conductors and is

driven at

720 rev/min. If the useful flux per pole is 15 mWb, determine the generated e.m.f.

720
Z = 750, c = 2 (for a wave winding), p = 2 pairs, n = rev/s and = 15 10-3 Wb
60

720
2(2)(15 103 ) (750)
2pnZ 60
Generated e.m.f. E = = = 270 volts
c 2

A 6-pole generator has a lap-wound armature with 40 slots with 20 conductors per

slot. The flux

per pole is 25 mWb. Calculate the speed at which the machine must be driven

to generate an

e.m.f. of 300 V.

p = 6/2 = 3, lap means c = 2p, Z = 40 20 = 800, = 25 103 Wb, E = 300 V

2pn Z
Generated e.m.f., E = from which,
c

speed, n =
Ec

300 2p
300
= 15 rev/s or 900
2 p Z 2p 25 10 800 25 103 800
3

rev/min

A 4-pole armature of a d.c. machine has 1000 conductors and a flux per pole of

20 mWb.

Determine the e.m.f. generated when running at 600 rev/min, when the

armature is (a) wave-

wound, (b) lap-wound.

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 290
p = 4/2 = 2, Z = 1000, = 20 103 Wb, n = 600/60 = 10 rev/s

(a) For wave wound, c = 2, hence, generated e.m.f., E =

2 p n Z 2 2 20 10 10 1000
3

c 2
= 400 V

(b) For lap wound, c = 2p, hence, generated e.m.f., E =

2pn Z
n Z 20 103 10 1000
c
= 200 V

4. A d.c. generator running at 25 rev/s generates an e.m.f. of 150 V. Determine the

percentage

increase in the flux per pole required to generate 180 V at 20 rev/s.

Generated e.m.f, E and since = 2n , then E n

Let E1 = 150 V, n1 = 25 rev/s and flux per pole at this speed be 1

Let E 2 = 180 V, n 2 = 20 rev/s and flux per pole at this speed be 2

E1 1n1 150 1 25
Since E n then i.e.
E2 2n 2 180 2 20

1 25 180
from which, 2 1.51
20 150

Hence, the flux has increased by 50%

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 291

Exercise 132, Page 372

1. Determine the terminal voltage of a generator which develops an e.m.f. of 240

V and has an

armature current of 50 A on load. Assume the armature resistance is 40 m.

Terminal voltage, V = E - Ia Ra = 240 - (50)( 40 103 )

= 240 - 2 = 238 volts

2. A generator is connected to a 50 load and a current of 10 A flows. If the

armature resistance is

0.5 , determine (a) the terminal voltage, and (b) the generated e.m.f.

(a) Terminal voltage, V = Ia R L 10 50 = 500 V

(b) Generated e.m.f., E = V + Ia R a 500 10 0.5 = 505 V

3. A separately excited generator develops a no-load e.m.f. of 180 V at an

armature speed of

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 292

 15 rev/s and a flux per pole of 0.20 Wb. Calculate the generated e.m.f. when

(a) the speed increases to 20 rev/s and the flux per pole remaining unchanged,

(b) the speed remains at 15 rev/s and the pole flux is decreased to 0.125 Wb,

and

(c) the speed increases to 25 rev/s and the pole flux is decreased to 0.18 Wb.

E1 1n1 180 0.2 15

(a) Since E n then i.e.
E2 2n 2 E 2 0.2 20

from which, generated e.m.f., E 2

180 20 = 240 V
15

(b)
E1 1n1
i.e.
180

0.2 15
E2 2n 2 E 2 0.125 15

from which, generated e.m.f., E 2

180 0.125 = 112.5 V
0.20
E1 1n1 180 0.20 15
(c) i.e.
E2 2n 2 E 2 0.18 25

from which, generated e.m.f., E 2

180 0.18 25 = 270 V
0.20 15

4. A shunt generator supplies a 50 kW load at 400 V through cables of resistance

0.2 . If the field

winding resistance is 50 and the armature resistance is 0.05 , determine (a)

the terminal

voltage, (b) the e.m.f. generated in the armature.

The circuit is shown below.

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 293

 P 50000
(a) Load current, I = = 125 A
V 400

Volt drop in cable to load = I R = (125)(0.2) = 25 V

Hence, terminal voltage, V = 400 + 25 = 425 V

V 425
(b) Armature current, Ia If I where field current, If = 8.5 A
Rf 50

Hence, Ia If I 8.5 125 = 133.5 A

and generated e.m.f., E = V + Ia R a = 425 + (133.5)(0.05)

= 425 + 6.675 = 431.68 V

5. A short-shunt compound generator supplies 50 A at 300 V. If the field resistance is

30 , the series

resistance 0.03 and the armature resistance 0.05 , determine the e.m.f.

generated.

The circuit is shown below.

Volt drop in series winding = I RSe = (50)(0.03) = 1.5 V

P.d. across the field winding = p.d. across armature

= V1 = 300 + 1.5 = 301.5 V

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 294

 V1 301.5
Field current, If = = = 10.05 A
Rf 30

Armature current, Ia = I + If = 50 + 10.05 = 60.05 A

Generated e.m.f., E = V1 + Ia Ra

= 301.5 + (60.05)(0.05)

= 301.5 + 3.00 = 304.5 volts

6. A d.c. generator has a generated e.m.f. of 210 V when running at 700 rev/min

and the flux per

pole is 120 mWb. Determine the generated e.m.f. (a) at 1050 rev/min, assuming

the flux remains

constant, (b) if the flux is reduced by one-sixth at constant speed, and (c) at a

speed of

1155 rev/min and a flux of 132 mWb.

E1 1n1 210
120 10 700
3

60


(a) Since E n then i.e.
E2 2n 2 E2
120 10 1050
3

60

from which, generated e.m.f., E 2

210 1050 = 315 V
700

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 295

 E1 1n1 210
120 10 700
3

60
(b) i.e.
E2 2n 2 E2 5 3 700
120 10
6 60

210
5

from which, generated e.m.f., E 2 6 = 175 V
1

E n 210
120 10 700
3

60


(c) 1 1 1 i.e.
E2 2n 2 E2
132 10 1155
3

60

from which, generated e.m.f., E 2

210 132 1155 = 381.2 V
120 700

7. A 250 V d.c. shunt-wound generator has an armature resistance of 0.1 .

Determine the generated

e.m.f. when the generator is supplying 50 kW, neglecting the field current of the

generator.

The circuit is shown below.

P 50000
Load current, I = = 200 A
V 250

If the field current is neglected, armature current, I a = 200 A and terminal voltage,

V = 250 V

Hence, generated e.m.f., E = V + Ia R a = 250 + (200)(0.1)

= 250 + 20 = 270 V

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 296

Exercise 133, Page 374

1. A 15 kW shunt generator having an armature circuit resistance of 0.4 and a

field resistance of

100 , generates a terminal voltage of 240 V at full load. Determine the

efficiency of the

generator at full load, assuming the iron, friction and windage losses amount to

1 kW.

The circuit diagram is shown below.

Output power = 15000 W = V I

15000 15000
from which, current, I = = 62.5 A
V 240
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 297
 V 240
Field current, If = 2.4 A
R f 100

Armature current, Ia If I 2.4 62.5 = 64.9 A

VI 15000
Efficiency, = 100%
V I Ia R a If V C
2
15000 64.9 2 0.4 2.4 240 1000

15000
= 100% = 82.14%
18260.804

Exercise 134, Page 374

1. A d.c. motor operates from a 350 V supply. If the armature resistance is 0.4

determine the back

e.m.f. when the armature current is 60 A

For a motor, V = E + Ia Ra hence, back e.m.f., E = V - Ia Ra

= 350 - (60)(0.4)

= 350 - 24 = 326 volts

2. The armature of a d.c. machine has a resistance of 0.5 and is connected to a

200 V supply.

Calculate the e.m.f. generated when it is running (a) as a motor taking 50 A

and (b) as a

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 298

 generator giving 70 A.

(a) As a motor, generated e.m.f. (or back e.m.f.), E = V - Ia R a = 200 (50)(0.5)

= 200 25 = 175 V

(b) As a generator, generated e.m.f., E = V + Ia R a = 200 + (70(0.5) = 200 + 35 = 235

3. Determine the generated e.m.f. of a d.c. machine if the armature resistance is

0.1 and it (a) is

running as a motor connected to a 230 V supply, the armature current being 60

A, and (b) is

running as a generator with a terminal voltage of 230 V, the armature current

being 80 A.

(a) As a motor, generated e.m.f., E = V - Ia R a = 230 (60)(0.1)

= 230 6 = 224 V

(b) As a generator, generated e.m.f., E = V + Ia R a = 230 + (80(0.1) = 230 + 8 = 238 V

Exercise 135, Page 376

1. The shaft torque required to drive a d.c. generator is 18.7 Nm when it is running at

1250 rev/min.

If its efficiency is 87% under these conditions and the armature current is 17.3 A,
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 299
determine the

voltage at the terminals of the generator

output power VI
Efficiency, = 100%
input power T 2n

i.e. 87 =
V 17.3 100%
18.7 2
1250

60

125
(87)(18.7) 2
from which, terminal voltage, V = 60
= 123.1 V
17.3 100

2. A 220 V, d.c. generator supplies a load of 37.5 A and runs at 1550 rev/min.

Determine the shaft

torque of the diesel motor driving the generator, if the generator efficiency is

78%.

Efficiency, =
VI
100% i.e. 78 =
220 37.5 100%
T 2n 1550
T 2
60

from which, shaft torque, T =

220 37.5 100 = 65.2 N m
78 2
1550

60

3. A 4-pole d.c. motor has a wave-wound armature with 800 conductors. The useful

flux per pole is

20 mWb. Calculate the torque exerted when a current of 40 A flows in each

armature conductor.

p = 2, c = 2 for a wave winding, = 20 10-3 Wb, Z = 800 and Ia = 40 A

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 300

 pZIa
From equation (7), torque, T =
c
(2)(20 103 )(800)(40)
= = 203.7 N m
(2)

4. Calculate the torque developed by a 240 V d.c. motor whose armature current

is 50 A, armature

resistance is 0.6 and is running at 10 rev/s.

V = 240 V, I a = 50 A, R a 0.6 and n = 10 rev/s.

Back e.m.f., E = V - Ia R a = 240 (50)(0.6) = 210 V

E Ia 240 50
Torque, T = = 167.1 N m
2n 210

5. An 8-pole lap-wound d.c. motor has a 200 V supply. The armature has 800

conductors and a

resistance of 0.8 . If the useful flux per pole is 40 mWb and the armature

current is 30 A,

calculate (a) the speed, and (b) the torque developed.

V = 200 V, Z = 800, R a 0.8 , 40 103 Wb , I a = 30 A and c = 2p for a lap winding.

(a) Back e.m.f, E = V - Ia R a = 200 (30)(0.8) = 176 V

2pn Z 2 p 40 103 n 800

E.m.f., E = i.e. 176 =
c 2p

176
from which, speed, n = = 5.5 rev/s or 5.5 60 = 330 rev/min
40 103 800
E Ia 176 30
(b) Torque, T = = 152.8 N m
2n 2 5.5

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 301

6. A 150 V d.c. generator supplies a current of 25 A when running at 1200 rev/min.

If the torque on

the shaft driving the generator is 35.8 Nm, determine (a) the efficiency of the

generator, and

(b) the power loss in the generator.

output power VI
(a) Efficiency of generator = 100% 100%
input power T(2n)

=
150 25 100% = 83.4%
35.8 2
1200

60

(b) Input power = V I + losses

Hence, T(2n) = V I + losses

i.e. losses = T(2n) - V I

1200
= (35.8) 2 - (150)(25)
60

i.e. power loss = 4498.8 3750 = 748.8 W

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 302

Exercise 136, Page 382

1. A 240 V shunt motor takes a current of 80 A. If the field winding resistance is 120

and the

armature resistance is 0.4 , determine (a) the current in the armature, and (b)

the back e.m.f.

The circuit is shown below.

V 240
(a) Field current, If =2A
R f 120

Supply current, I = Ia If hence, armature current, I a = 80 2 = 78 A

(b) Back e.m.f., E = V - Ia R a 240 78 0.4

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 303
 = 240 31.2 = 208.8 V

2. A d.c. motor has a speed of 900 rev/min when connected to a 460 V supply. Find

the approximate

value of the speed of the motor when connected to a 200 V supply, assuming

the flux decreases by

30% and neglecting the armature volt drop.

E.m.f, E n Hence, 460 ()(900)

Also, 200 (0.7)( n 2 )

460 900
Thus,
200 0.7 n 2

900 200
from which, speed of motor, n 2 = 559 rev/min
460 0.7

3. A series motor having a series field resistance of 0.25 and an armature

resistance of 0.15 is

connected to a 220 V supply and at a particular load runs at 20 rev/s when

drawing 20 A from the

supply. Calculate the e.m.f. generated at this load. Determine also the speed of

the motor when

the load is changed such that the current increases to 25 A. Assume the flux

increases by 25%.

Generated e.m.f. at initial load, E1 V Ia R a R f

= 220 - (20)(0.15 + 0.25) = 212 V

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 304
When current is increased to 25 A, the generated e.m.f. is given by:

E 2 V Ia R a R f

= 220 (25)(0.15 + 0.25) = 210 V

E1 1n1 212 1 (20)

Now i.e. since flux increases by 25%
E2 2n 2 210 (1.251 )(n 2 )

from which, motor speed, n 2

20 210 = 15.85 rev/s or 950.9 rev/min
212 1.25

4. A 500 V shunt motor takes a total current of 100 A and runs at 1200 rev/min. If

the shunt field

resistance is 50 , the armature resistance is 0.25 and the iron, friction and

windage losses

amount to 2 kW, determine the overall efficiency of the motor.

The circuit is shown below.

V 500
Field current, If = 10 A
Rf 50

Armature current, Ia I If 100 10 = 90 A

Iron, friction and windage losses, C = 2000 W

VI Ia 2 R a If V C
Efficiency, 100%
VI

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 500 100 902 0.25 10 500 2000
= 100%

500 100

50000 2025 5000 2000 40975

= 100% 100% = 81.95%
50000 50000

5. A 250 V, series-wound motor is running at 500 rev/min and its shaft torque is 130

Nm. If its

efficiency at this load is 88%, find the current taken from the supply.

output power
The efficiency of a motor = 100%
input power

The output power of a motor is the power available to do work at its shaft and is
given by T or

T(2n) watts, where T is the torque in Nm and n is the speed of rotation in rev/s. The
input power is

the electrical power in watts supplied to the motor, i.e. VI watts.

T (2n)
Thus for a motor, efficiency, = 100%
VI

500
(130)(2) 60
i.e. 88 = 100
(250)(I)

500
(130)(2)
Thus, the current supplied, I = 60
100 = 30.94 A
(250)(88)

6. In a test on a d.c. motor, the following data was obtained. Supply voltage: 500 V

Current taken from the supply: 42.4 A Speed: 850 rev/min Shaft torque: 187

Nm

Determine the efficiency of the motor correct to the nearest 0.5%

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 306

 T (2n)
From the previous problem, for a motor, efficiency, = 100%
VI

850
(187)(2) 60
i.e. = 100
(500)(42.4)

= 78.5%

7. A 300 V series motor draws a current of 50 A. The field resistance is 40 m and

the armature

resistance is 0.2 . Determine the maximum efficiency of the motor.

The circuit is shown below.

VI Ia 2 R a If V C
Efficiency, 100%
VI

However, for a series motor, I f = 0 and I a 2 R a needs to be I 2 (R a R f )

VI I2 (R a R f ) C
Hence, 100% and for maximum efficiency, C = I (R a R f )
2

VI

VI 2I2 (R a R f ) 300 50 2 50 2 0.04 0.2)

Thus, efficiency, 100% 100%
VI 300 50

15000 1200 13800

= 100% 100%
15000 15000

i.e. maximum efficiency = 92%

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 307

8. A series motor drives a load at 1500 rev/min and takes a current of 20 A when

the supply voltage

is 250 V. if the total resistance of the motor is 1.5 and the iron, friction and

windage losses

amount to 400 W, determine the efficiency of the motor.

VI I 2 R C 250 20 202 1.5 400

Efficiency, 100% 100%
VI 250 20

5000 600 400 4000

= 100% 100%
5000 5000

= 80%

9. A series-wound motor is connected to a d.c. supply and develops full-load

torque when the

current is 30 A and speed is 1000 rev/min. If the flux per pole is proportional to

the current

flowing, find the current and speed at half full-load torque, when connected to

the same supply.

Torque, T = I a

T1 1 I1 T1 302
Hence, and since, I then 2
T2 2 I 2 0.5T1 I 2

from which, I 2 2 (0.5) 30 and current at half full-load torque, I2 0.5 302 =
2

21.2 A
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 308
 1
1 n1 I1 I 2
Speed, n hence,
I n 2 1 I1
I2

1000 21.2
i.e.
n2 30

from which, speed at half full-load torque, n 2

1000 30 = 1415 rev/min
21.2

Exercise 137, Page 385

1. A 350 V shunt motor runs at its normal speed of 12 rev/s when the armature

current is 90 A. The

resistance of the armature is 0.3 . (a) Find the speed when the current is 45 A

and a resistance

of 0.4 is connected in series with the armature, the shunt field remaining

constant. (b) Find the

speed when the current is 45 A and the shunt field is reduced to 75% of it normal

value by

increasing the resistance of the field.

The circuit is shown below.

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 309

(a) Back e.m.f. at 90 A, E1 V Ia R a = 350 (90)(0.3) = 323 V

When I a = 45 A, E2 350 (45)(0.3 0.4) = 318.5 V

E1 1 n1 323 (12)
Now i.e. 1 since 2 1
E2 2 n2 318.5 1 (n 2 )

from which, speed, n 2

12 318.5 = 11.83 rev/s
323

(b) When I a = 45 A, E 2 350 (45)(0.3) = 336.5 V

E1 1 n1 323 1 (12)
Now i.e. since 2 0.75 1
E2 2 n2 336.5 (0.75 1 )(n 2 )

from which, speed, n 2

12 336.5 = 16.67 rev/s
323 0.75

2. A series motor runs at 900 rev/min when the voltage is 420 V and the current is

40 A. The

armature resistance is 0.3 and the series field resistance is 0.2 . Calculate the

resistance to be

connected in series to reduce the speed to 720 rev/min with the same current.

At 900 rev/min, e.m.f., E1 V I R a R se

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 310
 = 420 (40)(0.3+0.2) = 400 V

E1 n
At 720 rev/min, since I is unchanged, is unchanged, thus, 1
E2 n 2

i.e.
400 900
from which, E 2
400 720 = 320 V
E 2 720 900

Also, E2 V I R a R se R where R is the extra series resistance

i.e. 320 = 420 40(0.3 + 0.2 + R)

i.e. 40(0.5 + R) = 420 320

420 320
from which, 0.5 + R = = 2.5
40

Hence, the extra resistance, R = 2.5 0.5 = 2

3. A 320 V series motor takes 80 A and runs at 1080 rev/min at full load. The

armature resistance

is 0.2 and the series winding resistance is 0.05 . Assuming the flux is

proportional to the

field current, calculate the speed when developing full-load torque, but with a

0.15 diverter in

parallel with the field winding.

The circuit is shown below.

At 320 V, E1 V I R a R se without the diverter connected

= 320 80(0.2 + 0.05) = 300 V

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 311

With a 0.15 diverter in parallel with R se ,

the equivalent resistance, R =

0.15 0.05 = 0.0375
0.15 0.05

0.15
By current division, If I = 0.75 I
0.15 0.05

Torque, T Ia and for full-load torque, Ia1 1 Ia 2 2

Since If , 1 Ia1 and 2 0.75 I a 2

then (80)(80) = Ia 2 0.75 Ia 2

802 80
from which, Ia 2 2 and Ia 2 = 92.38 A
0.75 0.75

Hence, E 2 V Ia 2 R a R

= 320 92.38(0.2+0.0375)

= 320 21.94 = 298.06 V

E1 1 n1 Ia1 n1
Now
E 2 2 n 2 0.75Ia 2 n 2

80
1080

Hence,
300
60
298.06 0.75 92.38 n 2

80
1080
298.06
and new speed, n 2 60
= 20.65 rev/s or 1239 rev/min
300 0.75 92.38

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 312

 John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 313