Application ITs Why
Instrument Transformers?
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 1
Ed. 2006-03
Instrument Transformers in general
Application and selection parameters
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 2
CT VT CVT
What does an Instrument Transformer do?
Measure current and voltage in high voltage transmission
lines and switchgears during normal and fault conditions.
Insulate the control circuits from the network
V A
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 3
Transform the current and voltages to standardized
levels for control equipment as relays and meters
Accuracy classes (IEC)
Metering
Current Classes Voltage Classes
0.2s, 0.2, 0.5s 0.2 Revenue metering
0.5, 1.0, 3.0 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 Instrument
Relay protection
Current Classes Voltage Classes
5P, 10P, 5PR, 10PR, 3P, 6P
PX, TPS 3PT1, 3PT2, 3PT3 (CVT)
TPX, TPY, TPZ 6PT1, 6PT2, 6PT3 (CVT)
Standardised secondary currents and voltages
1 or 5 A, 100 or 110 V
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 4
Example of an 132/20 kV S/S
Two line bays
132 kV Single busbar
Two transformer bays
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 5
132/20 kV
Protection system - General purpose
Detect all electrical faults and some
abnormal operating conditions.
Protect human beings and
properties around the power
network.
Protect apparatus, power lines etc
from unnecessary damage.
Disconnect minimum possible part
of the power network.
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 6
Restore normal operation
Protection system
Fault
analysing
equipment
Instrument
Protection Transformers
relays
Power
System
Station
building Circuit
breaker
Communication
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 7
Equipment
Different types of protections
Two line bays
Earth fault Line fault
Over current
132 kV Single busbar
Bus bar fault
Two transformer bays
Transformer fault
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 8
132/20 kV
Lines Protection
Line fault
Lightning
132 kV
REL 511
Distance protection REL 501-531 Line protection
For longer lines. Measure of the
C
line impedance up to 3 zones.
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 9
Line differential protection REL 551
For shorter lines, cables
Protection - Lines
Z3
Z3
Z2
Z2
Z1 Z1
Z = U/I
Z< Z<
132 kV 132 kV
Distance Protection
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 10
Over current protection
Overload
132 kV
REL 511
Line protection
C
E
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 11
Busbar protection
Kirchhoffs law 1
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0
I1 I2
132 kV
Single busbar
To actual Circuit Breaker
Busbar fault
RAD 55
Busbar
I3 I4
protection
C
E
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 12
132/20 kV
Transformer protection
Differential
Signal from MV
C
E
current transformer
Example of transformer protection RADSB
Pressure guard Transformer
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 13
differential
Overload
protection
Over-current
Ground fault
Differential
Voltage transformer on busbar
Often measurement in one phase
Synchronizing
Phase position
Over voltage protection
Under voltage protection
Voltage indication
Synchronizing
relay
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 14
E
Metering
Wactive = U . I. cos kWh
Energy Meters
kWh
kVAr Tomorrow
Numerical
Energy calculation
Today
kWh
kVAr Electronic
VT CT
Analogue Integrator
Yesterday
kWh
kVAr
Mechanical
Ancient
Integrator
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 15
METER
Rb
Energy output
A/D conversion
Computer
Instrument Transformers
Important parameters when selecting instrument transformers
Ambient conditions
Grid data
Standard
Insulation data (BIL)
Rated current and voltage
(Ratios)
Core/ windings data
(Accuracy classes and outputs)
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 16
Important parameters when selecting ITs
Insulation data
Highest voltage for equipment (Um) e.g. 145 kV
Rated system voltage e.g. 132 kV
Test voltages
Lightning impulse 1.2/50 ms Simulating lightning, e.g. 650 kV
Power frequency dry/wet e.g. 275 kV
For Um > 300 kV, wet.
Switching surge 250/2500 ms
Replace power frequency test
Creepage distance Based up on Um (IEC)
Pollution, Salt spray ? I Light 16 mm/kV
Altitude above sea level II Medium 20 mm/kV
III Heavy 25 mm/kV
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 17
Over/under 1000 m IV Very Heavy 31 mm/kV
ABB standard >25 mm/kV
High altitudes >1000m a.s.l.
Outer
insulation dielectric strength is
reduced due to:
lower air pressure
lower density of air
The outer flash-over distance must be
extended
Innerinsulation is independent of the
outer conditions
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 18
High altitudes >1000m a.s.l.
Insulating levels for altitudes above 1000 m
System and test voltages according to IEC standard
when 1000 m a.s.l.
Actual altitude above sea level.
Test voltage at sea level will increase with factor k at
present altitude.
Power frequency test (m=1)
Switching impulse test (m=0.75)
m x (H-1000) / 8150
k= e
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 19
Important parameters when selecting current transformers
Thermal data
Rated primary current
Rated secondary current
Rated continuous thermal current
120%, 150% and 200% of rated current (IEC)
Short time current, Ith
(e.g. 25 kA/1sek)
Dynamic current, Idyn
(2.5 x Ith at 50 Hz)
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 20
Ambient temperature -40 - +40C (IEC)
Important parameters when selecting current transformers
Core data
Primary/secondary reconnection
Number of cores
Metering / Protection
Burden / class e.g.
20 VA cl 0.2, FS 5 (metering)
30 VA cl 5P20 (relay)
FS and ALF are valid at rated burdens
Class PX (relay)
Ekn V (knee point voltage)
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 21
Rct Ohm (secondary resistance at 75C)
I0 mA (magnetizing current)
Important parameters when selecting voltage transformers
Type: Capacitor or inductive
Rated voltages
Primary/secondary
(e.g.: 132.000/V3:110/V3:110/3 V)
Voltage factor (Vf)
Type of system earthing
Effectively earthed - 1.5/30 sec
Not effectively earthed - 1.9/30 sec (8h)
Thermal limit output
Only necessary to specify if larger than Vf 2 x Sn
(Sn = Total rated burden)
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 22
Ambient temperature -40 - +40C (IEC)
Voltage Transformer windings
A A A
N N N
da da da
Open delta winding for earth fault Open delta
dn dn dn
detection
a a a
Y-windings for metering
(and protection purpose) n n n
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 23
Metering
Important parameters when selecting voltage transformers
Winding data
Number of secondary windings
Metering / protection / earth fault
Burden / class
e.g.30 VA cl 0.2
A rated burden around 1.3-1.5 times the connected
burden, will give maximum accuracy at connected
burden.
e.g.100 VA cl 3P
Simultaneous burden
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 24
Metering and protection windings are seen as
continuously loaded.
Earth fault winding is seen as loaded only at faults.
Modern Relays and Energy meters
Consumes some few Volt-Amperes.
Typical < 5 VA
All consumption in cables
A/D conversion in relay C
Rated secondary currents from earlier
5 A towards 1 A.
kWh
ABB
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 25
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 26
