Page 143
kJ
h5 = h at s5 equal to s3 and saturated = 2700 kg
h6 = h at 0.009593 MPa and s6 equal to s3
kJ
= 2270 kg
kJ
h7 = hf at 45℃ = 188.45 kg
kJ
h8 = hf at 0.174 MPa = 485.9 kg
kJ
h9 = hf at 1.70 MPa = 872.06 kg
kJ
h10 = hf at 2.35 MPa = 946.97 kg
𝑚3
vf7 = vf at 45℃ = 0.0010099 kg
𝑚3
vf10 = vf at 2.35 MPa = 0.0011913 kg
Wp4 = vf10 (pB10 − p10 )
kJ
= 0.0011913(9200 − 2350) = 8.16 kg
∑ Wp = vf7 (pB10 − p7 )
kJ
= 0.0010099(9200 − 9.593) = 9.2814 kg
For open heater no. 3
h2
m1
1𝐾𝑔 Open Heater (1 − m1 )
No. 3
h10 h9
(h10 − h9 ) 946.99 − 872.06
m1 = =
(h2 − h9 ) 2880 − 872.06
kg
= 0.0373 kg of throttle steam
For open heater no. 2
h9 − h8
m2 = (1 − m1 ) [ ]
h4 − h8
872.06−485.9
= (1 − 0.0373) [ 3230−485.9 ]
kg
= 0.1335 kg of throttle steam
For open heater no. 1
h8 − h7
m3 = (1 − m1 − m2 ) [ ]
h5 − h7
485.9−188.45
= (1 − 0.0373 − 0.1335) [ 3230−188.45 ]
kg
m3 = 0.098 kg of throttle steam
𝑊 = h1 − h2 + (1 − m1 )(h3 − h4 ) + (1 − m1 − m2 )(h4 − h5 ) + (1 − m1 − m2 − m3 )(h5 −
h6 )
𝑊 = 3226.6 − 2880 + (1 − 0.0373)(3331 − 3230) + (1 − 0.0373 − 0.1355)(3230 −
2700) + (1 − 0.0373 − 0.1355 − 0.098)(2700 − 2270)
kJ
𝑊 = 1196.5 kg
Wnet = W − ∑ Wp = 1196.5 − 9.2814
kJ
Wnet = 1187.2 kg
Ec = h1 − h10 + (1 − m1 )(h3 − h2 )
= 3226.6 − 946.97 + (1 − 0.0373)(3331 − 2880)
kJ
Ec = 2713.83 kg
kJ
QA = Ec − Wp4 = 2713.83 − 816 = 2705.67 kg
W 1196.5
a) ee = E = 2713.83 = 0.441 or 44.1%
C
Wnet 1187.72
b) ee = = 2705.67 = 0.439 or 43.9%
QA
c)
T
1 3’
9.20 MPa
2’
2.35 MPa
10’
4
1.70 MPa
5
45°C 6
For actual cycle
500,000 kg
mk = 125,000 = 4 kwh
3600 3600 kJ
Wk = = = 900 kwh
mk 4
kJ
h10′ = hf at 215℃ = 920.72 kg
kJ
h2′ = h at 2.35 MPa and 260℃ = 2913.6 kg
kJ
h3′ = h at 2.10 MPa and 440℃ = 3334.2 kg
h2′
m1 ′
1𝐾𝑔 Open Heater (1 − m1′ )
No. 3
h10 h9
t10′ = 215℃
h10′ −h9 920.62−872.06
m1′ = = 2913.6−872.06
h2′ −h9
kg
= 0.016 kg of throttle steam
Ec = h1 − h10′ + (1 − m1′ )(h3′ − h2′ )
= 3226.6 − 920.62 + (1 − 0.016)(3334.2 − 2913.6)
kJ
= 2719.85 kg
𝑊𝑘 900 𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝐵 = = = 947.4
𝑛𝑔 0.95 𝑘𝑔
WB 947.4
eB = = 2719.85 = 0.348 0r 34.8%
Ec′
d) For ideal cycle with pressure drop thru reheater tubes:
T
1 3
9.20 MPa
2.35 MPa 2
10’
2.10 MPa
4
1.70 MPa
9
5
8 45°C 6
7
S
kJ
h1 = h at 9.20 MPa and 440℃ = 3226.6
kg
kJ
h2 = h at 2.35 MPa and s2 equal to s1 = 2880 kg
with pressure drop of 0.25 MPa thru reheater tubes
kJ
h3 = h at 2.10 MPa and 440℃ = 3334.2 kg
kJ
h4 = h at 1.70 MPa and s4 equal to s3 = 3268 kg
kJ
h5 = h at s5 equal to s3 and saturated = 2693 kg
kJ
h6 = h at 0.009593 and s6 equal to s3 = 2286 kg
kJ
h7 = hf at 45℃ = 188.45 kg
kJ
h8 = hf with h5 equal to hg = 464.6 kg
kJ
h9 = hf at 1.70 MPa = 872.06 kg
h4
m2
(1 − m1 ) Open Heater
No. 2
h9 h8
(1 − m1 − m2 )
h −h
m2 = (1 − m1 ) [h9 −h8]
4 8
872.06−464.6
= (1 − 0.0373) [ 3268−464.6 ]
kg
= 0.14 kg of throttle steam
Heat balance for heater no. 1
h −h
m2 = (1 − m1 − m2 ) [h8 −h7 ]
5 7
464.6−188.45
= (1 − 0.0373 − 0.14) [ 2693−188.45 ]
kg
= 0.0907 kg of throttle steam
𝑊 = h1 − h2 + (1 − m1 )(h3 − h4 ) + (1 − m1 − m2 )(h4 − h5 ) + (1 − m1 − m2 − m3 )(h5 −
h6 )
= 3226.6 − 2880 + (1 − 0.0373)(3334.2 − 3268) + (1 − 0.0373 − 0.14)
(3268 − 2693) + (1 − 0.0373 − 0.14 − 0.0907)(2693 − 2286)
𝐤𝐉
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐠
𝐄𝐜 = h1 − h10 + (1 − m1 )(h3 − h2 )
= 3226.6 − 946.97 + (1 − 0.0373)(3334.2 − 2880)
𝐤𝐉
𝐄𝐜 = 𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟔. 𝟗 𝐤𝐠
3600 3600 𝐤𝐉
𝐦= = 1181.33 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟒𝟕 𝐤𝐰𝐡
W
𝐤𝐉
𝐇𝐑 = (m)(Ec ) = (3.047)(2716) = 𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟒 𝐤𝐠
3600 3600
𝐞𝐞 = = 8278.4 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟓 𝐨𝐫 𝟒𝟑. 𝟓%
HR
Wk 900
e) 𝐧𝐤 = = 1196.5 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝟕𝟓. 𝟐%
W
(𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑)
Wk 900
𝐧𝐤 = = 1181.33 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝟕𝟔. 𝟐%
W
(𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑)
The Incomplete-Expansion Cycle
Page 148
T
B
2
4 3
Fig. 3-22. Incomplete-Expansion Cycle.
The ideal incomplete-expansion cycle is composed of the following processes:
1-2: isentropic expansion process in the engine, s = C
2-3: constant volume rejection of heat process in the engine, V = C
3-4: constant pressure rejection of heat process in the condenser, p = C
4-B: reversible adiabatic pumping process, s = C
B-1: constant pressure addition of heat process in the boiler, p = C
Engine Work, W
Recalling isentropic and isometric process
1
b
W
2
a
V
Fig. 3-23. Isentropic Process
P
2
d
W5
c 3
V
Fig. 3-24. Isometric Process
Neglecting ΔP and ΔK, the area behind the curve on the P-V plane represents the
work of steady flow process.
For isentropic process:
W8 = area behind the curve, 1-2-a-b-1
W8 = h1 − h2
For isometric process:
W8 = area behind the curve, 2-3-c-d-2
W8 = v2 (p2 − p3 )
For incomplete-expansion engine with zero clearance
P
1
S=C 2
V Engine
Fig. 3-25. Incomplete-Expansion
𝐖 = 𝐖𝟏−𝟐 +𝐖𝟐−𝟑
𝐖 = 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 + 𝐯𝟐 (𝐩𝟐 − 𝐩𝟑 )
Heat Added, QA
h1
𝐄𝐢𝐧 = 𝐄𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐐𝐀 + 𝐡𝐁 = 𝐡𝟏
𝐐𝐀 = 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝐁
QA
hB
Incomplete expansion engine almost always operates with a low initial pressure;
hence, the pump work is very small so that it can be neglected.
From the pump energy balance
𝐡𝐁 = 𝐡𝐁 + 𝐖𝐩
Wp ≈ 0
hB
hB ≈ h4
h4
𝐐𝐀 = 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟒
Wp
Thermal Efficiency, 𝑒𝑐
𝐖𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐖𝐧𝐞𝐭 − 𝐖𝐏
𝐞𝐜 = =
𝐐𝐀 𝐐𝐀
𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 + 𝐯𝟐 (𝐩𝟐 − 𝐩𝟑 )
𝐞𝐜 =
𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟒
The Incomplete-Expansion Engine
Energy Chargeable, Ec
𝐄𝐜 = 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝐟𝟑
Thermal Efficiency, 𝑒
𝐖 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 + 𝐯𝟐 (𝐩𝟐 − 𝐩𝟑 )
𝐞= =
𝐄𝐜 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝐟𝟑
Mean Effective Pressure, mep or pm
(a) Ideal Mean Effective Pressure
𝐖 𝐡𝟏 −𝐡𝟐 +𝐯𝟐 (𝐩𝟐 −𝐩𝟑 )
𝐩𝐦 = 𝐕 =
𝐃 𝐯𝟐
(b) Indicated Mean Effective Pressure, mep𝑖
𝐖𝐈
𝐦𝐞𝐩𝐢 =
𝐕𝐃
(c) Brake Mean Effective Pressure, mep𝑏
𝐖𝐁
𝐦𝐞𝐩𝐛 =
𝐕𝐃
(d) Combined Mean Effective Pressure,
mep𝑘
𝐖𝐊
𝐦𝐞𝐩𝐤 =
𝐕𝐃
Steam Rate, m
(a) Ideal Steam Rate, m
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝐦=
𝐖
(b) Indicated Steam Rate, m𝑖
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝐦𝐢 =
𝐖𝐈
(c) Brake Steam Rate, m𝑏
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝐦𝐛 =
𝐖𝐁
(d) Combined Steam Rate, m𝑘
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝐦𝐤 =
𝐖𝐊
Thermal Efficiency, 𝑒
(a) Indicated Thermal Efficiency, 𝑒𝑖
𝐖𝐈
𝒆𝒊 =
𝐄𝐜
(b) Brake Thermal Efficiency, 𝑒𝑏
𝐖𝐁
𝒆𝒃 = 𝐄𝐜
