A Text Book of ENGIEERING MATHEMATICS VOLUME -I Dr. Rajesh Pandey MSc., Ph.D. Assistant Professor/Reader Department of Mathematics Sherwood College of Engineering, Research and Technology Lucknow, Faizabad Road, Barabanki (U.P.) me Yord-press LucknowPublished by word-press Khushnuma Complex Basement 7, Meerabai Marg (Behind Jawahar Bhawan) Lucknow 226 001 U.P. (INDIA) Tel. : 91-522-2209542, 2209543, 2209544, 2209545 Fax : 0522-4045308 E-Mail : [email protected] First Edition 2010 ISBN 978-93-80257-03-7 © Publisher All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. Composed & Designed at : Panacea Computers 3rd Floor, Agrawal Sabha Bhawan Subhash Mohal, Sadar Cantt. Lucknow-226 002 Tel. : 0522-2483312, 9335927082, 9452295008 E-mail : [email protected] Printed at: Salasar Imaging Systems C-7/5, Lawrence Road Industrial Area Delhi - 110 035, 011-27185653, 9810064311Basic Results and Concepts I. GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Greek Letters Used [aalpha @ theta k kappa ttau |Bbetafpphi fm x chi | ygamma y psi vn @ omega 8 delta &xi tpi T cap. gamma epsilon neta p rho Acap. delta iiota Gzeta o sigma cap. sigma Alambda 2, Some Notations € belongs to Uunion € doesnot belong to A intersection = implies 7 such that © implies and implied by 3. Unit Prefixes Used Multiples and Prefixes Symbols Submultiples 10° kilo k 102 hecto, h 10 deca da 10-1 deci* d 10-2 centi* c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro Tn * The prefixes ‘deci’ and 'centi’ are only used with the metre, e.g., Centimeter is a recognized unit of length but Centigram is not a recognized unit of mass. 4. Useful Data e=27183 — 1/e=0.3679 log.2 = 0.6931 n=3.1416 — 1/n=0.3183 loge10 = 2.3026 v2=14142 V3 =1.732 lrad.= 5791745" 19 = 0.0174 rad. iii5, Systems of Units Quantily FPS. System [GGS.System | M.KS. System Length foot (ft) centimetre (cm) _| metre (m) Mass pound (Ib) gram (gm) kilogram (kg) Time second (sec) second (sec) second (sec) Force Ib. wt. dyne newton (nt) 6. Conversion Factors [71 ft. = 30.48 cm = 0.3048 m Tm = 100 cm = 3,2804 ft. Tft2= 0.0929 m2 Lacre = 4840 yd? = 4046.77 m? ft = 0.0283 m? Tm'= 35.32 ft ‘L m/sec = 3.2804 ft/sec. Lmile /h = 1.609 km/h. TL, ALGEBRA 1. Quadratic Equation : ax? + bx + c = 0 has roots b+ yb? — 4ac) [(o? = 4acy 2a 2a b c a+p=-2, ap=< Roots are equal if be = 4ac=0 Roots are real and distinct if b? — 4ac > 0 Roots are imaginary if be 4ac<0 2. Progressions ( Numbers a, a + d, a + 2d. ..... are said to be in Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) Its nth term T, = a+ n— 1 dandsumS, = FI (a+n—1d) (i) Numbers a, ar, ar?,.... are said to be in Geometric Progression (G.P.) Its nth term T, = ar"! and sums, = “0 =") 8.75 2 (<1) a (ii) Numbers 1/a, 1/(a + d), 1/(a + 2d), (HP, (ie. a sequence is said to be in H T, =1/(a+n— 1d). ) (iv) Ifa and b be two numbers then their are said to be in Harmonic Progression if its reciprocals are in A.P. Its nth term Arithmetic mean = ; (a+b), Geometric mean = Jab, Harmonic mean = 2ab/(a +b) (v) Natural numbers are 1,23 ...n. rae MOD yore men OR*2, 559 {(vi) Stirling's approximation. When n is large n!~ V2an .n" e-". 3, Permutations and Combinations nye PL ne ett PY Gen! 7% rin! Nee, = T= Ne, Ne, 4, Binomial Theorem () When n is a positive integer (14 x)R= LE PCy x + MCX? FCP He FCM, (ii) When n is a negative integer or a fraction (14x) = 14+ xe BO 5. Indices (i) am an = arn (i) (amyn= arm (iii) a-" = 1/an (iv) n Va (ie., nth root of a) = a"/". 6. Logarithms (i) Natural logarithm log x has base e and is inverse of e*. Common logarithm logiox = M log x where M = logioe = 0.4343. (Gi) logs 1= 0; loga0 = - 2o(a > 1) ; loga a= 1. (ii) log (mn) = log m + logn ; log (m/n) = log m - log n; log (m*) = n log m. Ill. GEOMETRY 1. Coordinates of a point : Cartesian (x ,y) and polar (r , 6). Then x= rcos 6, y=rsin 6 — fy) or ree sy), @=tan-? |Z Ux) YDistance between two points (x1 y1) and (%,¥2)* y[%2— %1)? + W2= va] Points of division of the line joining (x:, yi) and (x2, ya) in the ration my : m2 is [mete muy2* mys | m; +m, m; +m, ) Ina triangle having vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (xs, y3) (ii) Centroid (point of intersection of medians) is Xt X2 +X3 Yi t¥2 +s) 3 . 3 } (ii) Incentre (point of intersection of the internal bisectors of the angles) is, ax; + bx, +x, ay, + by, +cy5 atbtc ' atbte where a, b, care the lengths of the sides of the triangle. (iv) Circumcentre is the point of intersection of the right bisectors of the sides of the triangle. (v) Orthocentre is the point of intersection of the perpendiculars drawn from the vertices to the opposite sides of the triangle. 2. Straight Line (i Slope of the line joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) = 22% Xz My Slope of the line ax + by + c= Ois — tie, _ hats (ii) Equation of a line: (a) having slope m and cutting an intercept c on y - axis is y = mx + c. (b) cutting intercepts a and b from the axes is ~ + z a (©) passing through (x1, yi) and having slope mis y - y: = m(x - x1) (d) Passing through (x1, y2) and making an 20 with the x - axis is x=4 Yo cos@ sin ® (e) through the point of intersection of the lines arx + by + c1 =O and axx + bry + a= 0 is aix + biy +c +k (aax + bry +c) =0 =r my —my —mm, (iii) Angle between two lines having slopes m; and ma is tant viTwo lines are parallel if mi =m2 Two lines are perpendicular if mum = —1 Any line parallel to the line ax + by += Ois ax + by +k=0 Any line perpendicular to ax + by +c=0is bx ~ ay+k=0 {iv) Length of the perpendicular from (x1, y:)of the line ax + by +c =0. is ax, + by, +c (a? + b*) Y P (x,y) ° 3. Circle (i) Equation of the circle having centre (h, k) and radius r is &—hP+(y — Kee (ii) Equation x? + y2 + 2gx + 2fy +c = 0 represents a circle having centre (-g, -f) (g? +? -0. (iii) Equation of the tangent at the point (x1, yi) to the circle x2 + y2= a2 is xx + yy ae (iv) Condition for the line y = mx + c to touch the circle x2t+y2=atisc=a y(1+m?). (v) Length of the tangent from the point (x1, y:) to the circle x2+ y2+ Qgx + 2fy += 0is \(xi— y} + 2gx; + 2fy, +0). 4, Parabola (i) Standard equation of the parabola is y? = 4ax. Its parametric equations are x = at? , y = 2at. Latus - rectum LL! = 4a, Focus is $ (a,0) Directrix ZM is x + a = 0. and radiusn|xta=0 ii) Focal distance of any point P (xi, y1) on the parabola y?=4axisSP=x1 +a (ii) Equation of the tangent at (xr y1) to the parabola y?= dax is yy = 2a (x + x1) (iv) Condition for the line y = mx + c to touch the parabola y?= ax isc=a/m. (v) Equation of the normal to the parabola y? = dax in terms of its slope m is y = mx — 2am — am’ 5. Ellipse (j) Standard equation of the ellipse is ey ae aie 1 viiiIts parametric equations are x=acos 6, y=bsin@. Eccentricity e= y(1— b? / a*) Latus - rectum LSL! = 2b2/a. Foci S (— ae, 0) and $' (ae, 0) Directrices ZM (x = - a/e) and (x =a/e.) (ii) Sum of the focal distances of any point on the ellipse is equal to the major axis ie, SP +S'P = 2a, (iii) Equation of the tangent at the point (x: y:) to the ellipse 2 2 x yl ay tients My WM oy a (iv) Condition for the line y = mx + c to touch the ellipse 2 y2 a a =1is c= J(a’m? +b’). 6. Hyperbola (i) Standard equation of the hyperbola is. oF ev bp Its parametric equations are x=asec0,y=btan 6. Eccentricity e = y(1 +b? / a”), Latus ~ rectum LSL' = 2b2/a. Directrices ZM (x = a/e) and Z'M' (x = -a/e) (i) Equation of the tangent at the point (x1-y:) to the hyperbolalise = y(a’m* — b*) 2 (iv) Asymptotes of the hyperbola = 5 - Tare x x =Oand al S a 0. (v) Equation of the rectangular hyperbola with asymptotes as axes is xy = c?. Its parametric equations are x = ct, y = ¢/t. 7. Nature of the a Conic The equation ax? + 2hxy + by? + 2gx + 2fy + c= O represents h (i)a pair of lines, if é b f (= A)=0 igfc (ii) a circle, ifa = b, h= 0,440 (iii) a parabola, if ab — h?= 0,c A #0 (iv) an ellipse, if ab — h2>0, A+0 (v) a hyperbola, if ab—h? > 0,420 and a rectangular hyperbola if in addition, a + b = 0. 8, Volumes and Surface Areas Solid Volume Curved Surface | Total Surface ie | Area Area a 4a? 6a? ‘Cuboid (length 1, | ibh 2(+ bh 2(Ib+ bh* hl) breadth b, height h) Sphere (radius) [4 - ana? 3 Cylinder (base | rth 2arh 2nr (r + h) radius r, height h) ___ ‘Cone ach | ml ar (r+) ED where slant height! is given by /= y(r? + h?).IV. TRIGONOMETRY 1. @=0 [0 [30 5 60 90 180 | 270 | 360 sind | 0 Ye 1/2 | V3 1 0 -1/0 2 cos@ | 1 V3 1/2 {1/2 0 a Oo j1 2 tand 10 v3 ft v3 ~ 0 —0 | 0 2. Any t-ratio of (n. 90° £ 0) = + same ratio of 8, when n is even. = £00 - ratio of 8, when n is odd. The sign + or — is to be decided from the quadrant in which n. 90° + 0 lies. 1 eg., sin 570° = sin (6 x 909 + 30°) = —sin 300 = — tan 3159 = tan (3 x 90° + 45°) = -- cot 459= — 1. 3. sin (A +B) = sin A cos B+ cos A sinB cos (A + B)= cos A cos B + sin A sin B sin 2A = cos" A cos A = 2 tan A/(1 + tan” A) lata? A cos 2A = cos’A — sin? A= 1 — 2 sin? A=2 cos’ A — + 1+ tan? A A tant (ATE) ota eee + tan A tanB tan? A 5. sin A cos B= Flsin (A + B) + sin(A —B)) cos A sin B= 3 [sin (A + B) — sin(A —B)] coa A cos B= 3 [cos (A + B) + cos (A — B)] sin A sin B= 3 [cos (A — B) ~ cos (A+ B)} c+D c-D 6.sinC + sin D = 2sin cos c+D sin C — sin D =2cos c+ cos C + cos D = 2 cos D C+D c-~D cos C — cos D = — 2sin 7. asin x + bcos x= rsin (x +0) acos x +b sin x =r cos (x ~ 8) xiwhere a= rcos, 8, b= rsin@ so thatr= (a? +b?), 6 tan-! (b/a) 8. In any AABC: ()a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C (sin formula) ee 77S - (cosine formula) (iii) a = b cos C + ccos B (Projection formula) (iv) Area of AABC = Pbcsin A= f(s — a) (6— b) (6 — 6) wheres= Farbto. 9. Series (ii) cos A = x, x ae iW 1 3! (i) sin x, cos x, sin hx, cos hx series (i Exponential Series: e* = 1+ xe sin hx =x + — + — +20... 0, 3! (iii) Log series x log (1+x)-x— 44% — log (+x) =x — 4 (iv) Gregory series tan? xax— 4 © ~ oo tanh? x= dog 14% = 3° 5 2°87 10. (i) Complex number : z = x + iy =r (cos 6 + i sin 0) = re® (ii) Euler's theorem: cos @ + i sin 0 = e® (iii) Demoivre's theorem: (cos 0 + isin 8)" = cos n@ + isinn 8. 11. (i) Hyperbolic functions: sin h x = an jeoshx= £72 hx tan hx= jsech x= ; cosech x= sinhx) coshx sin Bx (ii) Relations between hyperbolic and trigonometric functions: sin ix = isin hx ; cos hx = cos hx; tan ix= i tanh x. (ii) Inverse hyperbolic functions; sin h7?x=logix + Vi? #1 J; cosh~?x = loghx + Vx? —1}; tanh? x= ; log nas . =x sin hx; coth x= cosh x xiiV. CALCULUS 1, Standard limits: @ u = = =na™}, Ea sen nany rational number (iii) Lt (1+x)/* =e (v) Lt xo0 x. 2. Differentiation = log.a. du. du mach & (chain Rute) i) Seyee 4 (log,x) = 1/x (ii) 2. (cin x) = cos x dx a = (tan x) = sec x a d = (sec x) = sec x tan x dx ry Clee Gv) Gir Ty = Gos xy? = 1) a) a (sinh x) = cos h x 4 (tan hx) = sech? x dx (vi) De (ax + b)" = m (m —1) (m — 2) sin x x ous (iv) Lt x¥* =1 u dv/dx A fax + by =n (ax t byl a ax dx) nar Fo = a log 4 2 (og,x)= ax (°8)= Sopa d ; $ (08x) = = sinx © (cot x) = — cosec’x dx 4 (cosec x) = — cosec x cot x. ix a (cos7!x) = a a z * (1 — x*) a “1, -1 S (ot-tx) = OTe d 1 L (cosec!x) = —SLe. Gy (cosec”'x ep & (coshx)=sinhx 2 (cot hx) = —cosec h? x. ax see (m — n+ 1) (ax+bym~". a D> log(ax + b) = (— 1) 8-1 (n — 1) !at/(ax +b) Dae") = mre D> (a™™) = m* (loga)". a™n [sin (ax+b)]_ (42 4 p2)R/2 eax | sin(bx +c+ntan~!b/a) 7 (efi) Ce ela (reen Grab) a) (vii) Leibnitz theorem: (uv)n up + 9Ciun-1vit "CaUn—2v2 + ooo + MCettp Ve + eons + CaVne 3. Integration gat 14 @ fe dx= men & dx = log,x [eX dx =e* fe dx =a*/log.a (ii) foin x dx= — cos x feos x dx = sin x tan x dx = — log cos x foot x dx= log sin x fcc x dx = log(sec x + tan x) = log tan G + 3) [cosec x dx = log(cosec x — cot x) = log tan (3) a (sec? x dx = tanx foosec? x dx = = cot x. pdx 1, 4x dx “1x een) |_ox gine? X (iii) he 5 tant * f eo sin=? * — = sinh? 7 va" + x*) 2 tog 4=8 fe eos £ x 2a 8 ae or - 2%) a Gy [=e ax xv@t =x), x 2 a z z Ta) dxe VO) @ ynt X Ya? +2) dx 7 sink? Gye anllee) ve" +x?) 2 a a? log x+y? - a?) Slog N=) ax gs eC 7 ) fe sin bx dx = oT (a sin bx — bcos bx) fe™ cos bx dx = a Ge (a cos bx + bsin bx) xiv(vi) fein hx dx = cos hx feos hx dx = sinh x Jean hx dx = log cos h x feot h x dx = log sinh x foce h? x dx = tan hx feosech? xdx= — cothx. 2 fa (vii) [e sin” xdx= f cos" x dx _ (n= 1)(n~3)(n- 5)... n(n — 2)(n = 4) 2 (m= 1)(m (m+n)(m+n (x ‘ x [5, only ifn is even x(n= D6 2(men 12 PP sin xcos® x dx 2) x iG , only if both m and n are even (viii) te (0) dx= fre- x)dx fro dx=2 feo dx, if f (x) is an even function. = 0, if f(x) is an odd function. Feo dx=2 [io dx, if Qa — x) = f(x) = 0, if f(2a — x) = - f(x). VI. VECTIORS 1. @ IER =xi+ yj+ 2k then r= [RI = V(x? +y? +2’) (ii) PQ = position vector of Q-position vector of P. 2.If A= ai 1+ a2j + axK, B= bil + by] + bsK, then (i) Scalar product: A . B= abcos0 = arbr+ azb2+ asbs (ii) Vector product: A B = ab sin 8 N = Area of the parallelogram having A + B as sides 1 jk “BRR (iii) BA 1 IF A. B= Oand A is parallel to Bif A x B= 0. lar a a 3.) Scalar triple product [A B C] = |b t: bi]= Volume of parallelopiped cy cp ce (ii) If [A BC] = 0, then A, B, C are coplanar (iii) Vector triple product A x (Bx C) = (A.C) B — (A.B) C (A*B)xC=(C.A)B—(C.B)A xv4.(i) grad f= a, div F= VF=—1 + " dx curl F=V x F= il £| where F = fil + 6] + 6K x A 2 fl (ii) If div F = 0, then F is called a solenoidal vector (iii) If curl F = 0 then F is called an irrotational vector 5. Velocity = dR/dt; ; Acceleration = d?R/dt?; Tangent vector = dR/dt ; Normal vector = Vo 6. Green's theorem fos wan= fle[% 7 2 anay Stoke's theorem: [F.dR= furl F.Nds é 3 Gauss divergence theorem: [F.N ds = faiv Fdv 3 v 7. Coordinate systems Polar coordinates | Cylindrical Spherical polar (,@) coordinates (p,$, 2) | coordinates (r, 8, 4) Coordinate x=r cos6 x= sind cos transformations | y=rsin@ y=rsin@ sin | z=rcos0 Jacobian x,y,z) 2 LY) = 2? sin @ ar, 8,4) (Arc - length)? Volume- element (ds)? = (dry +1? | (dsy2= (d p)? + p? (aoe (doy? + (dz)? dx dy = rd0 dr dV =pdpdodz (ds)? = (dr)? + 2 (0)? + (r sin 92 (do)? dV = r2sin 0 dr do do xviContents Chapters Basic Results and Concetps Unit I : Differential Calculus- I Chapter 1 : Successive Differentiation and Leibnitz's Theorem Chapter 2 : Partial Differentiation Chapter 3 : Curve Tracing Chapter 4 : Expansion of Function Unit II : Differential Calculus - I Chapter 5 : Jacobian Chapter 6 : Approximation of Errors Chapter 7 :Extrema of Functions of Several Variables Chapter 8 : Lagranges Method of Undetermind Multipliers ‘Unit III : Matrices Chapter 9 : Matrices Unit IV : Multiple Integers Chapter 10: Multiple Integres Chapter 1 : Beta and Gamma Functions Unit V : Vector Calculus Chapter 12 : Vector Differential Calculus Chapter 13 : Vector Integral Calculus Page No. 19 51 5 105 115 127 139 191 21 305"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"UNIT -1 Differential Calculus-I"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"Chapter 1 Succesive Differentiation and Leibnitz's Theorm ive Differentiation ion and Notation :- If y be a function of x, its differential coefficient dy/dx will be in general a function of x which can be differentiated. The differential coefficient of dy/dx is called the second differential coefficient of y. Similarly, the differential coefficient of the second differential coefficient is called the third differential coefficient, and so on. The successive differential coefficients of y are denoted by the nth differential coeticient ofy being © x Aeative ethd of wing th nth deen cotta d 1 Dy, Yor Y yin (g)y yy y' The Process to ral the differential coefficient ofa function again and again is called successive Differentiation. Thus, if y = f(x), the successive differential coefficients of f(x) are dy dy d’y d’y Sega ge renee Se These are also denoted by : @) yu yay yiyty". Dy, D: (iv) #68), koe £00), f(x) n** Derivatives of some standard functions :- (1) n'* derivative of (axtb)™ :- Let y = (ax+b)™ Differentiating it w.r.t. x in succession, we get = m(axtb)™a Yyo= m(m-1)(axtb)»2a? ys = m(m-1) (m-2) (ax+b)™ a®A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I Similarly, we can write Yn = m(m-1) (m-2) (ax+b)" ar D= (ax+b)™ = m(m-1) (m-2).........(m-n+1) (ax +b)™*, a" If mis a positive integer then R.H‘S of the above can be written as Lm fax bya, an [(m=n) Hence Da(ax+b)™ = a (ax +b) Deductions : (a) If m=n, then De(axtb)* = [n a" In particular, D> x" =[n D2 xn = Baa Dos n= etc. (&)Itm ~-p, where p is positive integer, then +n-1 De(axtbye = (Irn ay at (axt byes ae 1)"ln (OD exsby' = Here (d) If m< n, then D» (ax+b)™ =0 2. n't Derivative of e : Lety=e™ Differentiating w.r.t. x in succession we get yi=ae%, yo= ater, ys= adem, Similarly we can write yn= a" wD" em = ar ex 3. nt* derivative of a™:- Let y= am Differentiation w.r.t x in succession, we get yi =ma™ log a y2= m2 a™ (log a)? Similarly, we can write ya =m" a™ (log a)" <. Da am = mm am (log a)" In particular, Dr at = at (log a" 4, nth Derivative of log (ax+b) Let y = log (ax+b)Succesive Differentiation and Leibnitz's Theorm ye y2= (-1) (axtby? a ys = (-1) (-2) (axtb)? a> Similarly we can write ya= (1) (2) sn+1) (axtb) a" = (1M 1.2. (n-1) (ax+b)* a® = (4) |(n—1). (axtby. an (Dana (ax+b)" e pT alaxtb) (-2y"ta"(n=1) (ax+b)" 5, nth Derivative of sin (ax+b):- Let y = sin (ax+b) J yr =a cos (ax+b) 2. D* log (ax+b) = yi=asin (axto+ ) y2= a2cos (axtb+ 5 ) yo= asin (axtb+ = ) ys= a? sin (axtb+ = ) Similarly, we can write yn =a sin (ax+b+ *) D'" sin (ax+b) = a" sin(ax+b+ ) In particular, D® sin x = sin (xt) 6, n'* Derivative of cos (ax+b) : Let y = cos (ax+b) “yi =a sin (ax+b) =acos axtorE ) y2=-a?sin (axtb+ F )A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 = at cos (axtb+2. 3) ys=-a sin (axtb+ 22) = a cos (axtb+ ) Similarly, we can write Ya =a" cos (axtb+ *) £. D® cos (ax+b) = a cos axtor In particular, ©. D" cos x = cos (x+ S) 7. nth Derivative of e* sin (bx+c) Let y = e* sin (bx +c) yi = ae sin (bx+c)+ b e% cos (bx+c) puta =rcoso and b =r sing “= a+band 6 = tan (b/a) yi =r e* [coso sin (bx+c) +sing cos (bx+c)]} Similarly, we can obtain ya= Pexsin (bx+c+2) ys= Pex sin (bx+c+39) Continuingthis process n times, we get Yn =r e% sin (bx+c+nd) «. D® {e® sin (bx+c)} = r". e* sin(bx+c+nd) where r = (a2+b2)1/2 and $= tan(2) a 8, n'* Derivative of e* cos (bx+c) : Proceeding exactly as above, we get De fe% cos(bxtc)}= 1". e% cos (bxtc#n6) where r and have the same meaning as above. . 1 . Example 1: ify = ——> 7 find yn Solution : 1 Y" Trax rox (UPT.U, 2005)Succesive Differentiation and Leibnitz's Theorm 1 © (2x=1)(3x-1) 2.3 “2x=1 3x-1 1 1 “yn —)-sp»| 2 a(S) (seq) . {or {n(2y" Se oe] ox-yr" [ | xn ey aoe ol =) of ee | Ans, x ; Example 2: if y= x, find n** derivative of y. Pen y Gay (K+ 2) y (UP.TU, 2002) Solution - To split y into partial fractions Let x-1 =z, then 1 1+2z+2? fe es ane ee 3-1" x1) 9K +2) Hence ay |n+1) 5-1)" oy" re nee Dale rover Bx)" x= 1” HK +2) Example 3 : Find the n** derivative of tar’ (5 =x (UP.T.U. 2001) Solution :- we have 2x tm = 2tanix a Hence we have to find ys ify = 2 tan'x Now, y = 2 tan'xA Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - | ee lee iLx-i xi oe (+i Suppose x = r cos@ and 1 = r sind so that r=x2+1 and 6 = tan? (@) x Thus, (cos -isin8)" ~ (cos8 + isind)"} 2 visinnd ay, = 2 ayn =1)[email protected]" 8 Where 0 =tan(2) Answer x Example 4: If y = x tog2, show that x xon oxtn ] yee yon af 28, way (UP.T.U 2003) Solution y= x{ log(«l) - log (x+1) } @ Differentiating y w.r.t x, we get wai) (x-1) - log (x+1) 1 , = Beck + tog (ot) Hog (+1) (i) Again, Differentiating (ji), (n-1) times w.r.t. x we gets DM O=D YOY CY a=-2)_ AY In-2) a (x-" HTPOKH ae “(oa = ed (-1)(n-1) 4 Da- 1), xt (-a"3[(n- | ed =" (x+I) or Tf cosySuccesive Differentiation and Leibnitz's Theorm (ayn 2] XB th = (1 (n af a Sot ]anewer Leibnitz's Theorem :- Statement :- If u and v are functions of x then Ds (uv)=(D8 w).v + 8C; Deu, Dy + C2 Dr? u, Dav + a oC, Det u. Dv We shall prove this theorem by mathematical induction method. By differentiation, we have D(uv) = (Du). v + u. (Dv) =(Du). v + ((C, u) (Dv) ‘Thus the theorem is true for n= 1 Let the theorem be true for n= mie. De (uv) = (Du). v + ™C; D™! u. Dv + 8C2 Dm? u, Dav +... tm, Deu, Div +, +uD™v Differentiating the above once again, we get D™1(yy) = (D™ ty). v+Deu, Dv+™C (Du. Dv+D™u, Day}+™C{D™y,Dav+ Dey, Diy}+.. mC {D™1y, Div+D™y, Dey}. .+{Du. DevtuDmty} Rearranging the terms, we get D(uv) = (D™*tu)v+(1+"C;) Deu. Dv+ (mC +™Ca) Du, Dav+ +™C,41) Dru, Dreivt atu, D™ly, Now using ™C; + ™Cy+i = ™!Cyey, we have D=1(uv)= (D™*tu).v +™!C,D™u.Dv+ u.Dmly Thus we have seen that if the theorem is true for n = m, it is also true for n= m+1. Therefore by principle of induction, the theorem is true for every positive integral value of n. Example 5 : If y = cos(m sin x) prove that (1-x2) yne2 - (2n+1) xynei + (m2- n2)yq =0 Solution : y = cos (m sin? x) at (OC, +m1C,4,D™, Del v. “yi =~ sin (m sintx), m or (1-x2) yi? = me? sin? (m si = m? [1 - cos? (m sin x)] = m?- m2 cos? (m sin" x) &. (=x) y= m?- mey2 or (1-x?) yi? + my? m? =0 Differentiating again, we have (1-x?). 2yryz+y1? (-2x)+m? . 2yy1=0 or (1- x2) yx xy: + my = 0A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume Differentiating n times by Leibnitz’s theorem, we get Ynv2 (1-2) 9Cr yet (-2x) + C2 yn(-2) -{Yner- XM, Yo} +m? yn =O or (1-2) yne2 - 2nx ynet - M(N-L)Ya = XY net -MYn + M?yn =O or (1-x2)yne2 - (2n+1) xy ner + (m2n?) = 0 Hence proved. Example 6: Ify =e", show that (1-2) ynr2 - (2n#1)xy net - (n2#a2) yn =O Solution : Given y = e="-1x (i Differentiating, asin lx 1 yize (i) Squaring and cross-multiplying, we get yit(1-x2) = ay? Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get yr(-2x) + 2yrya(1-»2) =a? . 2yyi or (1-x2)y2-xy1 - a2y =0 (iii) Differentiating each term of this equation n times with respect to x, we get Def(1-»2)yo] - Dr(x yi) - a2 Day) =0 wey Dyn 2) - bayer + nye T] ~ ayn =0 or (1-2) ynea~ (2x+1) x¥net - ee +a%)ya=0 Hence proved, Example 7: If y = (x°-1)", Prove that (32 1)ynea +2xyne1 - (MHD) yn =O Solution : Given y = (x21)" or [(1-¥2)ynea + nynei(-2x)+ Differentiating, y1 = n(x2-1)™. 2x or ya(x21) = n(x2-1), 2x = ny. 2x =2nxy Differentiating again both sides with respect to x, we get yi(2x) + y2(x?-1) = 2n(xyrty) or (X2-1) yo + 2x(I-n)y: - ny = 0 Differentiating each term of this equation n times with respect to x (by Leibnitz's theorem), we get Del(x2-1)ya]+D"[2x(1 - n)y] - 2nDey =0 a y or [(x2-1)yne2 tyne (2x)+ ——* yn(2)]+ 2(1 - n)[xyne myn] - 2nyn=0 or (X2 -L)ynea + Dnynes - 7 =0 Hence proved 10Succesive Differentiation and Leibnitz's Theorm xy Example 8 : If cos? (2) ~1g(2) . Prove that x2 yne2 + (2N+1)xyne + 2n2Vn =O Solution : Given cos: (y/b) = log(x/n)* or cos(y/b) = n log(x/n) or y = bcos{ n log(x/n)} Differentiating, a 1 1 yaa -bsin in log (x/m))m. H or xy: =- bn sin{n log (x/n)} Again differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get 1 1 vyat yi= bn cos (nlog{ *) Ing or x2y2 + xyi = = n°b cos { nog (x/n)} = «rey, from (i) or yt xyi try =0 Differentiating each term of this equation n terms, with respect to x, we get Da(x2y2)+De (xy1) +n? De (y) =0 n(n-1) 1.2 or yaen x2 + nynet (2x) + yn (2) + (Yowr x + yn) +n? yn =0 OF x? yne2 + (2n+1) xynvi + 2n? yn =O Hence proved Example 9: If x= cosh (2) log y] Prove that m (x? -L)y2 + xy1 - my =0 and (x2 -1) yne2+ (2n#1) xyae + (n?- m2) ya =0 Solution : Here x = cos h (2 )ios yl m 1 texe2 or cos h1x=— log y or m cos hx = log y ory=* @ poste ] oye? m|—— | VG" -1) | or y1 (x? -1) = my or (x? -1) yi? = m? y? Gi) Again differentiating (ii) we get 11A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - (2-1) 2y1 ya + (2x)yi2 = m2. 2yy: or (2-1) ya #xyi -m2y = 0 (iy Differentiating (iii) n times by Leibnitz's theorem, we get ME a) ya + ay 0+ mya} yn =0 or (x21) ynea + (2n+1) xyner + (n? - m2) yn =0 Hence Proved Example 10 : If ym +y -V/m = 2x Prove that (x21) yneo + (21 +1)xyner+(n2 - m2) =0 [21)ynea +n (2xynv2t Solution : Given y 1/™ + —1_ = 2x y or y2/m- 2xyl/m + 1 =0 2 oryunn 28 a 4) or yl/m = x +(x -1) ory=[xtyor-D] @ when y =[x+ JG? -1)]" ,we have 7 A yiem[x+ 67-1] [aes] ory: (G@=1) = my or yi2 (x2 -1) = m2y2 (i) when y =[x - Ver oy , we have 2 (-er-ap fs [eal or yi (x? = 1) == my or y°(x2-1) = my? (ii) which is the same result as (ii). Hence for both the values of y given by (i) we get y:? (x2-1) = m’y? Differentiating both sides of this with respect to x, we get ye? (2x) + 2yny2 (x2-1) = m2.2yyi or ya (x?-1) + xy1 - m2y =0 12Succesive Differentiation and Leibnitz's Theorm Differentiating each term of this equation n times (by Leibnitz’s theorem) with respect to x, we get Drfya(x2-1)}+D>(xyi) - m2 Dy) =0 wind 1) or {(%2 1) ynez tmyner (2x) +O? yn (2)} + (xyner + nya. 1} - m2 yn =0 or (x21) ynoz + (21 +1) xyner + fe m?) yn =0 Hence Proved Example 11 : If y = (x?-1)" Prove that (x2 -L)yne2 + 2xynet - n(n+1)yn =O Hence If Pn = = (x2- 1)", show that d ap, Eo- x ‘a an (n+1)Pn =0 Solution : Given y = (x?-1)" Differentiating yi = n(x? -1)™. 2x or yi (x? -1 or yi? 1 = omy Differentiating again both sides with respect to x, we get yi(2x) +y2 0@ -1) = 2n [xy: ty] or (2-1) y2 + 2x(1- n) yi - 2ny =0 Differentiating each term of this equation n times with respect to x (by Leibnitz's theorem), we get Do{(x? -1)ya} +De{2x(1 - n)y} -2nD* y) =0 (x2 -1)p 2x y.2x oF [(2-A)yra + myn Qs) + OED yy] + 20 n)fxyne + nya} -2ny0 =O or (2 -1)ynva + Ixyner “1 at =0 @ which Proves the first part. a Again P, = 7-1) gain Po = S508 -1) (1-%2)y nea - 2xY not = [02 -Dynea + 2x yn] =-n(ntl)yn from (i) =-n(nt1)Pn +: Pn= Yn 13A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 dP, or Eo “SS Problem 12: If y = six, find (ya)o rs} + fn) Pa =0. Hence proved (UP.T.U. 2009) @ (ii) Solution : Given Differentiating, y, = or y2(1 -?) =1 Differentiating both sides again w.r.t x we get 2yaya (1 = x2) + y:2(-2x) =0 or y,(1- x2) - xy1 =0......---(iii) Differentiating both sides of (iii) n times with respect to x by Leibnitz's theorem, we get [ysea(1-x2)+n.ynea(-2x)+ ee Dy, (2)]- fxynes 4.1. yo] =0 or (1-x2)ynv2- (2n+1)xyne1 - nV =0 (iv) putting x = 0 in (i), (i), (ii) and (iv) we get (y)o = sin 0 =0; (yi)o =1; (y2)0 =0 and (Yn«2)o = W°(yn)o @ If nis even, putting n = 2, 4, 6..........., we get (yao =2? (y2)o = 0 (y2)o=0 (ys)o = 47(ye)o = 0, * (ya) =0 In this way we can show that for all even values of n, (ys)o 0 Answer If nis odd, putting n=1,3,5,7. (n-2) in (v) we get (ya)o = (yi)o = 1; (ys)o = 3? (ya} (yz)o = 52.(ys)o = 52. 32.1 ete (ya)o = (n - 2)? (Yn-2)o = (n- 272. (0-4) (yn-a)o = (n-2)(1- 4)... sos. s52, 3, 12, Answer. Example 13: If y = [log(x+ (1+ x’) }J?, show that (yne2)o= - n? (ys)o, hence find (yn)o. Solution : Let y = [log x+ J(1+x?) }? @ 7 1 2x isk ale] [neva] ory, (+x?) 14Succesive Differentiation and Leibnitz's Theorm or y; (1+) = 4 [log {x+ /(1+x?) }]? or yi2(L4x2)= 4y i) Again differentiating, yi? (2x) + (1+x2) 2yiy2 = 4y1 or y? (1+x2) + xy; -2=0 (iii) Differentiating each term of this equation n times, by Leibnitz's theorem, with respect to x, we have fyne2 (1422) + nynes (2x)+ ne Fi 2) 9.2} + lyne(x) + nys(l) } =O or (14%2)ynea + (2n+1) xy AMY =O ees seenfiV) putting x =0 in (iv) we have (140) (Yavz)o + n2 (Yao =0 oF (Yns2)0 = - NAYn)o. .(v) Putting n= n-2, n-4, in (v), we get (yao = - (n- 2)? (y n-2)0; (Ym 2)0= = (n= 4? (Yn-4)0 (a-a)o= = (n= 6)%¥n-6)0 where we have (on multiplying side wise) (yo = (= 27} {= (a 4} {-(- 694 (Yn-0o} «. Ifnis odd, (yao {= (R= 27H = (= AY) {= (= 6)2prceercereseernel BEL THY o Now from (i) putting x =0, we get (y)o= [log (0+1)}? = (log 1)? =0 .. From (ii) putting x =0, we get (¥1)5 = 4(9)0 =0 oF (y:Jo=0 Hence when n is odd (Yn)o =0 Answer And if nis even, as before (yao = {-1(r- 2)7H{ -(1.- 4)>}{ -(1= 6PP}esveeseseesnek 44) -221(92)0 Also from (iii) putting x =0, we get (y2)o (1+0) +0 -2=0 or (y2)o =0 -. where n is even, we have (yao = { - (1-2)?} { - (0-42) { (1 - 6)2}.. oe sseeee(-2)2 42 = (-1)("-272 (n-2)? (n-4)? (n-6).......42. 22.2 Answer Example 14: Ify =[x+ J(1+x)] find (ys Solution : Given y = [xy a+] secsssseuli) 15A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I ayem[xe oe] [r es eof if iz al a+) +x’) nfx+ Jae] my (+x?) Again differentiating y} (2x) + (1+x2) 2yry2 = m?, 2yy: or y2 (1+x2) + xyy - my =0... «-iii) Differentiating this equation n time by Leibnitz's theorem, we get Lynez (14x2) + nynet (2x) mae 1) or (1+%2)yne2 +(2n+1) xyne1 + Pa myn =0 putting x =0 we get (ynea)o = (m?-n2) (yn)o... Ifnis odd, putting n = 1,3,5,7. Whenn = 1, (ys)o = (m?-12) (yi)o And from (i) and (ii), putting x =0, we get (o= 1 (yi), =m? (y)p= m2 or (yso=m (ys) 0= (m2-12) m when n = 3, from (iv) we get (ys)o = (m? -32)(ys)o or (ys)o = (m2 - 32) (m?-1) m when n =5, from (iv) we get (yz)o = (m?-52) (ys)o or (yz)o = (m? -52) (m? -32) (m? -12)m. Proceeding in this manner, when n = n - 2 from (iv) we get (yn)o = fm? - (n-2)?} (Yn2)o = {m?- (n - 2)3} {m2 - (n - 4)?} fm? - (n - 6) Ifnis even, putting n= 2,4, 6,8,........ when n =2, (ys)o = (m?- 22) (y2)o And from (iii) putting x =0, we get (y2)o +0+m? (y)o = 0 oF (y2)o = m? (y)o = m? o-(ya)o = (m2 - 22)m2 When n =4, from (iv) we get (ye)o = (m?- 42) (ys)o or (yo)o = (m2 - 42) (mm? - 22) m2 Yn (2)] + Exyner + nya] - m? yn =O iv) (n-2), we get -(an? -32) (m2 -12) m Answer. (n-2) is (iv), we get 16Succesive Differentiation and Leibnitz's Theorm when n =6, from (iv), we get (ys)o = (m?- 62) (ye)o or (ye)o = (m? -62) (m2 - 42) (m2 -22)m2 Proceeding in this manner, when n = n-2 from (iv) we have (ya)o= (mn? - (n-2)4 (Yn-2)o fm? - (n-2)?} frm? ~ (RAPP)... sees seseses(en?~ 42) (m? -22)m?, Answer Exercise 1. If e™™"., prove that (1-x2) yne2 = x (21+1) Yer - (n? + m2) yn = 0 2. Ify = sin (a sim x) prove that (1x2) yne2 -(2n +1) xyne1 - (na?) yn = 0 U.P.T.U (CO) 2007 3. Ify =a.cos (log x) + b sin (log x) show that x2yne2 + (2n +1) xyner (n2+1) y, = 0 (U.P.T.U 2004) 4, Ify =sin (m sin x) prove that (1-x2) yns2 ~ (2n+1) xynei + (m2n?)y, = 0 (UP.T.U 2003. 05) 5. Ify = e™*"*, show that (1-x?)ynea - (2n+1) xy oot - (m*4n2) y, = 0 and hence evaluate (yx)0 Ans: (yn)o = -{(n-2)? +m?} {(n-4)2+m?}. ...{(12+m2) me a }, for odd values of n (yn)o = {(n-2)? +m2} {(n-4)?+m2}.... . {me for even values of n. 17"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"Chapter 2 Partial Differentiation Partial differential coefficients : The Partial differential coefficient of f(xy) with respect to x is the ordinary differential coefficient of f(x,y) when y is regarded as a constant. It is written as oor of/ax or Def ox Thus 2 = tim thy) fey) ax h0 h Again, the partial differential coefficient 9 £/dy of f(x,y) with respect to y is the ordinary differential coefficient of f(x,y) when x is regarded as a constant. — # oti {89 H)= fuy) me Kk ean if fis a function of the n variables x1, x2,......-+ Xx, the partial differential coefficient of f with respect to x: is the ordinary differential coefficient of f when all the variables except x: are regarded as constants and is written as of/ax:. of of Bind 5, te also denoted by 6: and fy respectively. ‘The partial differential coefficients of f; and fy are fue, fay, fyx fy ae of FF oF 1 Be’ Bady’ ByOx’ By?” respectively. 2 It should be specially noted that a + means 3(3] and samen 2(%) The student will be able to convince himself that in all ordinary cases of oF ayax” dxdy Example 1: If u = log (x? + y? +z3- 3xyz) show that 9 “ (xty+x) (U.P.T.U. 2004, B.P.S.C. 2007) (U.P.P.CS. 2003) Solution : The given relation is w= log(x? + y>+ x°- 3xyz) 19A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I Differentiate it w.r.t. x partially, we get du 3x? - 3yz Ox ty +z) —Sxyz By? - milarty 24 similarly = Sy P aoe du___32?-3xyz a nen Now (2+ 242) u-(2.2.2)/ 2.242) ox "dy | dz By +h ax dy az =f{24242 (ou, du, u ax dy az}lox dy az a9,0,90 3 a(aemerne: ax dy dz )\x+y +z af_1 af_1 af_1 =3/< + +— ax(xtyt2) dy(xty4z) dalxtyez 1 aA A =3|-———, + —_, +_ [ (x+y+z) (x+y+z) ae 3| > (x+y+z) 2 Hence Proved. (x+y +z) Brample 2:If u= ex, show that ; ae = (143xyztx2y2z) env x (UP.P.CS. 1998, B.P.S.C 2005) 20Partial Differentiation Solution : Given u = ey? Wesyest aloetined fu_ a a = 2 (ye) ax 2-yer® dyaz aye ) ay ¥" =xly xze% + o}] =e (xyz + x) au a OO? ene (a Hence rg oy 0" Cover 092 (2xyztl) + yz.e% (xtyz+x) = e9 [2xyz +1 + xty2z?+ xyz] = ext (143xyz + oo Hence Proved y * Pau utureu? =2 ran +yuy + zu) =1, prove that, (U.P.T.U. 2003) Solution : Given fi) Cru where u is a function of x,y and z, Differentiating (i) partially with respect to x, we get 2 2ou (br ruyo-y au (a? +u).2x-x (¢+u)0-2 wap eae ena ty? /(be +0 [x (a? +a ___2x/a? su DMs] 2y/(b* +u) % LX /(e +u)'] g Ou 2z/(c?+u) 22” Shee +u)'] +27/(e +u)'] Similarly 2% 21A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 Pfau) (any Le /e ta) ay? / eaf +28 /(e +0] (z)-* [Sfx vet +uyf}] ..ii) 4 olG)) 2 1 (eae e5] Sey LE Ray ee 2 Poo (it) Tle /@ +] From (i), (i) (ii) and we have ul +ul +0 = 2(xuy +yuy + 2us) Hence Proved. Example 4: If u = f(r) and x = r cos@, y = r sin® i.e. r? = x2+y?, Prove that See crest F(r) or ul tut +ut= Also xux + yuy + zu, (U.P.T.U. 2000, 2005) Solution : Given u = f(t).......0.....--() Differentiating (i) partially w.r.t. x, we get 20 = py ax "Ox =P). oF r ar_ 3 2r Fa ar_x a xX oor or _y larly = Similarly Differentiating above once again, we getPartial Differentiation ae axl or LPO +xf er /%)) = xf'(r)(8r /dx) r yap or es = 3 bef (exer) -S reo i) 2 =a fe) + yf) Leen (iii) Adding (ji) and (iii), we get ye = Fee F() + 2 F@)-1 FO) a r Ay area) + (x2 +y?)E(n)- ry’) hy £"(r) f(r) + f"(r), Hence proved. Example 5: If x*yy z? = c, show that at x = y =z, oe 2-(xlogex)" axdy 8 (U.P.P.CS. 1994; P.T.U. 1999) Solution : Given x* yy z* = c, where z is a function of x and y Taking logarithms, x log x + y log y + z log z= log c @) Differentiating (i) partially with respect to x, we get [2) + (log | + [-(2)+ (log z)1 (1+ log x) os =~ Gy log2) @) Similarly from (i) we have a2 __{1+logy) dy (1+ logz) _ #2 _ a(az * Bxdy Ox By, _af_(1+logy - EERE )] rom an (iii)A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I a oe (1+logy).. 2[(1+10¢2)" J =- 2 v2 1 oz 2 (1+togy)/ (1+1og2) 12 #z___(1+logy) (Hee) using Gi) & Byay z(1+logz) | (iFlogz Jf’ "® Fz __ (1+logx)* exdy —_x(1+logx) Substituting x for y and z Atx=y =z, we have —~ ie O21 © ay” x( +logx) 1 7 “7 x(loge + log x) “loge= 1 ae xTog(ex) = ~ {x log (ex)} Hence Proved. Example 6 : If u = sin! (2) + tant (2), show that y au, du xp tz no Vy (UP.T.U. 2006) Solution : We have u= sin (*)+ tana (2)... i) ly e Differentiating (i) partially w.r.t. x and y, we get. ay) ii) 24Partial Differentiation on adding (ii) and (iii), we have au, a ay 0 Answer. Euler's Theorem on Homogeneous Functions : Statement : If f(x,y) is a homogeneous function of x and y of degree n, then (U.P-T.U, 2006; P-T.U. 2004) Proof : Since f(x,y) is a homogeneous function of degree n, it can be expressed in the form f(y) = XP F(Y/ x) i) af . o.3 fx" F(y/x)} = nx" F(y/x) +x" F ox of y y 7 or ont (2) -yett 2) oct Again from (i), we have af_ a Sa fx" Fly/x)} = x" Fiy/x). 2 or ve = yx"! Py/x).. (iii) Adding (ii) and (iii), we get es S = F(y/x) = nf using(i) Hence Proved. Note. In general if f (x1, x2......+::+::+-.Xq) be a homogeneous function of degree n, then by Euler's theorem, we have 25A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volum: a af af en a +X, =n "dx, ” Ox, ox, byt Brample 7: if og[® a | Prove tat xty Bayt ox (U.P.T.U. 2009) Solution : We are given that tay? ue toe") xty J aay ay nee = f(s to x+y (say) Clearly f is a homogeneous function in x and y of degree 2-1 ie. 1 .. By Euler's theorem for f, we should have x yy ae a ay Re) ple)=e vine or xo" 2 4 yer cs y' or xo 4 y 2H 21 Hence Proved. ax by _, [ xty Example 8: If u = sin? , show that " ees} oy yt anu ox Yay 2 Solution : Here u = sin! ik 1} xt = sinu=—"¥_ = £ (say) yea Here f is a homogeneous function in x and y of degree(1 - 3) ie ; ’. By Euler's theorem for f, we have 26Partial Differentiation wt gy Hf ax ,% ox (sn) + 9-5 in = pein - f=sinu ox ay or Bayle Hence Proved 2 Bsample 9: 1fu=tan"(* *Y") hen prove that x+y J au ou (U.P.P.CS. 2005) Solution : Here tan u =~) = ¢ (say) x+y 2 Then for ~ 2 *Y is a homogeneous function in x and y of degree 2-1 ie 1 +y :. By Euler's theorem for f, we have orx> (tan w) + yp ttan u) = tanu f= tanu au au orxsectuS +ysectu “= tanu ax ay du_ tanu dy sectu ample 10: If u be a homogeneous function of degree n, then prove that or xo sy = sin u cos u= poindu, Hence Proved Fu du OS" (n-1) 8 Pes (xe vat 7A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 2 a rH xy 4 yt 2 (iii) x aay =n(n-1)u (U.P.T.U. 2005; Uttarakhand T. U. 2006) Solution : Since u is a homogenous function of degree n, therefore by Euler's theorem an) Differentiating (i) partially w.r.t. x, we get Fu duy,, Fu _ du xot yy Fu ay day Pty 28 a) day which prove the result (i) Now differentiating (i) partially w.r.t y, we get x yy 7 Ott Byax ay? (2) Which proves the result (ii) Multiplying (2) by x and (3) by y and then adding, we get weg xy gy FO ye FH (nay ets yt ax a Sa Yay ax Yay or x =(n-1)nu FW oy FH ye Eo oe Bay x which proves the result (iii). Hence Proved ( Example 11: If u= xf (2) f2(%), prove that \xJ ou (ad eu Re ha any Ze 4 yy (LA'S, 2006; U.P.P.CS. 1997; Uttarkhand T.U. 2006) 28Partial Differentiation Solution : Let v= x (2 and w = a(z ) F Then u =v + w.... (i Now v = x fi (y/x) is a homogeneous function in x and y of degree one and we prove that if u is a homogeneous function of x and y of degree n then au Fu SY 2x oY n(n-1)0 Say *Y BF a se 1 Gii)) “, Here we have 2 Fbsay Fay Pua -nvn Gi Also w = ffy/x) is a homogeneous function of x and y of degree zero so we have aimed waa oee ; 2 Fw BY aay +y? a (0-1) w=0.. i) Adding (ii) and (iii) we have Rea aS Zovew- 0 et or x “EL saa 2 0 ay +: from (i) we have u = v + w. Hence Proved Example 12: If u = sin? os (U.P.T.U. 2003) Solution : Here given u = sin“ x+2y +32 KP ey? +z x+2y+3z _ => sinu= £ (say) Vxttyee2? Now here fis a homogeneous function in x, y, z of degree (1 - 4) ie -3. Hence, by Euler's theorem xf, x of ag ax ay "oz 29A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - [ or xe (sin og (sin wed (sinu) = 3sinu a fssinu orxcosu 2+ ycosu 28+ zc0s ud = asin u ax ay a du, du, du__asinu or xSt yyy 2Sh 3 Sine ax cosu orxt yy Oty Os stanu a0, Hence Proved ax ay az Example 13 : If u(xy,z) = log (tan x + tan y + tan z) Prove that au 3? sin 2x24 + sin 2y 2 4 sin2z ox ay (U.P.T.U. 2006) Solution : we have u(xy,z) = log (tan x + tan y + tan)... Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x’ partially, we get au sec? x ‘Ox tanx+tany+tanz Differentiating (i) w.rt.'y' partially we get a sec’y e dy tanx+tany+tanz ” A Again differentiating (i) w.r-t '2' partially we get au sec’ z i ei) dz tanx+tany+tanz Multiplying (ii), (iii) and (iv) by sin 2x, sin 2y and sin 2z respectively and adding them, we get 5 2 y+ si 2 asi 2 sin 2x2! + sindy 28+ ginan OU = SiN2x sec? x+ sindy sec” y +sin2z sec*z ox oy dz tanx+tany +tanz 2sin x cosx.sec” x + 2siny cosy.sec’ y + 2sinz cosz.sec? z tanx+tany +tanz, _ 2(tanx+tany + tanz) “tanx+ tany + tanz =2 => sin 2x24 + sin2y 22 + sin2224 = 2, Hence Proved ax ay dz 30Partial Differentiation Total Differentiation Introduction : In partial differentiation of a function of two or more variables, only one variable varies. But in total differentiation, increments are given in all the variables. Total differential Coefficient : If u = f(x,y) where x = (t), and y = Y(t) then we can find the value of u in terms of t by substituting from the last two equations in the first equation. Hence we can regard u as a function of the single variable t, and find the ordinary differential coefficient &. Then Sis called the total differential coefficient of u, to distinguish it from the partial differential coefficient 2% and 4 ax ay The problem now is to fina Se without actually substituting the values of x and y in f(x,y), we can obtain the requisite formula as follows : Let (t+ 1)=x+h, y(t+)=ytk Then by definition du_,, f(x+h,y +k)- f(x,y) rag 7 : f(x+h,y+k)- f(xy +k) h, fOuy+k)-flxy) k win, [OE ae dy Now lim Le Se and = dt lim K= P5bt dt be Also, if k did not depend on h f(x+h,y +k)- f(x,y +k) fim, 97H would have been equal to af(x,y +k) ax by definition Moreover, supposing that af(x,y)/ ax is a continuous function of y af(x,y+k) _ af(xy) Se ea a we shall assume, therefore that him, __ fecthy+k)=fboy +k) _afGuy) h ox 7390 31A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 Hence du _ af dx, af dy dt ax dt’ dy dt du _ du dx , au dy dt dxdt dy dt Similarly, if u = f(a, x2..-....+-Xn) aNd x1, %2.... can prove that du _ du dx, | du dx | dt dx, dt dx, dt An important case : By supposing t to be the same, as x in the formula for two variables, we get the following proposition : When f(x,y) is a function of x and y, and y is a function of x, the total (ie, the ordinary) differential coefficient of f with respect to x is given by af _af , af dy ax ax * by dx Now, if we have an implicit relation between x and y of the form f(xy) = C where C is a constant and y is a function of x, the above formula becomes a at dy * byax ce gives the important formula icy Oty ats dx ax! dy Again, if f is a function of n variables x1, X2, X3j...s0++-0%ny ANE X2, XBeeooeeee-Xn are all fanctions of x, the total (i.e, the ordinary) differential coefficient of f with respect to x1 is given by df af | af dx, af dx xy dx, .. Xn are all functions of t, we dx, dx, | aX, dx, Example 14 : If u = x log xy, where x*+y3+3xy = 1, find =. x (U.P.T.U. 2002, 05) Solution : Given u = x log xy du _ du, dudy Gee op ae) we know Now from (i) Bandy +logxy x xy = 1+ logxy 32Partial Differentiation ‘Again, we are given x+y*+3xy =1, whence differentiating, we get 3x2 43y2 x, a[x+ya}-0 dx dy__(+y) og i (Pex) Substituting these values in (ii) we get (x+y) (y’ +x) Example 15 : If f(x, y) =0, 6(y, z) =0 show that pong la zie On Oe: ay azdx Ox dy f) (at (2H) . 7 dz __ (a Ey ‘e if O(y, z) =0, then ay" (2)(% ceeeneanes (ii) Multiplying (i) and (i), we have dy dz (e\2 (2) (2) dxdy (ox Jay lay} az or “(2 (2)2-(2)(2) Hence Proved Ss. (1 sp9)-3- Answer. Solution : If f(x, y) =0 then * 2 dx Lax)" lay) Example 16 : If the curves f(x,y) =0 and 6(x, y) =0 touch, show that at the point of contact 2f, 20 _ 290 4 Solution : For the curve f(x, y) =0, we have dy __(af --(2) ao ax Vz Jand forte carve gy) 0, $ =0, Ea eal y Also if two curves touch each other at a point then at that point the values of (dy/dx) for the two curves must be the same, Hence at the point of contact EM5)-EVG) 33A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 af) (86) _(a0)( af or (Z)(2)- (2) 0. Hence Proved Example 17 : If ¢(x,y,2) =0 show that (2) (=) (5), - (UPTU. 2004) Solution : The given relation defines y as a function of x and z, treating x as constant az), a/dy : The given relation defines z as a function of x and y. Treating y as constant (2) = 00/dx (i) ax), 86/a2 °°" ax) __a6/ay “i Similarly, (2) Sy Multiplying (i, (ii) and (ii) we get 2) (SE) (5) -4 a (2) (2) (2) a Change of Variables : If u is a function of x, y and x, y are functions of t and r, then u is called a composite function of tand r. Let u =f(x, y) and x = g(t, 1), y = h(t, r) then the continuous first order partial derivatives are du x, au dy at dx’ at dy at ax , au ay ar dy or 200, du, du aria oy iaealoriae Example 18: Ifu= (AZ =) show that x xy xz (U.P.T.U 2005) Solution : Here given u = (Ze) xy’ xz =u(t,s) y -x z- where r=———and s =——— xy 2xPartial Differentiation du_ du ar, du as Similarly = Sr ay * 36 3y om 1, au from (i) Vy a du _ du or 4 ou as oF a ds dz au 9,28 1 (iv) Adding (i) (ii) and (iii) we get 2h, 2 ee . RY yt ee Hence Proved. Example 19 : If u =u (y - z, 2~x,x-y) Prove that du, du, du ee ert Here given u = uly -2,2-x,x-y) LetX=y-z,Y=z-xandZ=x~y.. (i) Then u = u (GY,Z), where X, Y, Z are function of xy and z. Then 35A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I {ous Gul oXPaoulOY@NOUlezy ax OX ax | OY Ax | AZ ax du _ au aX , du ay | au az ‘dy OX ay BY ay dZay ou WU OX , Ou WUOZ iv) @z aX dz OY dz IZ dz with the help of (i), equations (Gi), (iti) and (iv) gives. du _ du ou | du Ou 9 Hy 4 My a2, oe a ax’* ne Me wa ! “wa @) du_ du, du . = 14+5.0+ on ay * yy (wi) odes a “yee ettey- 2, (ii) az ax" oY Adding (v), (vi) and (vii) we gett + = + “ Hence Proved. Example 20 : If is a function of x and y and x =e! + e*, y =e ~e* ad Prove that 22-9 au av. ‘ax > ay (AV.UP 2005) Solution : Here z is a function of x and y, where x and y are functions of u and v. frozin ca ernea ays Ai) du axdu oy du az _ a2 ax | a2 ay dv” ax’ dv” dy av" Also given that x=et +e" and y=e™-e" ox Oa wii) and = az_ du ax and from (ii) we a de (a), ov ax ay Subtracting (iv) from (iii) we get Zee ce 36Partial Differentiation ev -e* Hence Proved. az ay Example 21 : If V = f(2x -3y, 3y -4z, 4z -2x), compute the value of 6V, +4V, #3V2. (U.P.T.U, 2009) Solution : Here given V = f(2x ~3y, 3y ~4z, 4z -2x) Let X = 2x-3y, Y =3y-4z, and Z = 42-2%....00.--0-u(i) Then u = f(X, Y, Z), where X, Y, Z are function of x, y and z. av _aV ax , Vay av az i) de OX Ox OV Ox OZ Ox av _avax , aay avaz » = By ax dy OY dy OZ dy” av _avax , aVaY av az . and Vi = T= 5 toy be Paz ae oe) with ie Ee of (i), equations (i), (iii) and (iv) gives y= a2 oN Then V, (iii) av av =4V, ela) seceesenssseeee(vi) and v= Zo Y4)+ Zea) av av) or V, (8.2) (2, av) . 93V, = 12-457} sesseen(ii) Adding (v), (vi) and (vii) we get 6Vx+4V, #3V2=0 Answer. 37A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I Example 22: If x +y = 2e° cos and x -y = 2 ie® sing, Prove that ev av_, av OF ay day (U.P.T.U. 2001; U.P.P.CS. 1997) Solution : we have x+y = 2e* coso, x-y =2e* i sind => x = e® (cosh + sing) = e°. e* orx =e?" and y = e%(cos@ - i sing) = e°. e-* ory =e-# since we know av_avex_ avay 90 8x 00 dy 26 = BV vio, OV ope “Re ty oxy ox ay ey ee 90° “dx ay 4 ava vay 0 0x 0g ay AO av av = Diet +S (-1)ie"* ay ox meen ox oy a gnng 5" seoeedii) Paneer cm ae ag? (a8 ap) 08 ag afd y eye) eye MyM Ray aay GRY By Ky using (i) and (ii) (5, =2p (tt) #V av = [Ze Ro] 38Partial Differentiation av etry 2M iy Hence Proved. Example 23 : Transform the equation a, s ; (A.U.UP. 2003, Delhi college of Engg. 2004, G.GS.LP.U. 2004) Solution : The relation Connecting Cartesian Co-ordinates (x, y) with polar Co- ordinates (r, 9) are x= 1 cos6, y =r sind Squaring and adding 12 = x2 +y? =0 into polar Co-ordinates Dividing tan =~ Here u is a composite function of x and y du _ du dr, 2u 00 .gdu_sind du ox Or ax" 08 ox On at Er Oo| a @_ sind a =>— = cos - ax ar 80 Also 24.- 24 OF Ou 28 ay ar dy 20 dy = sino de, 88 94 dr + 20 2 imo 2. 4 £088 =< sino + ey arr Now we shall make use of the equivalence of Cartesian & polar operators as given by (i) and (ii) ou = 222) «(oso -8292cosot_sin8 2) Qx2 ad or 08 Cr) 39A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I a/ cept _sindau) sind 9/ ,du_sindau) =cos02{ cos ea) al 00 ar arr a0) -snege) 8 arr 08) sin@du(_1)_ sino d%u |_ sino au au _cosdu_sinda%u ~sind + cos ~ ene r or ‘adoro 8 yz) + are = cos0 coso2 Sin au} ct anys 2cosBsin8 au (ii) 280.2) sino + arr 30 ar (_, ,du , cos0du) cos 9/_, du, cose du) = sind singe + 28° ing 4 SEN sino, (5905, a8) me arr a0) «du _cos@ du cosé au) cose] du @u_sin@du_ cos6 au = sin6| sino—>- + + cosO + sing + [N52 2 8 or are8| ar arr 08” rage = sin po ¥_ 2080sin8 u , cos” 6du , 2cosOsind Iu , cos a2 pou OOMemr ator, tr Or oT age” Adding (iii) and (iv) @u Pu _ Fu tou 1 Fu ne Oy? Or rar Tae ar 2 Therefore 2 +" — 9 transforms into i ax” ay? or Exercise : x 1. [fu = tant nts , show that Jl+x? +y? eu 1 dxdy (14x + yy" 2. Ifu(xty) = 2+ y2, prove that du_ au) _ ( _du_ du cE 5) Ao * (2). prove that 40Partial Differentiation (UP.T.U. Special Exam 2001) 4. If z = f(x+ay) +0(x -ay), prove that #2 _ ez ay ax? Fu, Fu 5. If u = 2(axtby)? - (x?+y2) and a? +b? =1, find the value of 3455 ar Ans=0 6.IFV =(x24y2+22)1/2, Show that Av FV FV Oe By? | a2? 7. If u = (x+y? +22)¥2, then prove that Guu Fu_2 ae ay? aw 8. Ifu=x’, show that 24 = , ay Oxdyax, (P.T.U. 1999) 2 _P 9.1f0=t e 4t, find the value of n which will make — 12 ( 7 10. Ifx=1cos6, y =r sin®, prove that (iy 28,28 ax? * oy? 11. Ifz.= ey ax- by), Show that b22 +022 = 2abz ax | “ay 12. If V = f(r) and 12 = x2+y2-+22, Prove that VixtVyy +Vez +2 Fe) 7 13. Find p and q, if x= va (sin u + cos v), y= Va (cos u - sin v), z =1+sin(u - v) where pand q means22 and 22 respectively. ax By [Hint. .2+y?=2az 41(M.D.U. 2001) 15. Verify Euler's theorem for the function z= sin! ~ +tant © y x (Delhi college of Engg., March 2004) ayy? 16. If usin? 7Y xty , show that x24 y 24 - tanu ax ay (BPS.C. 1997; U.P.P.CS. 1990; J.N.T.U. 1999, G.G.S.LP.U. 2007, M.D.U. 2002, 03 V.T.U. 2003) ae x+y ‘Prove that x52 y Fi =sin2z 17. If z =tar (U.P.T.U. 2001, M.D.U. 2002, G.G.S.LP.U. 2006) son tat xB 18 ru =o A x (U.P.T.U. 2001) ou x = cost Cee 19. If u = cos: Ref’ show that x5, Mey’ a Footu= 0 aa 2006, V.T.U. 2004) +y? FU 2cos3u sinu oxay Y By? (UP.P.CS. 1993) (A.U.U.P. 2005, P.T.U. 2002, Delhi college of Engg 2004.) ey 21. If u = sin? — —, Prove that ‘edy du (x tye dtanu Yay , show that x pel pr a zo fata x Fu yy Fe sinu cos2u 2 ca i) 8 SVS way) By? dcosu (A.U.U.P. 2005, M.D.U. 2000, 2004, Delhi college of Engg. 2005) sg yay 22.1fu= sin? ate , then show that Ty fu du an “e Sy Yay ay (3 +tan’ u) (Delhi college of Engg. 2004, M.D.U. 2001, 2003) 42Partial Differentiation = 1, 1 logx-logy of ae . BIE feyy= Set + EEE show that x5" +y 5+ 2Flxy) =0 (PTU 2004) 24. 1fz= x! y? Sint (2]+¥6%- log y show that sy aon'y*sin'(2) y (U.P.T.U. 2008) 2 ax+ by +cz (U.P.T.U. 2008) Bay? 25. Show thatx 2 + y 2! 4224 = 2tanu where u = sin ax ay * “Oz bag gse (2x? + y? +xz) Wot ny rivera Prove that when x =0, y =1, 2 =2 26. If V = loge sin 2(x? + xy+2yz+z" (UPP.CS. 1991) 27. If u = x2- y?+ sin yz. where y = e* and 2= log x; find & ix Ans. 2(x - e%)+e* cos (e* log x) (log x + 4). x 28. If u= f(t s) and r= x+y, 8= xy; show that 29. If x = eF cos, y = ef sin®, show wate zo axe = 2 a Ans. (iii) (LAS. 1999) 3. fu = evs, then <8 a is equal to () (xt+y2+2243xyz)en" (ii) (L4xty222+Bxyz)erre (iii) (Lhtty2tz2jen (iv) Gxt3y+3zteyz2je2 Ans. (ii) 4, If u = loge (x*+y3#z -3xyz), then et a is equal to (oy Gty*2) (i) F (ryt) eotame2| ; (ii) x+y+z Ce reyes Ans. (iv) 5. If z= xy f(y/x), then xy Sie equal to Wz (ii) 2 44Partial Differentiation (iii) xz. (iv)yz Ans. (ii) (U.P.P.CS. 1994) 6. Sint (2) is a homogeneous function of x, y of degree x @1 (ii) 2 (ii)3 (iv)0 Ans. (iv) (U.P.P.CS. 1994, 1995) 7.Mfz=uv 2+ v2-x-y =0 u?-v2+3x+y=0 Then zis equal to 2 (uty (ii) ae jay Sut tv? oy wav? i) Sy @) Suv Ans. (ii) (LAS. 1994) ayy? a.ifu=sint (*9"), then x ey His Uxety ax Yay jr i) 2F (ii)tanf (iv) sin Ans. (LAS. 1994, U.P.P.C.S. 1994) 9. If u = x! y2, where x = and y = #, then “ is () 2283 (i) 14 (iii) ee (iv) 1489 Ans. (iv) (RAS 1993) says 10. fu = tant | **Y ) ie valueof x44 ig x-y ax Yay (i) tan 2u (ii) cos 2u (ii) sin 2u (iv) sec? 2uA Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I (RAS. 1994) IL If xtyy zz =, then #- ~ (x log ex)-" when (x = y =z) ifn is equal to 3 2 (iii) 1 Ans. (iii) (UP.P.CS. 1994) 12, If w= x log xy, where x3 +y3 +3xy =1, then 2 is equal to ix (A+ ogy) ~~ (i) (1+ log x9) (22) x ty a. (2 - Pax (ai) (1- tog xy) -2(224) (iv) (1- log xy) 4% = Ans. (i) x+y? au, du, fu = Say 1 B.1fu oe are ) then x32 + 22 is equal to jo (ii) 1 Gi) u (iv) eu Ans. (ii) xiaayin au een =sint eu 14. If w= sin’ Srp thenx’ = ae Say ie is equal to . mol wo @) -$ Git) @w) Ans. (i) = foayedt ou ou, du 1 15. Ifu= jx? +y? +27, then XR TY Gy ge i eau to @o (iu i) 2 ay) 2 (iii) > Ans. (i)Partial Differentiation Ry’ 16.1fu=|x yz), then uy +uy + uz is equal to 1 1 1 (ii)1 xty+z (iv) Ax+y+z) Ans. (i) 17. Ifu = fly-z, z-x, x-y) then ay Se is equal to (xtytz (i) 1+xtytz (iii) (iv) 0 Ans. (iv) (U.P.P.CS. 1994) 2 18. If z= f(r) and r2= x? +2, then 2% re Fg equal to ay (P@+r a) (i) Ps) +r en ci £¢2)+ 2 f(r) (iv) re) + 2A) Ans. (iv) z auy (au) au) Dwi teats <—=1,then (22) (2) -(2) is equal to au, du, du 1( du. du, au) OSS oe (ii) Ade ay °F (iii) 2( x22 ryt 222) (iv) None of these Ans. (iii) Fu Fu ou. 20 If u= 1 where r= x? +y? #72, then 7 aa Sar sequal to (i) m2 (ii) m(m- a (ii) m (mt)? (iv) (m2 -1)r™2 Ans. (iii) 21. If u is a homogeneous function of degree n in x, y, z and if u = f(x, y, 2) where x, ¥, z are the first derivatives of u with respect to x, y, z respectively then Soy Hee weqat (i) nu (ii) n(n -1)u 47A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - | (ii) (iv) Ans. (i) 22. The total differential dz of 2 which is a function of x and y is equal to dz dz i) dz = dx + di ii) dz=Fdx+ at (i) dz = dx + dy (i) da = edn dy oa az, oz dz _ az dz =Sax+S Sess (i) dam Sean dy (ee Ans. (iii) 23. IF f(x, y) =0, Oly, 2) =0,, then @ 390 _ 9.36 dz ay az ax dy dx (iii) eee ge (iv) None of these Ans. (iii) 24. Ifu = y%, then 24 is equal to as ye ineng em @y G + log y) Gi) xy (iii) y* log y (iv) y* log x Ans. (iii) 25. A function {(x, y) is said to be homogenous of degree n in x, y if (i) fbx, ty) = Be Oxy) (ii) f(tx, ty) = B(x y) (iii) tis of the form x? f(x/y) (iv) tis of the form x" f(y/x) Ans. (iv) 26. Consider the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) given below : Assertion (A) - If u = xy f(y/x), then x +y ee =2u Reason (R) - Given function u is homogenous of degree 2 in x and y. of these statements ~ (i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (ii) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A. (iii) A is true but R is false. (iv) A is false but Ris true. Ans. (i) 27. Consider the following statements : 48Partial Differentiation a& 1 kd Assertion (A) - for x = r cos®, y = r sind = a7 30" TR Reason (R) $¥.-—1 dx dx/dy of these statement - () Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A. (ii) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A. (ii) Ais true but Ris false, (iv) Ais false but R is true. Ans. iv) (LAS. 1995) ax ay| 28. If x = r cos, y = r sin, then 7 orl is (UPPCS. 1994) [a0 20! ar yt 1 sin) 2 mye (iii) > Ans. (i) 29, Match the list I with Il List yt Ydxay Fu, au a ae ax) Say 7 dy? Ps 2 2 (0 fu = xv? + yi? then x2 Sort oxy om y a au, au (@Ifu= (y/o, thenx Sys List IT 3 () ~75u au au (@) 25 (0 (s)-u/4 49A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 correct match is a ® axann none poveas P q q (iv) Pp Ans. (ii) 29. If u = 3x2yz.+ 2yz8+ 6 xt, then x24 + yO 4 794 equal to ax ay az (U.P-P.CS. 1995) (i) 6x2 yz + dxy? +12 xt i) 3x2yz + 2yz? + 6xt 12 xtyz + 6yz3 + 12x! (iv) 12 xyz + Byz3 + 24 xt Ans. (iv) of, = 2. ecus 30.1E fy) = xtexty2ey, then = is equal to (U.P-P.CS 1994) (i) 4xy (i) 122 +22 (iii) 232 + 12 y? (iv) 4x9 +2xy2 Ans. (i) 50Chapter 3 Curve Tracing Rules for tracing Cartesian Curves :- I. Symmetry - The most important point while tracing the curves is to judge its symmetry which we do as following: (a) If the equation of the curve involves even and only even powers of x, then there is symmetry about y axis. The reason is that if we obtain a certain value of y by putting x =a in the equation then the same value of y will be obtained by putting x = -a in the equation because it contains even and only even powers in x eg. the parabola x? = day and the circle x?+y? =a? are both symmetrical about y axis. Note. The stress on the words ‘even and only even’ should be observed. x? +y? = ax is not symmetrical about y axis as it involves odd powers of x as well. (b) Similarly, if the equation of the curve involves even and only even powers of 2 ye y then the curve is symmetrical about x axis, e.g elipse + =1and parabola y?= dax are symmetrical about x axis. (0) If the equation of the curve involves even and only even powers of x as well as of y, then the curve is symmetrical about both the axes i.e. the circle x2-+y? = a? or 2 2 ellipse y + {z= Lare both symmetrical about the axes. (d) If x be changed into -x and y be changed into -y, and the equation of the carve remains unchanged, then the there is symmetry in opposite quadrants e.g. xy =a? is the equation of the hyperbola referred to asympototes as axes which is symmetrical in 1st and 3rd quadrants. (e) If x be changed into y and y into x and the equation of the curve remains unchanged, then curve is symmetrical about the line y = x ie. a line passing through origin and making an angle 45° with positive direction of x-axis. Note. In this case solve the equation of the curve with the line y =x and find the point of intersection e.g. x* +y® = 3axy is symmetrical about y =x and cuts it in 3a 3. points (0,0) and (2. aI 51A Textbook of Engineering Mathemati II Points We should find points where the curve cuts the axes which are obtained as follows; Put y = 0 in the equation of the curve and solve for x and thus you will find the 2 2 5 = 1 putting y =0 we get x2 =a2, -. x =a and -a, and hence ellipse cuts the x axis in points (a, 0) and (a, 0) Similarly, put x *0 in the equation of the curve and solve for y and thus you will 2 4 =1 putting x =0, we get y =band -b and hence the ellipse cuts the y axis in points (0, b) and (0, -b). Again y? = dax putting x =0, we get y =0 and it we put y =0 we get x =0 and hence the point (0, 0) i. origin lies on the curve. The best way for detecting whether the origin lies on the curve is to see that the equation does not contain any constant term just as y? = 4ax contains no constant term and hence it passes through the origin. The circle x? +y? =a? contains the constant term a? and hence it does not pass through the origin. IIL, Tangents : After we have found the points which lies on the curve we shall try to find tangents at those points, (a) Tangents at origin : In case we find that origin is a point on the curve, then the tangents at the origin are obtained by equating to zero the lowest degree terms occurring in the equation of the curve e.g. y? = 4ax passes through origin and the lowest degree terms occurring in it is 4 ax which when equated to zero gives x =0 ic. y axis which is tangent to the parabola at the origin Again the equation ay? = a? x? - x‘ contains no constant term and as such passes through the origin and the total lowest degree terms brought on one side are ay? -a°x? which when equated to zero y? -x? =0 or y = £ x which will be tangents at the origin to the curve ie. the curve shall be touching both these two lines at the origin. Pane points where the curve cuts the x axis e.g. > a find the points where the curve cuts the y axis e.g, 52‘Curve Tracing Y y Again x? +y? = 3axy passes through the origin and the lowest degree term is 3axy, which when equated to zero gives x =0, y =0 as the tangents at the origin i.e. curve will touch the axes at the origin. Again y{a+x) = x2Ga-x) clearly passes through the origin and the total lowest degree terms brought on one side are ay? -3ax? which when equated to zero gives y2-3x2 =0 or y =£V3 x which will be tangents at the origin to the curve. Note. We shall write tangents at the origin as To, v. (b) Tangents at any other points which is not origin : Suppose there lines a point (h, k) on the curve, then in order to find the tangent at (h, k) we find the value of * from the equation of the curve and substitute in it (h, k) which gives us the ix slope of the tangent at (h, k) and the equation of the tangent will be a line passing through (h, k) and with the above slope. If the slope comes out to be zero then the tangent will be parallel to x axis, e.g. we have seen before that x* +y? = 3axy d passes through 22,22), Let us find by differentiating the equation of the ix curves w.t-tx ay dy 243y? fe SxteBy? 2 =Baly +x) 53A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 y “Ee — and its value by substituting the point( 32,2 is equal to -1 and hence the slope of the tangent a( 2 2) is-1i.e,, it will make an angle of 135, IV. Asymptotes which are parallel to the axes The asymptotes parallel to the x axis may be obtained by equating to zero the coefficient of highest degree terms in x, provided it is not a constant. Similarly, the asymptotes parallel to the axis of y may be obtained by equating to zero the coefficient of highest degree terms in y, provided it is not constant. V. Region If for some value of x greater than some quantity say a the corresponding values of y come out to be imaginary, then no part of the curve will lie beyond x =a. Similarly if for some value of y greater than some quantity b say the corresponding values of x come out to be imaginary, then no part of the curve shall lie beyond y =b. e.g, y2(2a -x) =x? If x is greater than 2a, then 2a -x will be negative and hence y? will be negative. Therefore y will be imaginary for values of x greater than 2a and as such no part of this curve will lie beyond x =2a, Again if x is negative then 2a-x is positive but x} becomes negative and therefore y? will be negative and as such y imaginary. Hence no part of the curve shall exist in the negative side of x axis In case the equation of the curve can be arranged as a quadratic in y or x, then it is convenient to find the values of one variable in terms of the other and discuss the reality of the roots. Note. The existence of loops is generally found by this.Curve Tracing Example 1 : Trace the curve y*(a -x) =x? cissoid, (U.P.T.U. 2005) Solution : (i) Since there are even and only even powers of y, symmetry is about x-axis, (i) Putting x =0 we get y =0 and putting y =0, we get x =0 and hence (0, 0) is the only point on the curve. (iii) Tangents at origin are given by the lowest degree terms equated to zero ie. ay?=0 .y =O Le. x-axis is tangent. (iv) The equation is of 3rd degree and x? is present but is missing and hence equate to zero the coefficient of y? which is a-x. Therefore x =a is an asymptote parallel to y axis. (v) If either x is negative or greater than a, then corresponding values of y are imaginary. Therefore the curve is within the lines x =0 and x =a with the above five points the shape of the curve is as shown in the figure given below. Example 2: Trace the curve y2(a+x) = x°(a-x) (Strophoid) or (2+ y2) x= a(s2- y2)=0 (Uttarakhand TU 2006, U.P.P.CS. 1996, B.P.S.C 2007) Solution : (i) Symmetry about x-axis (ii) Points y =0 then x =0 and a, -.(0, 0) and (a, 0) and when x =0 then y =0 -. (0,0) Hence (0, 0) and (a, 0) are the only two points. (iii) To.) are a(x? - y2) =O ie. y = +x (iv) The asymptotes is x + a =0 i.e. x = -a, on equating to zero the coefficient of y2 as y? is missing. (v) Again if x is greater than a then the value of y? is negative and hence y imaginary. Therefore the curve does not go beyond x =a, similarly it does not go beyond x =-a. With the above five points the shape of the curve is as shown in the figure given below. 55A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - | Example 3: Trace the curve a?y? = x2(a2-x2) or a? y? =a? x?- x Solution : (i) Symmetry about both axes. (ii) Points (0, 0), (a, 0), (a, 0) (iii) Too are y = £x and Teo) is y axis and T;a,0) is y axis . (iv) No asymptotes (v) x cannot be greater than a in magnitude on either side of x axis with the above data the shape of the curve is as shown in figure. Example 4: Trace the curve x3 +y? =3axy (Folium of Descartes) (U.P.T.U. 2003) Solution : (i) If x be changed into y and y into x, the equation of the curve is unaltered and hence the symmetry is about the line y =x. (i) (0) is one point and the other point is obtained by solving the equation with 3a 3a =x which . y-xwhichis (32,22) (ii) Too are x =0, y =0 and the value of Dat (= 38) is -1, which shows that 2°2 tangent at that point makes an angle of ear x axis, 56Curve Tracing (iv) There is no asymptote which is parallel to either axis but there is an oblique asymptote x + y +a =0. (v) x and y both cannot be negative, because that will make LHS of the curve negative and R.HS positive. This implies no portion of the curve lies in the third quadrant. Shape of the curve given below. yixtyta=o Example 5 : Trace the curve a2 x? = y3 (2a -y) Solution : (i) symmetry about y-axis as the power of x are even. (ii) x =0 we get y =0 and 2a, -.(0, 0) and (0, 2a) are the points; when y =0 we get x=0, +. (0,0) (ii) T(0, 0) are given by a? x? =0 ie. x=OiLe. y-axis. (iv) No asymptotes. (v) when y is either greater than 2a or negative, then x? is negative and hence x will be imaginary. Hence no part of curve lies below y =0 i.e. x-axis and beyond y =2a with the above data the shape of the curve is as shown in figure given below. Polar Co-ordinates : If we have any horizontal line OX called the initial line and another line called the revolving line makes an angle 8 with the initial line then the polar co-ordinates of a point P on it where OP = r are (r, 8). 57A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I P(r) op=r x ° Initial Line The point O is called the pole and the angle @ is called the vectorial angle of the point P and the length r is called the radius vector. Rules for tracing Polar Curves - I. Symmetry If in the given equation © be changed into -6 and the equation of the curve remains unchanged, then there is symmetry about the initial line. If the equation of the curve remains unchanged when r is changed into -r, then there is symmetry about the pole. IL. Plotting the points Give to 6 certain value and find the corresponding values of r and then plot points. Sometimes it is inconvenient to find the corresponding, values of r for certain values of @ and even if we find they involve radical, then in such cases we should consider a particular region for @ and as certain whether r increases or decreases in that region. For this we must remember the following : Ato =0 7 ™ an 2a 2 2 siné=Min | Max_| Min Max (in Magnitude) | Min cos) = Max | Min | Max (in Magnitude) | Min Max e.g. r= a(1 + cos®) e=0 60° 90° 120° 180° T= 2a 3a a a 0 2 2 TIL. Region No part of the curve shall exist for these values of @ which make corresponding values of r imaginary. e.g. 12 =a? cost 58Curve Tracing As 0 increases from 45° to 135°, then 26 increases from 90° to 270° and this interval c0s20 will always be -negative and consequently 1? will also be negative, which shall give imaginary values of r. Hence no part of the curve shall exist between 8 = 459 and 0 = 1350, We also find the limits to the values of r. ie.r=a sin20 Now whatever @ may be sin20 can never be greater than unity and hence a sin26 or shall never be greater then a i.e. the curve shall entirely lie within the circle r =a. Example 6 : Trace the curve r=a (1+cos0) (Cardiod) Solution : If we change @ into -8, the equation of the curve remains unchanged and hence there is symmetry about the initial line. @=0 6" _[ 90 120° 180° r= 2a 3a a a 0 2 2 We observe that r continually goes on decreasing as increases from 0° to 180°. The above points trace the curve above the initial line and the other portion is drawn by symmetry. With the above data the shape of the curve is as in the figure above. Example 7 : Trace r=a (I-cos0) (Cardiod) Solution : Trace as above 59A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 (9), Example 8 : Trace the curve r? = a? cos 20 (Lemniscate of Bernoulli) (U.P.T.U. 2008-09. 2001) Solution : Symmetry about the initial line putting r = 0, cos 26 =0 or 20-25 or e= a5 . Hence the straight lines 6 = a are the tangents to the curve at the pole. As @ varies from 0 to 7, r varies as given below : - 0-0 | 30 [450 90° BS" 150° 180° =a? a jo a 0 a ae 2 | 2 r=ia + 0 imaginary | 0 12 2 [v2 The above data shows that curve does not exist for values of @ lying between 45° and 135°, With the above data the shape of the curve is shown as given below. Example 9 : Trace the curve 60Curve Tracing r= acos26 (U.P.T.U. 2008) Solution : Symmetry about the initial line putting r =0, cos26=0 or 20= a5 or t 0=+~ ic. the straight lines® = +t are the tangents to the curve at the pole. Corresponding values of @ and r are given below. @=0 | 30° 459 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180° Toa 0 a faa a0 2 2 Nip a 2 Plot these points and due to symmetry about initial line the other portion can be traced. Note : The curve is of the form of r = a cos n@ (or r = a sin n@) and in such case there will be n or 2n equal loops according as n is odd or even. Example 10 : Trace the curve r=acos30 (U.P.P.CS. 2004) Symmetry about the initial line. Putting r =0, we get cos30 =0 an Se eo 27° 2 at 6 61A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 *. equating * to zero we get sin 30 =0 or30=0, om, «2m, Sn, a or 0=0, a my, # 3 3 3 Which give the maximum values of @ and are given below : - 6-0 x 3 x 2n on « 6 3 2 3 6 Tea 0 =a 0 a 0 =a plot the above points and with the above data the shape of the curve is a shown in figure given below : Example 11 : Trace the curve r= asin 20 (U.P.T.U. 2001) Solution : Symmetry about the line 0 = = putting r =0, sin20 =0 or 20=0, T, Qn, 3n eaO ye ee 2 2 Which are the tangent at the pole. di fa = 2acos 20, Equating = to zero, we get cos20 =0 62Curve Tracing mn 3n Sn 70 or 2 2 mn 3x Sn 70 or @=—, —, —, — 4 4 4 4 Which gives the value of r and which is equal to a sin (24) = The corresponding values of @ and r are given below. e-0 |x iz a Seo] am | Ze an 4 2 4 4 2 4 oe a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 Plot the above points and with above data the shape of the curve is shown as above. Parametric Curves Example 9 : Trace the curve x=a (t+ sin), y=a(1- cos t) Cycloid Solution : The given curves are x = a(t + sin t), y= a (1 - cos t) & a(1+ cos t) and S. asint dy __asint “at” a(1+cost) _2sint/2cost/2 ~~ Qeos? t/2 = tan t/2 63A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I t= x |x |-a/2 aa ms 2 ~ Le) Fey yo a 2a a 2a dy | 1 ~ j-l ~2 2. we observe that there is a point (0, 0) on the curve and slope of the tangent there is 0 ie. tangent will be x axis. Again we find that there is a point[a( + 1),a]ana slope being equal to 1 showing that tangent at that point will make an angle of 450 with positive direction of x axis. Further there is a point (an, 2a) and slope being « indicates that tangent makes an angle of 90° with x axis. Similarly other points are observed. If we go on giving to t values greater than 7 or less than -1, we shall have the same type of branches. The point O is called vertex and X'OX i.e. LM is tangent at the vertex, CAB is called the base. Example 10 : Trace the curve x=a(t-sint), y =a(1- cost) Solution : dx dy all cost, asintCurve Tracing _dy___asint 2sint /2cost/2 ix a(1—cost) 2sin? t/2 = cot t/2 t=0 2 7 3m Qn 2 x=0 (2 am (= y 2an a al+1 2 Ly =0 a 2a _fa 0 dy 1 0 -t © ¢- Here we have taken t from 0 to 2n and we get one complete cycloid. If we give negative values we shall get the corresponding cycloid on the other side of y axis and s0 on. an Example 11 : Trace the curve x=acost+ Flog tants vy =asint (Tractrix) 65A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I Solution : Gea-asints $21 Saect S 2 a srasinte 3 aia a 2 =—(1- t) aint 9) eS a ae 2 2 xeee 0 © a Ye a 0 va dy co 0 os ax When t =0 the corresponding point is (- «, 0) ie. a point at infinity on the negative side of x axis and slope there, being 0 indicates x axis will be tangent at that point which is situated at oo hence x axis is an asymptotes. Similarly plot other points.Curve Tracing EXERCISE 1. Trace the curve y? (2a -x) =x? (Cissoid) Ans. Y t 2. Trace the curve xy? = aX(a - x) Ans. 67A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - | Y 3. Trace the curve y%(a - x) = x(a + x) (Strophoid) (U.PP.CS. 1994) Ans. 4, Trace the curve xy Ans. 2(y? ~ x2) 68Curve Tracing 5. Trace the curve x2/3+y2/3 = a¥/? (Astroid) Ans. 6. Trace the curve r= a sin20 (U.P.T.U. 2002) Ans. 69A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - | Remark : In the curve r = a sin n@ or r = a cos nd, 3 n loops if n is odd and 2n ifn is even. 7. Trace the curve 3ay? =x(x - a)? Ans. ts (a, 0) y 8, Trace the curve r = a sin 30 (U.P.T.U. 2001) Ans.Curve Tracing 9. Trace the curve r = a+b cos0, a>b (Pascal's Limacon) Ans. 10, Trace the curve reciprocal spiral r8 =a Ans. 71A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I << 11. Trace the equiangular spiral r = ae" Ans. 12. Trace the curve r = 2 a cos@ (circle) Ans.Curve Tracing Ans. Objective problems Four alternative answers are given for each question, only one of them is correct, Tick mark the correct answer ~ 1. Which of the following lines is a line of symmetry of the curve x} + y = 3(xy? +yx2)? , (LAS. 1993) @) (i 0 (iy =0 y=x (iv) y=-« Ans. (iii) 73,A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I 2. For the curve y? (2a ~ x) = x3, which of the following is false ? (i) The curve is symmetrical about x axis. (ii) The origin is a cusp. (ii) x = 2a is a asymptote. (iv) As x 93a, y> 20. Ans. (iv) 3. The curve x(x? + y2) =a? (x?- y) (1) Symmetrical about x =0, y =0 (2) y = 4x are tangents at origin (3) x= a are the asymptotes. (4) has no point of inflexion of these statements - (i) Only 1 and 2 are correct. (ii) 1, Zand 4 are correct. (ii) 2, 3 and 4 are correct. (iv) All are correct. Ans. (ii) 4, The equations of the inverted cycloid is - (U.P-P.CS. 1994) (i) x = a(@ - cos) y =a(1 - cos®) (ii) x= a(@ + siné) y =a(1 -cos0) (iii) x = a(- sin®) (1 ~ cos) (iv) x = a(@ - sind) y =a(1 + cosd) i) 5, The curve given by the equations x = a cos, y = a sin’ is symmetric about - (U.P.P.CS. 1995) (i) Both the axes. (ii) x- axis only. (ii) y - axis only. (iv) None of the two axes. Ans. (i) 6. The curve x? +y3 -3axy = 0 has at origin - (i) Node (ii) Cusp of first species (ii) Cusp of second species (iv) Conjugate point Ans. (i) (RAS. 1994) 7. The curve y = 3x5 - 30x4 + 3x - 20 has how many points of inflexion? 74Curve Tracing (i) None (ii) One (iii) Two (iv) Four Ans. (ii) (MPP.CS. 1995) 8, The graph of the function f(x) = Lis x Y Y J) | LO | LO @ x x (iy X€ >X 4 ¥ y y a Y s (ii) xX a >X (iv) X'e x y iM Ans. (ii) (RAS. 1995) 9. Consider the following statements with regard to the curve xS+ y6 = a®xty? Assertion (A) - Curve is symmetrical about both the axes. Reason (R) - By putting -x and ~y in place of x and y respectively, the equation of the curve remains unaltered. of these statements ~ (@ Both A and R are true and Ris a correct explanation of A. (ii) Both A and R are true and R is not a correct explanation of A. (ii) A is true but Ris false. (iv) Ais false but R is true,A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - [ Ans. (ii) 10, The graph of the curve x =a(cost+ og tan’ £), y =a sin t is symmetrical about the line. (ii) y =0 (iv) None of these. Ans. (ii) 1-t at. 11. The graph ofx=3—3, Y=) a isa (i) Circle (ii) Ellipse (iii) Cycloid (iv) None of these. Ans. (i) 12. If x and y both are the odd functions of t then the curve is symmetrical - (i) About x axis (ii) About y axis (iii) About y = x (iv) In opposite quadrant Ans. (iv) 13, The curve x =a cos), y = a sind is (i) Circle (ii) Ellipse (iii) Parabola (iv) None of these Ans. (i) 14. The curve traced by the equation y%(a + x) = x(a -x) is 76Curve Tracing @ x (iv) None of these. Ans. (ii) 15, The curve traced below is represented by - Y ! (0, 2a) PN xX <=} x oOA Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I (i x(y? + 4a?) = 8a? (ii) xy? = 4a2(2a -x) (ii) yO? + 4a2) = 8a? (iv) None of these Ans. (iii) 16. The curve traced by r= a(1+ cos®) is ora ann a a0 (iv) None of these. Ans. (ii) 3at 3at? 7. The traced by x=, y= 17. The curve traced by x=" 5, y=T is k+y+and> Ans. (iv) 78Curve Tracing 18. The curve traced by x = a(t +sin t) and y = a(1 + cos t) is - Y (-az, 2a) w ww * x (iv) None of theseA Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - | 19. The Folium of Descartes is given by the equation (i) (2 +y2F = 2G2- y?) (i) e+ y= a (iii) x +9 = Baxy (iv) None of these 20, The Lemniscate of Bernoulli is represented by the equation (i) x8 +6 = 3x2y2 () (2 ty = a2G2 - y) (iii) x5 + y3 = 5a2x2y? (iv) None of these 21. The number of leaves in the curve r= a sin 58 are () Two (ii) Five (iii) Ten (iv) None of these. 22. Match the list I with list II - List I curves (a) 2y2= 92 - a (b) y(x? + 4a?) = 83 (0) y= a%(x-a) (d) x2y2 = a2? + y2) List II Portion of the curve (1) Lies between y =0 and (2) Lies outside the lines x = +a and inside the lies y = #1. (3) Does not lie between the lines x = ta, y = 4a. (4) Does not lie between the lines x = 0 and x =a. Correct match is - a c d @® 2 4 1 3 (i) eee eee aces (ii) 2 1 3 4 (iv) 1 2 4 3 23. Match the list I with list II. List1 curves (@) y2(@2 +92) = 2a? - x9) 80 Ans. (i) Ans. (iii) Ans. (ii) Ans. (ii) Ans. (ii)Curve Tracing 2 xh = x6 a + yy (a2-y2) (d) x - ay? =0 (@) 9+ y3-3axy =0 List I Symmetry about @y =x (2)x=0 Q)x =0, y= Then correct match is a boc de 3 ml Daaaca eee 3 3 2 1 4 (ii) 3 3 2 4 1 (iv) 3 2 3 4 1 24. Match the list I with list IL List I. (a) r= a(1 + cosé) (b) r= a(1 + sind) (0) 12 = a2 cos 20 (a) r= a.cos20 List IT Symmetrical about (1) 6 =O and @ = n/2 (2)0=0 @)e=5 The correct match is a boo a @ 2 3 1 1 Gj) 3 1 (ii) 2 3 3 1 (iv) 3 2 1 2 81 Ans. (iii) Ans. (i)"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"Chapter 4 Expansion of Function of One Variable Taylor's Theorem : If f(x +h) is a function of h which can be expanded in ascending powers of h and is differentiable term by term any number of times w.rth then f(cth) = f(x) +E (x) + Poor £"(x) +. Proof : Let f(x+h) = Ao + Aiht Ach?+ Ash? + Ash‘ + .... Differentiating it successively w.r.th, we get F(x+h) = Ai + 2Adh + 3Ash? + 4Adh¥+.. f'(xth) = 2Az + 3.2Ash + 4.3Adh?+. f(xth) = 3.2 As +4.3.2 Ach + Putting h =0 in (j), (i), (ii), (iv), Ao= f(x), Ar= ft £(x), Ar= 2) As= a f"(x) ete. Substituting these values of Ao, At, Az, ... tc. in (i) we get walv) F(xth) = f(x) + RE (x) + Free Reo. Corollary 1. Substiuting x=ain @, we get f(a +h) =f(a) + hf (a) + re) ae iF FC) ae) Corollary 2. Substituting a =0 and h= x in (vi), we get = x m4 cs m", £0) = 0) + X£(0)+ FPO) #0) tan Which is Maclaurin's theorem, Corollary 3. Substituting h = x-a in (vi), we get fs) =f) +(x) 0) + © 2Y pays =a iz ay This is the expansion of f(x) in powers of (x - a). Play f(a) +. Example 1: Show that log (x +h) = logh + *-*4 4... 83A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 Solution : Here we are to expand in powers of x. Thus we have to use the form 2 3 f(xth) = f(h) + xf'(h) + @ F'(h) + a £"(b) t..2 G) Here f(xth) = log (x +h) <-f(h) = log h; f(h) = "(h) = -+ 58h) = = ete, i :. Substituting these values in (i) we get log (xh) = log h+ x )S(-a a(R) x? 4 Rae ae Hence Proved Example 2: Express the polynomial 2x°- 7x?+ x-1 in powers of (x-2) (BPS.. 2007) =logh+ Solution : Here f(x) = 2x3 + 7x2 + x-1 2. F(R) = Gx24 14x 41; F(x) = 12x #14 P(x) = 12; FY (x) =0 Here we are to use the following Taylor's theorem & (x-a) f(x) = fla) + (x-a) (a) + £(q) +22) pray +... (2) = fla) + (a)F(a) + Fla) + Pa) Here a = 2, as we are to expand in powers of x-2 :. putting x =2 in f(x), f(%), «...........ete, we get £(2) = 2(2) + 7(2)2 +2 -1= 45 (2) = 6(2)? + 14(2) #1 = 53 £(2) = (12) (2) +14 = 38 #"(2) = 12, (2) . From (i) substituting a =2 and these values, we get Dad + 38+ xed = 45 +(x -2) 53+ 22) a 2y oa) + oar (12) = 45 +53 (x-2) + 19(x-2)2 + 2(%-2)° Answer. Example 3: Expand sin x in powers of (« eS 2). Solution: Here f(x) = sin x nwol (0-3) Here we should use the following form of Taylor's theorem.Expansion of Function of One Variable 2 Now we have f(x) = sin x and a= e as we are to expand in powers of(x -3) (x-a)) (« f(x) = fa) + (x -a) F(a) + f(a) + PQ) # oeceeeeeeell F(x) = cos x, f"(x) = - sin x, f"(x) = - cos x fv (x)= sin x etc. putting x5, we get £{8)=sin ) *(3)- cos =0; °(3)- -sin= 2 2 2 2 1(E}=-cos 048" (E)-sing tote 2) 2 2 2 From (i), putting a= FI and substituting these values, we get (<-3) 2 a sinx=14(x-Z)0)« miedlaed EXPANSION OF FUNCTION OF SEVERAL VARIABLES: TAYLOR'S SERIES OF TWO VARIABLES: If f(x,y) and all its partial derivatives upto the nth order are finite and continuous for all point (x,y) where . asxsath, bs £(0,0) = 0 f(x,y) = eX sin y => £,(0,0) = 0 fy(x.y) = e cos y = fy(0,0) fox(x,y) = eX sin y => fex(0,0) = 0 fay(x,y) = &*C08 y => fy(0,0) “1 fyyuy) =~ eX sin y = fyy(0,0) = 0 feo(X,Y) = e sin y = fers(0,0) = 0 foy(X,y) = € C08 Y = fny(0,0) = 1 fy(xy) = eX sin y = fayy(0,0) f(y) == € C08 y = fyy(00) Then by Taylor's theorem, we have f(x,y)= £(0,0) + («2ey2}r00)-2Pey2] soos 86Expansion of Function of One Variable £,, (0, 0+ £,(0, ot, (0 O)+ ax" (0,0) + = (0,0) +x£,(0,0)+ yf,(0,0)+~ A fe Ae 9 (0.0)+ Bono 0) + rea fy (0,0) + Setsiny= 04x) +y() +40) +3 (1+ = (0 Devebannoenaae P54 FE) PEO) HEA) terre . Answer iny = ayn va metsiny ay txy +P Example 2: Expand e* cos y near the point( 1.2) by Taylor's theorem. (U.P.T.U 2007) Solution: We have 2 f(x +h, y +k) = f(xy)+ (»2 a2) i{s re x iat ax ay F x x Again e* cos y = f(x,y) = [1+0-02-(r-3)] x where h= x-1and ke y-7 x excosy = s(I+th, £ +k) 2. fy) = e*cos y => (14) 87A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - ] 26{ 4 = FE or cos ti). ay? yO ay 26( = FE sin Cd). dxdy y= Day V2 Substituting these values in Taylor's Theorem, we obtain needa) Answer. Example 3: Expand tant in the neighbourhood of (1,1) by Taylor's theorem. Hence compute f(1.1, 0.9). (U.P.1.U. 2002, 2005) Solution: Here f(x,y) = tan z cesses (i) a=Lb=1 1 n c te (1A) = tant) 17 tant Putting x=y =1in (i) By Taylor's theorem , we have 2 af Fay arya oty-o] atl a7 Boag ayy bE ayo 2] Here a= 1, b = 1 so we have foxy) = £,1)+ [orn y-r28] off at Bevan 2 oly ay BE] (i) Now from (i) we have f(y) = tant = £(11)= a 4 (2) = Ox)an 2 88Expansion of Function of One Variable esl ae (#] 1 las ay? ee ay? Ju 2 (ar) (ae oy By Jy Bray Substituting the values of f(1,1) (z a } } etc in (ii) we have 1a) s(y-1)+ alte 1y Forte-nly-norty-19(-B)] sens (+ wh’ puting Oot) =11- 1= 0.1, (y-1)= ae Laat we get (iii) {(1.1, 0.9) ==-— ¥ (01 3 oay+4 coape-4 (0.12 = 0.8862 - 0. i = 0.7862 Answer. Example 4: Expand x’ in powers of (x-1) and (y-1) upto the third degree terms. (U.P.T.U 2003) Solution: We have f(x,y) = x’ Here taking a =1 and b =1 we have Taylor's expansion as f(x,y)= «anys|6 -a tay vz] ae [ia Sh -at-ay(y-e) ZF oy-0f 2] A 2 Hoa SB a0-a7 yo eae aly a Evo A] ay Now £ (x,y) = x9 =>f(11) =1 f (%y) = yx"! > (11) =1 fy (xy) = x¥log x =>fy (11) = 0 fox (XY) = yl¥e1)x0? =f (L1) = fay (XY) = 30°! + yx Hog x =afyy (0,0) = 1 fyy (X:y) = x9 (log x)? =afyy (1,1) = 0 fax (XY! {y-1)(y-2)xY -3 =>fex (11) = 0 feay (X/y) = (y-1)xv? ty (y-1) x ¥2 log xtyxy 2 =>fery (11) = 1 89A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 2logx ayy (xy) = yx (log x)? + x7 = yxv(log x)2+2xy-1 log x=>fyy (11) = 0 x fyyy (y) = x (Log x)? =>fyyy (0,0) = 0 Substituting these values in the Taylor's expansion, we get 17 TH) 404+ FOF) (yt) +0] + Bio 3-1 gy) + 040 soxy = 14+ (x1) + (x-1) (y 1+ ; (x1) (y-1) Answer. Example 5: Find the first six terms of the expansion of the function e* log (1+y) in a Taylor's series in the neighourhood of the point (0,0) Solution: Here f(x,y) = e* log (1+y) => £(0,0) =0 £xQy) = e* log (1+y) = fx (0,0) =0 fy(xy) = 7 = f, (0,0) =1 f(xy) = ex log (1+y) => fax (0,0) =0 fay) = Ty = fry (0,0) =1 fyyuy) = wy) = fy (0,0) foa(xiy) = €* log (+Y) => fox (0,0) =0 acu = fay) 7 = fs (0.0) 1 . fay (0,0 wy = fay ( 2e* (ty) we know that £ (xy) = £(0.0) [x f (0,0) + y fy (oot [e fox (0,0,)+ 2xy Buy (0.0) y? fyy (0,0)] + 1 B 2. e* log (1+y) = 0 +[x.0 + y.1] 4 [x2 0 +2xy.1 + y2(1)] + : [8.0 + 3x2y.1 + 3xy2 (1) #Y2 2 esccsesenee fayy(xy) =~ fyyboy) = = fyyy (0,0) = 2 [x3 fax (0,0) + 3x? y fexy (0,0) + 3xy? fayy (0,0) + y? fyyy ,0)] +... port ; JP cece Answer. etlog (1+ y)=y tay = Bye 3 90Expansion of Function of One Variable EXERCISE 1. Apply Taylor's theorem to find the expansion of log sin(x + h). 3 Ans. log sin (x + h) = log sin x + h cot x = & cosec? x + e cosec? COX + wees 2. Expand 2x3 + 7x? + x -1 in powers of (x -2). (BPS.C. 2007) Ans. 45 + 53(x-2) + 19(x-2)? + 2(x-3)? 3, Expand x2y + 3y -2 in powers of (x-1) and (y + 2) using Taylor's theorem. (U.P-P.CS, 1992; P.T.U, 2006) Ans, -10 ~ 4(x-1) + 4(y +2) -2(x 1)? + 2-1) + (y + 2) + (x- 1)? (y +2) (x+h)(y+k) anclusi 4, Expand ———“\—* in powers of h and k upto and inclusive of the 2nd (x+h)+(y +k) degree terms. 2 kx? hey? age Ans, SY bY the by? | 2hkey _kix xty (x+y) (x+y) (x+y) (x+y)? 5. If f(x,y) = tan" (xy), compute an approximate value of £(0.9, -1.2) Ans. - 0.823 6. Find the expansion for cos x cos y in powers of x, y up to fourth order terms. sagt ys eee Ans. cos x cos y = 1-5 -S+5t +e 7. Expand sin (xy) about the point( 14) upto and including second degree terms using Taylor's series. Ans. 1-Z nay -Z(-n[y-2 = 91"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"UNIT -2 Differential Calculus - II"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"Chapter 5 Jacobians JACOBIANS Jacobians : If u and v are functions of the two independent variables x and y, then the determinant. (UPP.CS. 1990) jou au a dy | av av ax dy is called the Jacobian of u, v with respect to xy and is written as a(u,v) wy or J(uy) or J | 2 ay) xy Similarly if u, v and w be the functions of three independent variables x,y and z, then aay any teu) ax By a2 a(u,v,w)_lav av av (xyz) ay Oz jomeyeaa ay az it is written J(u,v,w) or (2) x2 Properties of Jacobians (1) First Property: If wand v are functions of x and y, then a(u,v) (x,y) Bey) aay) oa (U.P.TU. 2005) — (uy) 1 8xy) Where J= 50) and J “Fav 95A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 Proof: Let u= u(x,y) and v = v(x,y), so that u and v are functionus of x and y au du lax ay Now a(urv) (x,y) ax dy lu av. a(x,y) a(uv) jav av lay ay lax ay lou av | on interchanging the rows and column of second determinant Jam Bu lax ay |e 8y aa Bu av lax ou du dx , 3a dy] ax" ax av dy av| . “lav av ax av ay @ fax ax av" ay Wy Now differentiating u = u(x,y) and v =v(x,y) partially with respect to u and v, we get o1= 28%, 20) dx "du dy dul da dx , du ay/ ax" dv iy 3 ov ox By Oy | ax ‘dv | dy av av ax & 2} (i) on making substitutions from (ii) in (i) we get a(u,v) (x,y) [1 3(x,y) d(u.v) f 1 or JJ’ = 1 Proved. (2) Second Property If u, v are the functions of r,s where r,s are functions of x,y then a(u.v)_a(u.v) a(r,s) axy) (rs) (x,y) |=1 96lacobians [au au ||ar or | proof: 2(u¥) ales) lor as | 2 (es) “ORy) [ev av ds a dr as lax dy on interchanging the columns and rows in second determinant au au lar a W =H) Proved Note - "Similarly we can prove that a(uv,w) _a(u,v,w) a(rs,t) A(x.y.z) A(rs.t) “9(x,y,z) (3) Third Property If functions u,v,w of three independent variables x,y,z are not independent, then a(uviw) _ 9 Oxy.2) Proof: As u, v, w are independent, then f (u, v, w) =0 @ Differentiating (i) ws.t x,y,z we get is BTW Oe 0 (i) dw ax a, a oe (iii) dy" aw’ dy aa one ) dw az 97A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I Bliminating , = = from (ii), (iii) and (iv), we have au av aw ox ov ow ay ay ay ow 03 Jax ax au av du dv faz Oz Oz on interchanging rows and columns, we get du u% oz aw az Example 1: If y, = 22, 2% | Show that the Jacobian of yi, y2, ys with respect to x1, xs is 4, (U.P.P.CS. 1991, U.P.T.U, 2002, 2004) Solution: Here given as oy, ay ax, Ox, Ayr Y2-¥s) _|P¥2 Ayr Ayn Dm) Ox, Oxy Oxy ays ys Aye. x, Ox, Oxy 98j%2%3 Xs Xe x? x x =| | FX eM XO Xs x xy [X2%s XX XX XpXq —X]Xp_ XX X5Xp— Xp 1] =a -1 ] X°%QXy) 1-1 1 = -1 (1-1) -1(-1-1) + 1(1+1) =0+2+2 lacobians =4 Proved Example 2: If x = r sinO cos®, y = r sin@ sind, z = r cos, show that (U.P.T.U. 2001) alxy,z) (6,4) 3.0.8) 7? sin@ and find a y.2) viz) (U.P.T.U. 2001) Solution: lax ax ax jar 00 3 axy.2) Jey ay ay 9.8.0) ar 38 36 az a2 az Jar 30 3A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I lsinOcos@ rcos@cosp ~ rsin@sind =|sin@sing rcos@sing —_rsin@cosd cos -rsind 0 lsin@cos@ cos@cos@ —sin6| =r’sinO|sinOsind —cos@sind —_—cosd cos =sind 0 cos@cos? ~sing lsindcos@ ~sin9| A =1' sin6{cos9 rein {ee cos@sing cos = 2 sin0 [cos0 (cos@ cos’ + cos® sin%)+ sind (sin® cos% + sind sin*6)] = 1? sinO (cos’8 + sin?0) = rind a) 1 jsin@sing cos a(x.y,z) rsin® (using first property) Answer. a(x,y, Brample a Ifunxys.vaxt+ yet wart ya find Jo FE, (U.P.T.U. 2002, 03) Solution: Since u, v, w are explicitly given, so first we evaluate J'= 20U-¥-™) a(x,y-2) ay ax Wy Fe x wy ee Pee eel ane eal ow aw aw| ‘ax dy dz = yz (2y ~ 22) - 2x (2x - 22) + xy (2x - 2y) = Dlyz (y - 2) - 2x (x-z) + xy &-y)] (x2y = x2z = xy? + xz? + y2z- yz2) 2[xt (y - 2) -x (y?- 22) + yz (y-2)] = Wy -2) [2-x(y +2) + yz] 2y - 2) [y(Z-x) - x(z-x)] Ay - 2) (z-*) (Y-*) = -(x-y) (yz) (2-x) J Ffusvsw) 2 yy =2Ne=x) Answer 100lacobians a(x,y.2z) a(u,v,w) (LAS. 2005, UP.P.CS. 1990, U.P.T.U. 2003) Example 4: Ifu= x+y +z,uv=y +z, uv w =z, Evaluate Solution: x=u-uv=u(1-v) y = uv-uvw = uv (1-w) z= uw lax ax ax fou av dw _ O(x,y/2) ay ay! “Fu,v,w) aw az. Ow -u 0 = u(l-w) -uy| vw uw uy 1 0 0 =|v(i-w) u(i-w) -uw| vw uw ow | Applying Ri >R: + (Ro + Rs) = uty (1-w) +u2vw =utv Answer. Example 5: If u, v, w are the roots of the equation (A.- x)? + (A - y)3 + (A- 2)? =0, in find 200m) (x,y,z) (LAS, 2002, 2004; U.P.P.CS. 1999; B.PS.C. 2007; U.P.T.U. 2002) Solution: Given (A-x) + &-yP + @-z)8=0 => 3A3-3(x + y + 2)A2 + 3G2 + y2+ ZA ~ (x3 + y? + 23) =0 sum of the roots =ut+v+w=xty+z @ product of the roots = uv + vw + wu=x?+y2+2? (ii) uvw = i608 +3423) (ii) Equation (i), (ii) and (iii) can be written as fizutv+w-x-y-z f= uv + vw + wu-x?- y2-22 101A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 fe uw 3 (ety +x) jaf, af, af, ox dy az! laf, af af, axyz) lax dy oz af, Of, af, [ax dy oz 0 0 =-2\x-y yo Ley? y? fo o =-2x-yy-zy1 1 1) Applying z|q3e-¢ “2 2) Soe 1 2 | lety ye 2 =2(x-y)(y-2) ly +z -x-y) =2(x-y) Y-2) (@-%) af, af, a 102Jacobians 1 1 1 s\vtw utw uty vw wu ou 0 0 1 =lv-u w-u uty lw(v-u) u(w-v) uv Jo o 4 =(v-u)(w-v)/1 1 uty wou uv Vv - u) (w= v) (u- w) (u-v) (v-w) (w-u) a(u,v.w) Therefore atey.2) EXERCISE (xy) sg (0-9) 3,0) 3,9) 1. Ifx =r c0s0, y =r sind, evaluate WY fing 2(0-¥) Blfx= uv, y= tT sind So) a(urv)_1 (y- ay) 2uv(u-v) 4. Ifu=xy + yz + 2x, v=x? + y? + 22 and w =x + y + z, determine whether there is a functional relationship between u,v,w and if so , find it 3. ud + v= x4 y,u2+ v= x3 + y3, prove that 103A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I Ans. w2-y-2u=0, 2(u¥-w) (x,y,z) 5. If uv,w are the roots of the equation in and ~—+—Y_ 4 ath b+A cth a(x, Then find 202-2) a(u,v,w) (LAS. 2005) (u=v)(v-w)(w-u) me (a= b)(B-)(e=a) 6. If u,v,w are the roots of the equation a(u.v.w) (=a) + (x= BP + (x- of 0 then find SET (U.P.T.U, 2002) ne _2(a=b)b-Ale-a) AS. Ty a)(w=w)(w =u) 104Chapter 6 Approximation of Errors Let 2 f(xy) @ If 8x, By are small increments in x and y respectively and z, the corresponding increment in z, then 2+ 8z= f(x + 8x, y + By) (i) Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 82 = f(x + 8x, y + By) - f(xy) = f(xy) + oct say er 2 (approximately) ay As neglecting higher powers of 8x, by sacflxsy) wink say 2b2 ox + oy (approximately) = If 8x and Sy are small changes (or errors) in x and y respectively, then an approximate change (or error) in z is 82. of Replacing 5x, Sy, 5z by dx, dy, dz respectively, we have dz = # ax+ Fay x Note 1, If 5x is the error in x, then relative error = ka x percentage error = 5 «100 x Note 2. f(x) dx is called the differential of f(x) Example 1 The time T of a complete oscillation of a simple pendulum of length L fc is governed by the equation T = 2m, Ne a 8 Find the maximum error in T due to possible errors upto 1% in L and 2% in g. (U.P.T.U. 2004, 2009) Solution : We have T = nf & log T= log 2n + Loge. loge g T= log 2n+ = logel.-- loge 8 105A Textbook of "ngineering Mathematics Volume - I Differentiating ey eee oe! T 2L 2g =()a0- T But © 100=1,58x100=2 L g so ST 100-4 f1+2]-2 T 2 2 Maximum error inT = 1.5% — Answer. 2 Example 2: The power dissipated in a resistor is given by P= = . Find by using calculus the approximate percentage change in P when E is increased by 3% and Ris decreased by 2%. 2 Solution: Here given P= S Taking logarithm we have log P= 2 log E - log R on differentiating, we get sp 2 bR pee 6P 1008E 1005R or 10055 = 2x a or 100% = 2(3) - (-2) =8 Percentage change in P = 8% Answer. Example 3: In estimating the number of bricks in a pile which is measured to be (5m x 10m x 5m), count of bricks is taken as 100 bricks per m?. Find the error in the cost when the tape is stretched 2% beyond its standard length. The cost of bricks is Rs. 2,000 per thousand bricks. (U.P.T.U. 2000, 2004) Solution: We have volume V = xyz Taking log of both sides, we have log V= log x + log y + log z Differentiating, we get 106Approximation of Errors aV_ ox, by, bz ONE ONT Tepe Vox y @ 1005Y. - 100% + 100% + 10054 Vv x y Z +2+2(As given) 6 Vv _.(5x10x5) SV = 6— = 6 BV = 6705 = 60 = 15 cubic metre Number of bricks in 8V = 15*100 = 1500 1500 x 2000 1000 Error in cost = 3000 This error in cost, a loss to the seller of bricks = Rs. 3000, Answer, Example 4: What error in the common logarithm of a number will be produced by anerror of 1% in the number. Solution: Consider x as any number and, let y = 10g 9% Then by = 2iog,.¢ ax 8x —logye x _ (8 1 -(S«100 06.6) = wen ..as given 1001 _ 0.43429 100 = 0,0043429 which is the required error. Answer Example 5: A balloon is in the form of right circular cylinder of radius 1.5m and length 4m and is surmounted by hemispherical ends. If the radius is increased by 0.01 m and length by 0.05m, find the percentage change in the volume of balloon. (U.P.T.U, 2002, 2005) Solution: Here given, radius of the cylinder (r) = 1. length of the cylinder (h) = 4m 8r = 0.01m, 5h = 0.05m 107A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 Let V be the volume of the balloon then. V= volume of the circular cylinder + 2 (volume of the hemisphere) 2 = mth + 2| =n avh+2(2nr) =mth +4 oe 3 = k—3-—— e Now 8V = n2r8th, h + nr? 8h + : 13026 = nr[2h6r + Sh + 4r6r] 8V__ ne[2(h42r)6r+rdh] Pe OPENS [= heseies enna ui meh tne “i _ 2(h+2r)8r+r8h rh+ e r 3 _2(4+3)(0.01) +(1.5)(0.05) (15x4)+ $s) _0.14+0,075 _ 0.215 6+3 os x x100= ez x100= a = 2.389% Answer. Example 6: If the base radius and height of a cone are measured as 4 and 8 inches with a possible error of 0.04 and 0.08 inches respectively, calculate the percentage (%) error in calculating volume of the cone. [U.P.TU. (C.O.) 2003] Solution: Volume V= ; mh Taking log, 108Approximation of Errors log V = log 3+ log n+ 2log r+ logh Differentiating, we get av _ or bh Sv _, br bh Voor h BY (2M) (298) eV 8 = 0.08 «. Percentage (%) error in volume 0.03 x 100 =3% Answer. Example 7: Find the percentage error in the area of an ellipse when an error of +1 percent is made in measuring the major and minor axes Solution: If x and y are semi-major and semi-minor axes of ellipse. Then its area Ais given by A= my Taking log, log A = log n+ log x + logy Differentiating, we get Cee A x or ®4 100 = 100452100 A x y =1H =2 .. Error in the area = 2% Answer. Example 8: Find the possible percentage error in computing the parallel resistance r of three resistance m1, 2, rs from the formula, atid tate tee rR ERR If, r2, r3 are each in error by + 1.2% (U.P.T.U. 1999) Solution: we have y_aj4i1 See Th % Differentiating, we get @ 109A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - | \ > 2( 2100) = 2(5sca00}s 2( 8200}. 2{ too} rr AA nla aly () from (i) br ee r Hence % error in r= 1.2 Answer. Example 9: The angles of a triangle are calculated from the sides a,b,c. If small changes 8a, 8b and Sc area made in the sides, find 8A, 3B and 8C approximately, where A is the area of the triangle and A, B, C are angles opposite to sides a, b, c respectively. Also show that 8A + 8B + 8C = 0 =12) x 100 =1.2 (U.P.T.U. 2002) Solution: We know that a= bP + c2-2abe cos A @ Differentiating eqn (i), we get 2ada = 2bdb + 2cBc - 2bdc cos A - 2cBb cosA + 2be sin ABA or be sin A 3A = aa- (b -c cos A) 8b - (c- b cos A) 8c or 28A = aa - (a cos C + ¢ cos A -¢ cos A) Sb - (a cos B+ bcos A - bcos A) 8c or 8A= a (8a - 8b cos C - Bc cos B) (ii) similarly, also by symmetry, we have 8B = (8b - 6c cos A - 8a cos C) ii) and 5C = 5 (Be - a cos B- Bb cos A) (iv) Adding equations (i), (iii) and (iv) we get BA +8B+8C-=—1 [(a-bcos C-c cos B) ba + (b- ccos A-a cos C) b+ (c-acos B-bcos A)8c] 1 =F laa) ba + (b-b) + (c-c) be] 110Approximation of Errors 1 = = (04040) 7a (Ot0+0) =0 Thus, 5A + 3B + 8C =0 Hence Proved. Example 10: Two sides a, b of a triangle and included angle C are measured, show that the error 8c in the computed length of third side c due to a small error in the angle C is given by 8C (a sin B) = 3c Again by sine formula, we have pole sinB sinC bsinc c = sinB= = 6c=asin BSC Proved. Example 11: If A be the area of a triangle, prove that the error in A resulting from asmall error in c is given by (U.P.T.U. C.O. 2006-07) [log s + log (s- a) + log (s- b) +log (s-c)] Differentiating w.r-tc, we get 184 _1/1ds,_ 1 &(s-a) 1 8(s-b) Abc 2|s8c (s—a) bc bc be “el Now s= Farb+o bs 1 cop 11A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I and s-b= 3 (a+b-0) => From (i) se aG) a) ea) aCe = 5A= AR + Proved. Example 12: If the kinetic energy T is given by T= dmv? find approximate the change in T as the mass m change from 49 to 49.5 and the velocity v changes from 1600 to 1590. Solution: Here given T=}mv ar=i F (6m) v2 + m 2v80)} ors = 5 Lyzim+mvsv (i) Itis given that m changes from 49 to 49.5, = 8m=05 (i) Also, v changes from 1600 to 1590 2 bv=-10 (iii) Hence, from (i) ar “4 (1600)2 (0.5) + 49(1600) (-10) = - 144000 Thus, T decreases by 144000 units. Answer. Example 13: Find approximate value of [(0.98)? + (2. on + (L.94ypv2 Solution: Let f(x, y, 2) = (x2 + y? + 22)"/2 Taking x =1, y =2 and z = 2 so that dx = - 0.02, dy = 0. 1 and dx =-0.06 from @ Haxpeeytesying Hay pre ytespin, Her gteyteny an 112Approximation of Errors at yy = (x2 + y2 + 22)172 (xdx + ydy + zdz) = 3-002 + 0.02 -0.12) =-0.04 c. [(0.98)? + (2.01)? + (1.94)2}'/2 = £ (1,2,2) + df + (-0.04) Now df= wax + ays San (by total differentiation) " Example 14: In determining the specific gravity by the formulaS where A-w Ais the weight in air, w is the weight in water, A can be read within 0.01 gm and w within 0.02 gm. Find approximately the maximum error in S if the readings are A= 1.1 gm, w= 0.6 gm. Find also the maximum relative error. Solution : Given Differentiating above, we have ig0 AZW)BARA(GA-Ew) a (A-w) Maximum error in S can be obtained if we take 8A = - 0.01 and 8w= 0.02 +. From (i) gg — (12=026)(-0.01) -(1.1)(-0.01 - 0.02) (11-06) = 0.112 Maximum relative error in g—(6S)max ___ 0.112 Ss 11 11-06 = 0.05091 Answer. EXERCISE 1. The deflection at the centre of a rod, of length ! and diameter d supported at its ends and loaded at the centre with a weight w varies as wi? d-, What is the percentage increase in the deflection corresponding, to the percentage increases in w, land d of 3%, 2% and 1% respectively. 113A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I Ans. 5% 2. The work that must be done to propel a ship of displacement D for a distance S ap in time t is proportional to © 77 Find approximately the increase of work necessary when the displacement is increased by 1%, the time diminished by 1% and the distance diminished by 2%. Ans. ~4% 3 3. The indicated horse power of an engine is calculated from the formula 2 I= 2 LAN | where A ae Assuming that errors of r percent may have been made in measuiring P, L, N and d, find the greatest possible error in 1%. Ans. 5r%, 4. In estimating the cost of a pile of bricks measured as 6m * 50m x 4m, the tape is stretched 1% beyond the standard length. If the count is 12 bricks in 1m? and bricks cost Rs. 100 per 1,000 find the approximate error in the cost. (U.P.T.U. 2005) Ans. Rs 43.20 5. If the sides and angles of a triangle ABC vary in such a way that its circum radius remains constant, Prove that 2 5b_, _Se__ cosA cosB cosC 6. Compute an approximate value of (1.04)31 Ans. 1.12 7. Evaluate [(4.85)? + 2(2.5)"]}/5 Ans. 2.15289 8. The focal length of a mirror is given by the formula 2-1. 2 . If equal errors 8 vou are made in the determination of u and v, show that the relative error in the focal length is given by af 7 +4) ; 114Chapter 7 Extrema of Functions of Several Variables Introduction : There are many practical situations in which it is necessary or useful to know the largest and smallest values of a function of two variables. For example, if we consider the plot of a function f(x, y) of two variables to look like a mountain range, then the mountain tops, or the high points in their immediate vicinity, are called local maxima of f(x, y) and the valley bottom, or the low points in their immediate vicinity, are called local minima of f(x, y). The highest mountain and deepest valley in the entire mountain range are known as the absolute maxima and the absolute minimum respectively. Absolute maximum Local maximum Absolute minimum Definitions Definition (i): A function f of two variables has a local maximum at (a, b) if f(x, y) < f(a, b) when (x, y) is in neighbourhood of (a, b). The number f(a, b) is called local maximum value of f. 115A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - | If f(x, y) < f(a, b) for all points (x, y) in the domain of the function f, then the function has its absolute maximum at (a, b) and f(a, b) is the absolute maximum value of f. Definition (ii) If (x, y) 2 f(a, b) when (x, y) is near (a, b) then f(a, b) is the local minimum value of f. If f(x, y) 2 f(a, b) for all points (x, y) in the domain of f then f has its absolute minimum value at (a, b). Theorem: If f has a local maximum or minimum at (a, b) and the first order partial derivatives of f exist at a, b, then f,(a, b) =O and fy (a, b) =0 Definition (iii): A point (a, b) in the domain of a function f(x, y) is called a critical point (or stationary point) of f(x, y) if fx (a, b) =0 and fy (a, b) =0 or if one or both partial derivatives do not exist at (a, b). Definition (iv): A point (a, b) where f(x, y) has neither a maximum nor a minimum is called a saddle point to f(x, y). Necessary Condition for Extremum Values of functions of two Variables: Let the sign of f(a + h, b + k) - f (a, b) remain of the same for all values (positive or negative) of h, k. Then we have (i For f (a + h, b +k) - f (a, b) <0, f (a, b) is maximum (ii) For f (a + h, b +k) f (a, b) >0, f(a, b) is minimum By Taylor's theorem for two variables, we have f(a +h, b+k)=f(a, b) + of | oF 1 of of oF h—+k— +—| h? + 2hk—_ +k? — +. ( ax" “ay ). at ax? axdy ay? ), % or f(ath, bk) - f(a, b) = (nz) fe #) + terms of second and Jom LOY Jon higher orders inh and k (ay By taking h and k to be sufficiently small, we can neglect the second and higher order terms. Thus, the first degree terms in h and k can be made to govern the sign of the left hand side of equation (1). Therefore the sign of [f (ath, btk) - f(a, b)] = the sign of [39 5 o(%) 2) (os (a) ar Taking k =0, we find that if ( x ] #O0the right hand side of equation (2) ab) changes sign whenever h change sign. Therefore, f(x, y) cannot have a maximum af #0 or minimum at x =a, y = bif ( ot) 116Extrema of Functions of Several Variables similarly, taking h =0, we can find that f(x, y) cannot have a maximum or a minimum at x =a, y = bif (=) #0 Y Has) Thus, the necessary condition for f(x, y) to have a maximum or a minimum at x = ay =bis Gl, This condition is necessary but not sufficient for existence of maxima or minima. Now, from equation (1) ope soni OE are FE flath, b+k) - fla, b) = ath 5g thks a tk Se flath, b+k) -f(a, b) = ah + 2hks + k2t] @) since, we assumed that the sign of the LHS of equation (3) is the sign of the RHS of the equation (3) ie. sign of LHS of equation (3) = sign of [rh? + 2hks + kt] = sign of 2 [rth? + 2hkrs + kert] T = sign of 1 {(r2h? + 2hkrs + kes?) + (- kés? + kert)] r ono t 2 tle gt = sign of 2{ (hr + ks)? +? (rt sign of “[ (hr +ks)' +k? (rt-s*)] = sign of 1 [kz(rt-52)] r “ (hr + ks)? is always positive ing of r if rt- s?>0 Hence, if rt - s? >0, then f(x, y) has a maximum or a minimum at (a, b) according tor 0 respectively. Working rule to find Extremum Values: The above proposition gives us the following rule for determining the maxima and minima of functions of two variables. 117A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume Find Sands ie. p and q equate then to zero. Solve these simultaneous x equations for x and y Let ai, bi; a2, ba; ........-be the pairs of roots. af ef af Find 57" Gaay’ ay’ turns a1, br; a2, byj... roots. If rt - 12 > 0 and ris negative for a pair of roots, f(x,y) is a maximum for this pair. If rt- 12 > O and r is positive, f(x, y) is a minimum. If rt - s? < 0, the function has a saddle point there. If rt- s? =0, the case is undecided, and further investigation is necessary to decide it. Example 1: Find the local maxima or local minima of the function f(x, y) = x2 + y? = 2x-6y +14 Solution: We have f(xy) = x2 + y2- 2x- by +14 Therefore &,(x, y) = 2x -2 and fy(x, y) = 2y -6 If we put f(x, y) = 0 we have 2x -2 =x If we put f,(x,y) =0, we have 2y-6=0 py=3 we get x =1 and y = 3 as critical points of function f(x, y). Now, we can write f(x, y) as f(x y)=4 + (x1) + (y -3P since (x -1)? > 0 and (y -3)? 2 0, we have f(x, y) > 4 for all values of x and, therefore, f(1, 3) =4 is a local minimum. It is also the absolute minimum of f. Example 2: Find the extreme value of f(x,y) = y?- x2 Solution: we have fx y) = 2-2 Differentiating partially with respect to x and y, we get fe = -2x, fy = 2y which follows fx(0,0) =0 and fy (0,0)=0 Therefore, (0,0) is the only critical point. However the function f has neither local maximum nor a local minima at (0,0). Thus (0,0) is called saddle point of f. Example 3: Find the maximum and minimum of the function f(x,y) = 3 + y?- Baxy (ie. r, t and s respectively) and substitute in them by .-for x, y. Calculate the value of rt - s? for each pair of 118Extrema of Functions of Several Variables (U.P.T.U. 2004, 2006; U.P.P.C.S. 1992; B.P.S.C. 1997) Solution: Given that f(xy) = x8 + y3 - 3 axy @) Therefore for maxima and minima, we have of x2 = ay (i) ox Ff 9 =53y2- Sax =0 y? = ax (iii) ay putting the value of y in equation (iii), we get xt=a3x =x (- at) =0 =x (x =a) (2+ ax + a2) =0 =x=0,x2a Putting x =0 in (ii), we get y =0, and putting x =a in (ii) we get y =a. Therefore (0,0) and (a, a) are the stationary points (ie. critical points) testing at (0, 0). 1 =0, t= 0, = -3a => rt -s? = Negative Hence there is no extemum value at (0,0). Testing at (a, a) r= 6a, t=6a,s=-3a => rt- s?= 6a x 6a - (-3a)? = 36a?- 9a? = 27a? > and also r= 6a>0 Therefore (a, a) is a minimum point. The minimum value of f(a, a) = a? + a3 - 3a =-a3_ Answer. Example 4: Test the function f(x, y) = x? y? (6 - x - y) for maxima and minima for points not at the origin. Solution: Here f(x,y) = x° y? (6-x-y) 93 y2= ty? = xy = 18x2 y2- 4 xty2- 3x2y? of 119A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I 12x y - 2xty - Bxdy? = 36 xy? -12 x2y2- 6xy3 Hoes (6-2x-y) = ot 36 xty - Buby - 9x2y2 “Seay y 'y x2y(36 - 8x - 9y) af te Spo 1298 2at-Gxty = x3 (12 -2x - 6y) Now, for maxima or minima, we have Baa x2y2as -4x-3y)=0 @ of and —-=0 => x*y(12- 2x - 3y) =0 (ii) From (i) & (ii) 4x +3y =18 2x + 8y =12 and 'y solving, we get x = 3, y =2 and x =0 = y. Leaving x =0=y, we get x =3, y =2. Hence (3, 2) is the only stationary point under consideration. Now, tts? = 6x! y# (6 - 2x -y) (12 - 2x - 6y) - xt y? (36 - Bx - Sy)? At (3,2) rt-s?= + ive (> 0) Also, r = 6(3) (4) (6 - 6 - 4) - ive (<0) <.f(xy) has a maximum value at (3, 2). Example 5: Examine for minimum and maximum values. sin x + sin y + sin (x + y) (UPP.CS. 1991) Solution: Here, f(x,y) = sin x + sin y + sin (x+y) ep Sh = cosx + costx+y) =e cosy + cos(x+y) a= By cosy y 2, ra etn sin x—sin(x+y) co 120Extrema of Functions of Several Variables = C08 x + 608 (x + y) =0..........(i) and cos y + cos (x + y) = subtracting (ii) from (i) we have cos x - cos y = or cos x = cos y =xzy From (i), cos x + cos 2x =0 or cos 2x = ~ cos x = cos (1- x) or 2x =m-x .. axey= e is a stationary point a(t 2) 1-88 2 2 Aslor <0 «+ f(%, y) has a maximum value at (2.3) 7 Maxit alue = f| => pena vale = &.2) (ay Example 6: Test the function f(xy) = (x? + y2)e"""" for maxima or minima for point not on the circle x? + y?=1 Solution: Here f(x, y) = (x2 + y2) 121A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - athe garyy e¥ (29) 208? i = 2x (1-2-2) et) Fem ays) e829) +29 ee =2y (ety) 0? Now for maxima and minima, we have a. =0 and eo =0 Oand 2y (1-x2-y2) = 2x(1-x?-y9) e => x=0,y =O and x2 + y?=1 Leaving x? + y? =1 as given, take x =0, y =0 Hence (0,0) is the only stationary point fe = (2x - 2x? - 2xy2) e") r wee 6x2 ~ 2y2) e+ (2x - 2x8 -Dxy2) oY) (2x) Sr) (ax - 10 22 + dxty? - Dy? +2) _— (-Axy) @017") + (2x - 2x3 - xy?) e°Y) (2) ay +4 xdy + Axys) oO) t= So = eO'") (2-252- 6y2) +e v? . (2y - 2yx?- 2y?) (-2y) =e) (2. 2x2 ee 4x2y2 + dys) At (0,0),r=0, 5 =0, t= rt-s?=4>0 Also r = 2 (> 0) «. f(x, y) has a minimum value at (0,0) :. Minimum value = (0+0)e-0=0 Answer. Example 7: A rectangular box, open at the top, is to have a given capacity. Find the dimensions of the box requiring least material for its construction. Solution: Let x, y and z be the length, breadth and height respectively, let V be the given capacity and S, the surface V is given = V is constant V=xyz or Ze @ xy S= xy + 2xz + 2yz 122Extrema of Functions of Several Variables (Asx #0) (2vy'* So that rt-s?=4-1=3>QOandr>0 =9S is minimum when x =y = (2V)'/3 Vv Vv Also z= —=—, xy (2vy* ve avy? puree) Hence S is minimum when x =y = 22 = (2V)'/ Answer. Example 8: Find the semi-vertical angle of the cone of maximum volume and of a given slant height. 123A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I (U.P.T.U. 2005) Solution: Let | be the slant height and @ be the semi - vertical angle of the cone, Then, radius of the base, r = OC = | sin@ and height of the cone, h = OA = 1cos8. Let V be the volume of the cone then V = — mr’h = int sin)? (cos) 13 sin?8 cos0 3" 12{sin20 (- sin9) + cos0. 2 sind cos6} Im ga ol =n _dv “Fe son 13 sin® (2cos?9 - sin?8) a ae : -4 71 [sin (- 4 cos0 sind - 2 sin@ cos®) + (2 cos?® - sin?8) cos0] di & TD [- 6 sin®8 cos® + cos® (2 cos?9 - sin?8)] els For max and min, $Y. do Which gives either sind =0 or tan?@ =2 so that @ = 0 or 0 = +tarc! V2 when @ = 0, volume of cone becomes zero and the cone becomes a straight line which is not the case, when @ = tan! V2, we have av lip [024-0] de 3" | 3B =-ive Hence the volume of cone is maximum when 6 = tan? J2 When @ = ~ tan! ¥2, volume of cone becomes negative which is meaningless, hence is not the case. Answer. 124Extrema of Functions of Several Variables Example 9: Find the volume of largest parallelopiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid a Pe (U.P.T.U. 2001) Solution: Let (x,y,z) denote the co-ordinates of one vertices of the parallelopied which lies in the positive octant and V denote its volume so that V = Bxyz As 2x, 2y and 2z be the length, breadth and height respectively c VPs 6hxty? 2? ey sanyol-S-E = 64¢? f(xy) say 125A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I 2 22 gyt Now nF ete [2y exe -2| ae aac OF _ gyal, 8xy _ Bxy’ v= stefan 89 ill 2x*_ 12x?y? terete [ae EE and rts? = (64 ca) (2y? 2. _ 22x¢y" (1c) gy? 2X Txty? Bae aaa Bx'y _8xy")] [olor] | b sz | tt-s?> andr <0 3 5) 126Chapter 8 Lagrange's Method of Undetermined Multipliers In many problems, a function of two or more variables is to be optimized, subjected to a restriction or constraint on the variables, here we will consider a function of three variables to study Lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers. Let u=F(x,y,2) @ be a function of three variables connected by the relation (xy, 2) =0 Gi) The necessary conditions for u to have stationary values are 02% 20,249 Diferentating equation (i), we get du du, , du du= Bax Ba +5pd2=0 (iii) a Differentiating equation (ii) we get do -Oi.e. = ax 4 May 4 Mae = i do = Sdn dy +5rdz=0 (iv) Multiplying equation (iv) by 4 and adding to equation (ii) we get (2+ 138 e828 Jay o( 2 +n20)an= 0 ay "ay This equation will be satisfied if M220 ® fe + ae 0 (vi) Be nteo wii) 127A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - | where } is the Lagrange multiplier. On solving equations (ii), (v) (vi) and (vii), we get the values of x, y, z and 4 which determine the stationary points and hence the stationary values of f(x, y, z)- Note: (i) Lagrange's method gives only the stationary values of f(x, y, z). The nature of stationary points cannot be determined by this method. (i) If there are two constraints x(x, y, z) =0 & 2 (x, y, 2) =0, then the auxiliary function is F(x, y, 2) = £(% y, 2) +As, 6, (x, y, 2) + Az 2 (x, y, 2) here Ay and Az are the two Lagrange multipliers. The stationary values are obtained by solving the five equations F, = 0, Fy = 0,F,=0, R, =OandF, =0 Example 10: Find the volume of largest parallelopiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid 1 using Lagrange's method of Multipliers. (LAS. 2007; U.P.T.U. 2001, 2003) 2 y? ‘ xy ition: Let +5 + Solution: Let=5 +55 + = xy 2 F (x,y,z) z +a +120 @) Let 2x, 2y, and 2z be the length, breadth and height, respectively of the rectangular parallelopiped inscribed in the ellipsoid. Then V = (2x) (2y) (22) = 8xyz Therefore, we have av |, 80_ ox a B88 0-9 8yz+02F=0 Gi) ihe rosoarapsa0 ii) 24 xyz +22 (1) =0 == 12 xyz putting the value of 2 in (ii) we have 8yz + (-12 xyz) % =0 128Lagrange's Method of Undetermined Multipliers 2 31-220 a axe 3 Similarly, on putting A = - 12 xyz in equation (iii) and (iv) we get BB Hence, the volume of the largest parallelopiped = 8xyz alate) BBA = babe Answer. EN Example 11: Find the extreme value of x? + y? + 22, subjected to the condition xy + yz+zx=p. (U.P-T.U. 2008) Solution: Let f = x? + y?+ Zand 9 = xy + yx + 2x =p. Then for maximum or minimum, we have oe => 2x+A(y+z)=0 @ = ano 2y+ACer2)= 0 (ii) ae 2 <0 224A(x+y)=0 (ii) Maa equation (i) by x, equation (ii) by y and equation (iii) by z and adding we get. 20 + y2+ 22) + 2A (xy + yz + 2x) =0 = 2F+ 2p =0 or a=-£ on putting this value of Ain (i (i) and (iii), we get £ 2x-+(y+z)=0 po f 2y - =(x+2)=0 ap f 22- + (x+y)=0 P 129A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume or 2x = 2y + Soyo (E+2)«-n-0 £ ==-2andx=y P Similarly, we get y = z, therefore, f = 3x2 But xy +yz+2x=p 33x=p>x=p/3 Therefore, extrema occur if x2 + y? + 22 = p Answer. Example 12: Show that the rectangular solid of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a given sphere is a cube. (U.P.T.U. 2004) Solution: Let 2x, 2y, 2z be the length, breadth and height of the rectangular solid and r be the radius of the sphere Then x? + y2+ 22 = R2 @ Volume V= 8xyz (ii) Consider Lagrange's function F(xy,z) = Bxyz + A (x? + y2 + 22 - R2) For stationary values, dF =0 => {Byz +A (2x)} dx + {8xz +A (2y)} dy + [8xy +A (22)} dz =0 => Byz + 2Ax=0 (iii) Bax + Ay (iv) Bxy + Dz (v) From (iii) 2A x? = - 8xyz From (iv) 2Ay?= - 8xyz From (v) 2Az? = - 8xyz 2 xd = Dy? = Dz? or x?=y2=Zorx=y=z Hence rectangular solid is a cube. Hence Proved. EXERCISE 1. Find all relative extrema and saddle points of the function. f(xy) = 2x2 + Oxy + y2- 2x = 2y +5 130Lagrange's Method of Undetermined Multipliers 2. A rectangular box, open at the top, is to have a volume of 32 cc. Find the dimensions of the box requiring the least material for its construction. (U.P.T.U. 2005) Ans. 1= 4, b=4and h=2 units 3, Divide 24 into three parts such that the continued product of the first part, the square of the second part, and the cube of the third part is maximum. Ans. x = 12, y =8, 2=4 4, Show that the rectangular solid of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a given sphere is a cube. (U.P.T.U. 2003) 5. The sum of three positive number is constant. Prove that their product is maximum when they are equal. 6. Find the maximum and minimum distances of the point (3, 4, 12) from the sphere. 7. The temperature T at any point (x, y, z) in space is T = ea xy2?. Find the highest temperature at the surface of a unit sphere x2 + y?+ 2 Ans. 50 8. A tent of given volume has a square base of side 2a and has its four sides of height b vertical and is surmounted by a pyramid of height h. Find the values of a and b in terms of h so that the canvas required for its construction be minimum. & Ans. a=—>h 2 where Ix + my + nz =0 and 2at mbt otc! 1 (BPS.C. 2007) 10. Use Lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers to find the minimum value of x? + y2+ 2? subjected to the conditions. xty+z=1, xyz+1=0 Ans.3 11. Find the minimum value of x2 + y? + 22, given that ax + by + cz =p 131A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 Ans. =—P_, a+b +e 12. Find the maximum and minimum distances from the origin to the curve. x2+ dxy + 6y2= 140 [U.P.T.U. (CO) 2003] Ans. Maximum distance = 21.6589 Minimum distance = 4.5706 13. If u = ax? + by? + cz? and x? + y? + 2? =1 and Ix + my + nz =0 are the constraints, Prove ce m? n? +4 a-u b-u c-u OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS Four alternative answers are given for each question, only one of them is correct, tick mark the correct. 1. Maxima and minima occur - (Simultaneously (ji) Once (ii) Alternately (iv) rarely =0 Ans. (iii) 2. The minimum value of |x?- 5x + 2|is (MPP.CS. 1991) @5 (ii)0 (ii) 1 (iv) -2 Ans. (ii) 3. The maximum value of Je (sin x ~ cos x) is (MPP.CS. 1991) @1 (i) V2 ay 4 (iv)3 Ans. (i) 4, The triangle of maximum area inscribed in a circle of radius r is (LAS. 1993) (i) A right angled triangle with hypotenuse measuring 2r (ii) An equilarteral triangle (ii) An isosceles triangle of height r (iv) Does not exist 5. Let f(x) =|x|, then (LAS. 1993) 132Method of Undetermined Multipliers (i) £0) =0 (i) £(6) is maximum at x =0 (ii) £(«) is minimum at x =0 {iv) None of the above. Ans. (iv) (LAS. 1990) 6. Ify =a log x + bx? + x has its extremum value at x= -1 and x= 2 then ()a=2,b=-1 (i) a=2,b=-4 (ii) a= -2,b= i (iv) None of these Ans. (iii) 7. The function f(x) = x* - 6x2 + 24x + 4 has (LAS. 1990) () A maximum value of x (ii) A minimum value of x (ii) A maximum value at x =4 and minimum value at x =6 (iv) Neither maximum nor minimum at any point Ans. (iv) 8. The function sin x (1 + cos x) is maximum in the interval (0,7), when - (U.P.P.CS. 1994, M.P.P.C.S. 1995) ()x=n/4 (ii) x= 1/2 iy . m ii) x=$ isyx= 4 Ans. (iii) 9. A necessary condition for f(a) to be an extreme value of f(x) is that (RAS. 1995) (@ fla) =0 (ii) £(0) =0 (iil) P@) -0 (iv) F"@) =0 Ans. (ii) 10. The value of function fixyexat x at the points of minimum and maximum one respectively (MPP.CS. 1995) (i) -2and 2 (ii) Zand -2 (ii) -1 and 1 (iv) Land -1 Ans. (iv) 11. The profit function is 133A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I P(x) =- ; x2-+ 32x - 480 then the profit is maximum if the number of item (x) produced and sold is (UPPCS. 1991) (18 (i) 17 (iit) 24 (iv) 32 Ans. (iv) 12, The value of x for which the function f(x) = x /* has a maximum is given by (RAS. 1993) fe a 1 (x=e (i) x=2 (ii)x=-e = ivy xe-t @ Ans. (i) 13. The maximum value of 1 is x (MP-P.CS. 1994) fe (ier (iii) e-/e (iv) eve Ans. (iv) 14. Ifx + y =k, x>0, y >0, then xy is the maximum when (M.P.P.CS. 1991) (i) x= ky (ii) kx=y (iii) x=y (iv) None of these Ans. (iv) 15. Maximum value of a sinO + b cos® is (MPP.CS. 1992) (i) va? +b? (i) Var (ii) Ja—b (iv) 2a? +B? Fat b 16. Maximum value of sin x + cos x is Ans. (i) (MPP.CS. 1992) (2 (ii) V2 (ii) 1 (iv) 14-2 Ans. (ii) 17. If the functions u, v, w of three independent variables x, y, z are not independent, then the Jacobian of u, v, w with respect to x, y, z is always equal to (LAS. 1995) 134Lagrange's Method of Undetermined Multi @1 (ii)0 (iii) The Jalonbian of x, y, z w.r.t u, v, W (iv) infinity Ans. (ii) 18. The maximum rectangle, inscribed in a circle of radius 1, is of area (U.P-P.CS. 1995) @1 (i)2 (iii) 4 (iv)8 Ans. (ii) 19. The derivative f(x) of a function f(x) is positive or zero in (a, b) without always being zero. Then, which of the following is true in (a, b) (i f(b) < f(a) (ii) f(a) < f(b) (iii) £() ~f(@) = FCC) (iv) f(b) = fla) Ans. (ii) 20. The conditions for f(x, y) to be maximum are (i rt-s?>0,r>0 (ii) rt- 8? >0,r<0 (ii) rt -s?<0,r>0 (iv) rt-s?<0,r<0 Ans. (ii) 21. The conditions for f(x, y) to be minimum are () rt-s?>0,r<0 (ii) rt- 32> 0,1 >0 (ii) rt-s?<0,r>0 (iv) rt-s?<0,r<0 Ans. (ii) 22. The stationary points of f(x, y) given by - (i) . =0, f, =0 (i) & #0, fy =0 (ii) f, #0, fe) = 0 (iv) None of these Ans. (i) 135"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"UNIT -3 Matrices"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"Chapter 9 Matrices INTRODUCTION : Today, the subject of matrices is one of the most important and powerful tool in mathematics which has found application to a large number of disciplines such as Engineering, Economics, Statistics, Atomic Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Sociology etc. Matrices are a powerful tool in modern mathematics. Matrices also play an important role in computer storage devices. ‘The algebra and caluclus of matrices forms the basis for methods of solving systems of linear algebraic equations, for solving systems of linear differential equations and for analysis solutions of systems of nonlinear differential equations. Determinant of a matrix : - Every square matrix A with numbers as elements has associated with it a single unique number called the determinant of A, which is written det A. if A is n x n, the determinant of A is indicated by displaying the elements aj of A between vertical bars lan, , In? yy ‘The number n is called the order of determinant A Non Singular and singular Matrices : A square matrix A = [ay] is said to be non singular according as |A| # 0 or |A| = 0 Adjoint of a matrix : Let A =[aj] be a square matrix. Then the adjoint of A, denoted by adj (A), is the matrix given by adj (A) = [A,]|_, where Ay is the cofactor of ay in A, ie. if Any Ane aa A As 139A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Vol [Ay An Az An Then adj(A) = LAn Aan Inverse of a matrix : Let A be square matrix of order n. Then the matrix B of order n if it exists, such that AB=BA =I, is called the inverse of A and denoted by A-! we have A(adjA) = AI (adja) lal A or At = 30 ial ‘Theorem : The inverse of a matrix is unique. Proof : Let us consider that B and C are two inverse matrices of a given matrix, say A or A =I, Provided |A|#0 , if |Al40 Then AB=BA=I _-. Bis inverse of A and AC=CA=1 __ -, Cisinverse of A C (AB) = (CA) B by associative law or CI=IB or C Thus, the inverse of matrix is unique. Existence of the Inverse : Theorem: A necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to possess the inverse is that | A] #0. (LAS. 1973) Proof : The condition is necessary Let A be ann x n matrix and let B be the inverse of A. Then AB=In c JAB|= [In| =1 [AT [BI=1 - |AB|=|A| |B] s. |A| must be different from 0. Conversely, the condition is also sufficient. If | A|#0, then let us define a matrix B by the relation 1 B=—(adj.A, ial ) (4 ) Then AB=A| ——adj.A UA) 140Matrices Thus AB = BA =I, Hence, the matrix A is invertible and B is the inverse of A. Reversal law for the inverse of a Product, Theorem : If A, B be two n rowed non- singular matrices, then AB is also non - singular and (AB)? = Bt At ie. the inverse of a product is the product of the inverse taken in the reverse order. (LAS, 1969, UP-P.CS. 1995) Proof : Let A and B be two n rowed non singular matrices, We have |AB| = |A| |B] Since |A|#0and |B|#0 therefore | AB| #0. Hence the matrix AB is invertible Let us define a matrix C by the relation C = BIA Then C (AB) = (B+ A) (AB) = B4 (AIA) B Tn B 1 B= In Also (AB) C = (AB) (B4 A!) = A (BB*) At =Aln At = AAT =In Thus C (AB) = (AB) C= In Hence C = B+ A‘ is the inverse of AB. Elementary Row Operations and Elementary Matrices When we solve a system of linear algebric equations by elimination of unknown, we routinely perform three kinds of operations: Interchange of equations, multiplication of an equation by a nonzero constant and addition of a constant multiple of one equation to another equation. When we write a homogeneous system in matrix form AX = 0, row k of A lists the coefficients in equation K of the system. The three operations on equations correspond respectively, to the interchange of two rows of A, multiplication of a row A by a constant and addition of a scalar multiple of one row of A to another row of A, We will focus on these row operations in anticipation of using them to solve the system. 141A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume DEFINITION: Let A be an nxn matrix. The three elementary row operations that can be performed on A are 1. Type I operation : interchanging two rows of A. 2. Type II operation : multiply a row of A by a non zero constant. 3. Type Ill operation ; Add a scalar multiple of one row to another row. The rows of A are m - vectors. In a type Il operation, multiply a row by a non zero constant by multiplying this row vector by the number. That is, multiply each element of the row by that number. Similarly in a type III operation, we add a scalar multiple of one row vector to another row vector. Inverse of Non - Singular Matrices Using Elementary Transformations : If A is non singular matrix of order n and is reduced to the unit matrix In by a sequence of E - row transformations only, then the same sequence of E - row transformations applied to the unit matrix In gives the inverse of A (i.e.A“). Let A be anon singular matrix of order n, It is reduced to unit matrix In by a finite number of E- row transformations only. Here, each E - row transformation of the matrix A is equivalent to pre - multiplications by the corresponding E - matrix. Therefore, there exist elementary matrices say, E1, E2,. _E, such that [E:, Ent, » Ey, Ei] A= In Post-multiplying both sides by A7, we obtain [Ee ety cscs eseseses Eos EX) A At = ly AA = [Er Bray «. Ey, Ei] In = At ~ AAT=Iy InAt= At or At = [E;, Ent, «. sos Ea, Ei] In Working rule to find the inverse of a non - singular matrix : Suppose A is a non singular matrix of order n, then first we write A=hA Next, we apply E row transformations to a matrix A and I,A till matrix A is reduced to In. Then B is equal to A+, ie. B=At Example 1 : Find by elementary row transformation the inverse of the matrix 012 123 [311 (U.P.T.U. 2000, 2008) Solution : The given matrix is or 12 3] 31 1] 142Matrices we can write the given matrix as ASIA Applying a transformations, we have 01 2 0 0} 12 1 ola 31 fl 1] 12 3) 01 0 a 1 2eft 0 O|A,R, OR, 311] [0 01 1 3 F 1 =o 2\= 0 ah, R,~3R, 0-5 -8 -3 12 3} | 1 aoe 1 fas eee oo 2) [5 -3 1 12 3] fo oT =}o 1 2|=l1 0 -JA,R,/2 0 0 1 [5/2 a 1/2] 12 0 aoe M/2 -3/2 =/0 1 of= 3-1 |A,R, 9R,-3R,R, 3R, -3R, OecOmer a oy 2eummnt/ 2) 10 0 ie -1/2 1/2 3/0 10 3-1 |AR, 9R,-2R, 001 ale -3/2 1/2 i.e. = BA where B= A? si 2a 2eeee/ 2 or A7=|-4 3-1 [Answer 5/2 -3/2 1/2 Example 2 : Find by elementary row transformations the inverse of the matrix 3-3 4 2-3 4 0-11 (U.P.T.U. 2002) 143A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I Solution : The given matrix is 3.-3 4 A=|2 -3 4 o -1 1 we can write the given matrix as A=IA 3-3 4] [100 ie}2 -3 4/=|0 1 Ola lo -1 1) [001 Applying elementary transformations, we get 1 00 1-10 3/2 -3 4]=|0 1 OJA,R,>R,-R, 0-1 1] [0 o1 10 0 lie -10 =/0 -3 4]=/-2 3 0/A,R,-R,-2R, 0-11 Lo 0 1) 1 0 0 1-10 3/0 -1 -4/3]=/2/3-1 0/A,R,/-3 0 -1 1 0 01 1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 -1 -4/3/=|2/3 -1 0 JA,R,>R,+R, el eee 1 0 0 a) 1 -1 0 =o 1 2/3 -1 0|A,R, 9R,x(-3) 1 2 3 -3 [1 o i ol] “" 1 3 a 0 0 3-3 I=BA Where B= A? 1-1 o) 3 -4) Ans. 3 3 144Matrices Normal Form : Every non - zero matrix of order m x n with rank r can be reduced by a sequence of elementary transformations to any of the following forms Look 2 O, 0] bl The above forms are called normal form of A. r so obtained is a number called the rank of matrix A. Equivalence of matrix : Suppose matrix B of order mxn is obtained from matrix A (of the same order as B) by finite number of elementary transformations on A; then A is called equivalent to B ie A~ B. Matrices A and B have same rank and can be expressed as B = PAQ, where P and Q are non singular matrices. If A is of order m*n, then P has order mxm and has nxn such that B=PAQ Working rule : Let A be a matrix of order mxn 1, we write A= Im A In 2 Next, we transform matrix A to normal form using elementary transformations. 3 Elementary row transformation is applied simultaneously to A and Im i.e. the prefactor matrix. 4, Elementary column operation applied to A is also applied to In ie. the post factor matrix. 5. Finally, we find B= PAQ, where B is the normal form of A. Example 3 : Reduce matrix A to its normal form, where teen led 24 3 4 eee 1-2 6 -7 Hence, find the rank. (1.A.S 2006; U.P-T.U. 2001, 2004) Solution : The given matrix is 145A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume fi aot Ne 24 3°04 “T1923 4 [-1-2 6 -7 Applying elementary row transformation, we have 12-1 4 00 5 4 Re Re-2Rr MS ~~) R3 >R3-Ri eed Ro >RtR 00 5 -3 Now, applying elementary column transformation we have 90 8) a e-2G, eae ee ee Cen caecr 00 4 Of G>G-4G 00 5 -3 Interchanging C2 and Cs, we have fl 0 0 0 A 0 5 0 -4 c c - ) Ge Om 0 0 Behe jo 5 0-3 jlo 0 0 a lo 5 0 ~-4 Rio R-ER: A- , 0 0 0 16/5)" Ry» Ry-Re 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 )|Oeeoie= 4 maaa - ; Cro. Aly 0 16/5 0 eee oo 1 0 fl o 0 A 0 5 0 0 Ro R2 + 4Ry “lo 0 16/5 Of RoRH-DR 00 0 oO ud 146Matrices fi 0 0 0) 1 ajo to 0 Roe “lo 0 1 Of! 5 RoR: 00 0 0 6 which is the required normal form. Here, we have three non zero rows. Thus the rank of matrix A is 3. Ans. Example 4 : Find non - singular matrices P,Q so that PAQ is a normal form, where 2 1-3 -6) (|) eS eater oa 1 al (U.P.TU. 2002) Solution : The order of A is3 «4 Total number of rows in A = 3, therefore consider unit matrix Is. Total number of columns in A = 4, hence, consider unit matrix ly 2 Ass=bALy . f1 0 2 1-3 -6] [10 oO] Jy i ; 2-301 a eo joe te 1 2] [oo1 ae 0001 100 0 1 1 1 2) foo 1} ano 3-3 1 2}s/01 OjAl, 4 4 g[RrerR 2 -3 -6| | 1 6} |1 0 o| 0001 a 100 0 11 1 2}foo ee oe -6 -2 -4|e _ 2 > Ro- 3 tos wo ie a{ijo0 1 0] RRs 2k “oe “JT lo 001 147A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 1 0 0 oO} foo 1 0 -~6 ~2 ~4 |=|0 1 -3|A 0 -1 -5 -10| [1 0 -2 GoG-C 1-1 -1-2 01 0 0] GoG-G 00 10 -2C ere |e aescn act (Oe) a0) oreo 1) aes ] 0 1 0 0| RoR 015 re 10 21), gg) BOR 7 RRs 06 2 4} [0-1 ar "| 10 0 o}fo oa} (i-t -t-2 O02 O00 0 5 10/=|-1 0 21a] by Rs Rs-6 Re 0010 0 0-28 -56 10 0 0 010° Of= 0 0-28 -56 As by Cx Cs-5C2 & Cy > Cy 10 jeth 0 =O 0 10° Os 001 2 | f1-1 4 0 10 0 0 eae i eece -5 0 1 0 Of=}-1 0 2}AfQ 4 4 _y | Asby Ci > Ca-2Cs oo 1 0 61 9 oe oe 2} [oo o1 N=PAQ 001 1-1 4 0 0 1-5 an 2129 0 1-2 {Answer aaa onl on 000 1 Example 5 : Find the rank of the matrix 148Matrices 6 1 3 8 2 6 -1 A 3.9 7 ape i2u) Solution : Sometimes to determine the rank of a matrix we need not reduce it to its normal form, Certain rows or columns can easily be seen to be linearly dependent on some of the others and hence they can be reduceds zeros by E ~ row or column transformations. Then we try to find some non-vanishing determinant of the highest order in the matrix, the order of which determines the rank. We have the matrix 6 1 3 8] an[S 2 8 AN Ry Re Re-R 0 0 0 0) RR Ri-R-R 00 0 0, Since fr 3-840 ‘Therefore rank (A) = 2 Answer Alter The determinant of order 4 formed by this matrix 6 13 8 42 6 -1 “10 309° 7 w 4 12 15 6 13 8) 2 ar 32 > Rs-Re ef 2 © 7 eRe 6 13 8 613 8 =0 — « Rsand Rsare identical A minor of order 3 6 1 3) f6 1 3 =|4 2 6|=|4 2 6 /byR:>Rs-R 103 9 le 1 3 =0 In similar way we can prove that all the minors of order 3 are zero, 149A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - | ‘A minor of order 2 {6 1) |=840 Meee Hence rank of the matrix = 2 Answer. Example 6 : Prove that the points (x:, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, ys) are collinear if and only ys yo 1 if the rank of the matrix |x, y, ‘1 is less than 3. x Ys 1| (U.PPCS. 1997) Solution : Suppose the points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (xs, 3) are collinear and they lie on the line whose equation is ax+by+c=0 Then axi + by: += 0 @ axa + byz+c=0 (ii) axs + bys +¢=0 (iii) Eliminating a, b and c between (i), (ii) and (iii) we get x oy 1 % Y2 1/=0 % yy 1 ‘Thus the rank of matrix x yy 7 Azlx, y, 1 x% ys 1 is less than 3. Conversely, if the rank of the matrix A is less than 3, then x y 1 X> Yo 1)=0 a Therefore the area of the triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2 y2), (xs, ys) is equal to zero, Hence three points are collinear Consistent system of Equations: A non -homogeneous system AX = B is said to be consistent if there exists a solution. If there is no solution the system is inconsistent. For a system of non - homogeneous linear equations AX = B (where A is the coefficient matrix) and C = [A B] is an augmented matrix : L Ifr (A) = (©), the system is inconsistent 150Matrices 2. If (A) = r (©) = n (number of unknowns) the system has a unique solution. 3. Ifr(A)=1(C) 3 2 1 Rom 0 10 3-2 2-3-1 5 162 0 47 fo -3 2-1] RRR 0 10 3-2) Ry Re-2Ri 0 -7 -1-3 1 2 «0 4 10 0-3 2 -l1 Rs Rso+ 3k 0 0 29/3 -116/3)" 7 0 0-17/3 68/3 RoR- GR 12 0 4 5 Jo 73 2-1) Ro oR 0 0 1 -4 3 0 0 1 -4 Rona Re 1 2 0 4 0-3 2-1 ~ Re 0 0 1-4 Deanne 0 0 0 0} Thus r(C) = r (A) = 3 hence the given system is consistant and has a unique solution 1 2 «0 4 o -3 2)*| |-ar 0 0 14¥|"|-4 2 oa 0 = =4, By + 22=-11x+2y=4 152Matrices orz=-4y= 22+ M)=1x=4-2y=2 Thus, the solution is x=2,y=1,z=~-4 Answer. Example 8 : Examine the consistency of the following system of equations and solve them if they are consistent x1 + 2x2 x5 = 3; 3x1 - X2 + 2xa = 1; 2x1 ~ 2x2 + 3x3 =2;x1- + x3=-1 (U.P.T.U. 2002) Solution : The given system of linear equatins can be written in matrix form as A X=Bie. 7 3-1 24") 2-2 3f%/" 1-1 af %- [a The augmented matrix is C=[A:B] 1 2-13 ; Sue lean teat eles een eee gee tegen Applying elementary row transformations to the augmented matrix, we obtain ce a = R.>Re-3Ri c-|) 2 ; i” Rs Rs-2Ri RioR-R fo -3 2 -4, 102-1 3 jo -7 5 -8 Ro R-SRs 0 0 5/7 20/7 a 0 0 -1/7 -4/7] BoOR- FR eee otam— lates] 7 0 -7 5 -8| Ro ERs “lo o 1 4 1 Re ea RoR+ oR ie.r(C)=3=1(A) Hence, the system is consistent and has a unique solution, thus 153A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I 12-1 3 0-7 5 oo 14" "| 4 Xs, peers => x1 + 2x2- x3 = 3, - 7x2 + 5x3 = - Band x3= 4 => 7x2 = 5x3 +8 1 == (5x4+8)=4 ams ( ) and xi = 3 = 2x2 + x3= Thus, the solution is x: = -1 x2= 4, xs = 4 Answer Example 9 : Examine the consistency of the following system of linear equations and hence, find the solution 4 x; - x2= 12; - xi + 5x2- 2x3=0;-2x2 + 4x3=-8 (U.P-T.U. 2005) Solution : The given equations can be written in matrix form as 4 -1 Offx, 12] -1 5 -2}x,|=| 0 0 -2 4iIx, -8 | ile. AX = B where (ae ee 0 x; 12 As|-1 5 -2],X=|x,|,B=| 0 le -2 4 x; -8 Now the augmented matrix C is C=[A:B] ae Ot ie C=|-1 5 -2 0 0 -2 4 -8 Applying elementary row transfomations to matrix C to reduce it to upper triangular form we get 1 4-6 12 B-|1 5 -2 0], ROR +3Rz 0 -2 4 -8 1 14-6 12 -|0 19 -8 12), ReoR+R [0 -2 4 -8 154Matrices 1 14 ~6 127 A -|0 19 8 12 |, RoR+ oR 0 0 60/19 ~128/19 Hence, we see that ranks of A and C are 3 ier (A)=3= r (C). The the system of linear equations is consistent and has a unique solution. Thus, the given system of linear equations is 1 14-6 Tx, 12 0 19 -2 |ix,J=| 12 0 acura 128 /19 ie. x +14 x2- 6 x3 = 12 19 xz ~ 8x3 =12 _ 7128 60 on putting the value of xs in 19x2 - 8 x3 = 12, 1 1 =32 == =| 12+8| = x 7g (12+ 8%) al sf is ) =x,=-4 2 15 Lastly, putting xz, x3 in x: + 14 x2~ 6 xo = 12 we have -4 -32) +14x| == |-6/ ==] =12 a (5) ( J 15 44 =x, = 15 Therefore, the solution is 32 es x= 22 Answer ra 15 Example 10 : For what values of 4 and u, the equations x + y +2=6;x+2y+3z = 10; x + 2y + Az = 4 have (i) no solution (ii) unique solution and (iii) infinite solutions. (LAS 2006, U.P.T.U. 2002) Solution : The given system of linear equations can be written as toad *] 6 1 2 3ilyl=}10 1 2 Allz} [py ie, AX=B 155A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I | 1 1 1 6 C=[AJ=|1 2 3 10] 12 Ap Applying elementary row transformations to C, we get lt tors Re Re-Ri a Rs >Rs-Rr lo 1 aA-1 p-6 11°42 6 | ~|0 1 2 4 |, Rs>R-R 0 0 A-3 p~10] (i) For no solution, we must have r(A)4r(C) ieA-3=00rk=3andpu- 1040+ 10 (ii) for unique solution, we must have r(A)=r(C)=3 ie.A-3403243 and u-10#0=> #10 (iii) for infinite solutions, we must have r(A)=r(©) <3 ie.A-3=0=2= and 1-10 =0> = 10 Answer. Solution of Homogeneous system of Linear - Equations: A system of linear equations of the form AX = 0 is said to be homogeneous where A denotes the coefficient matrix and O denotes the null vector i.e. aii xi t+ aizx2+. + ainxn =0 an x1 + an x2 + + am x ay, X1 $y Xp + ie. AX=O ay ap x, | [O a, ay x, 0 orp 7 7 Jel. ay, a, a, x, 0 The above system has m equations and n unknowns. We will apply the matrix method to find the solution of the above system of linear equations. For the 2 0 156Matrices system AX = O , we see that X = O is always a solution. This solution is called null solution or trivial solution. Thus a homogeneous system is always consistent. We will apply the techniques, already developed for non homogenous systems of linear equations to homogeneous linear equations. () fr (A) =n (number of unknown) the system has only trivial solution (ii) If (A) Rs-2Re “lo 0-1 Offx,/-jo] Re>Re-Rs 0 0 0 -4)}ix,} [0 ive, r(A) = 4 = number of variables Hence the given system of homogeneous linear equations has trivial solution ie. =x2=xs:=x4 Answer. x= Linear Combination of vectors : Let x1, x2... xx be a set of k vectors in R", Then the linear combination of these k vectors is sum of the form onx1 + 02X24 visit Oe Xk in which, 0, is a real number. Linear Dependence and Independence Vectors : Let x1, 2 ssssssssseeeeXk be a Set of k vectors in Re, Then the set is said to be linearly dependent if and only if one of the k vectors can be expressed as a linear combination of the remaining k vectors. If the given set of vectors is not linearly dependent, it is said to be set of liearly independent vectors. Example 12; Examine for linear dependence (1, 0,3, 1), (0, 1, -6, -1) and (0, 2, 1, 0) in. Solution : Consider the matrix equation ox: + ot x2 + 083 x3 = 0 i.e 04(1, 0,3, 1) + oF (0, 1, -6, -1) + 03 (0, 2, 1, 0) =0 => (04 + O02 + 0 0r5, 011 + OL2 24s, 3 O41 = 6 Oy ~6 Or + OL3, Ly ~ ch + Ors) =0 => a =0 0 + 2a =0 Ban - 602+ ots =0 and 01 - 02 =0 Hie OO) 0 to 1 2q%{ fo Fel 3-6 illo 1 -1 of! [o 158Matrices 1 0 °| 0 Re> Re-3R, a, 3 —> Ra - 3Ri le ele) Bes 0 -6 1\ 0 0 -1 of |o v0 ore, °| Rs Rat ore Bee eae jae Renee 0 0 13) 7) 10 oe ie. o4 =0, a2 + 2an =0 => a =0 13.03 =0 = 3 =0 i.e, on =0 = or = os Thus, the given vectors are linearly independent. Answer. Example 13 : Examine the following vectors for linear dependence and find the relation if it exists. Xi = (1, 2,4), X2= (2, -1, 3), Xs = (0, 1, 2) and Xs = (-3, 7, 2) (U.P.T.U. 2002) Solution : The linear combination of the given vectors can be written in matrix equations as 1 Xa + 02 Xo + a3 Xs + ote Xa = 0 => 01 (1, 2,4) + 2 (2, -1, 3) + 030, 1, 2) + as (-3, 7,2) =0 = (+2024 003-3as,201-c2 +43+7 04 401+3.42+203+204) =0 => + 202+ 009-30 2a-ctas+7as 4a1+302+2o3 +204=0 This is a homogenous system i.e a] 1 2 0 -3 0 a, |_| 2 -1 «21 7 =0 a, 43 2 24% Jo a} * Applying elementary row transformations we have a, Toa? ete ln | Ro Ro-2Ri | omeemee nee oe 0) Ry Rs-4Rr 5 a, 0-5 2 uy \o| 159A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I fo 12 0 ~3]0") fo aC aol alana. a =|0], Ra Rs-Rz oo 1 1") |o Oy Hence the given vectors are linearly independent ie.01+202-304-0 -5ct2+ 03+ 1304-0 a3+a4=0 putting a4 =k in cs + &4=0 we get as -502-k+13k=0 ie.a2= 2 kand as +2xZk-3k=0 Hence the given vectors are linearly dependent substituting the values of o in 011 X1 + 012 Xo + o12Xo + oa Xs =0 we get aa 5 5 or 9X1 ~ 12 X2+ 5X3 -5Xa=0 Characteristic Equation and Roots of a Matrix : Let A = [ai] be ann x n matrix, (i) Characteristic matrix of A : - The matrix A - Al is called the characteristic matrix of A, where [is the identity matrix. (ii) Characteristic polynomial of A: The determinant |A - Al| is called the Characteristic polynormial of A. (iii) Characteristic equation of A : The equation |A - Al| =0 is known as the characteristic equation of A and its roots are called the characteristic roots or latent roots or eigenvalues or characteristic values or latent values or poper values of A. The Cayley - Hamilton Theorem : Every square matrix satisfies its characteristic equation i if for a square matrix A of order n, JA-Al] = (1) Pant ar Amit ap Ane +, Then the matrix equation an] XM + ay XM + ag XM2 + ay XN +, setters dn = 0. is satisfied by X= A ie. An +a; Am + az Ar?+....., vet ay =O (U.P.P.CS. 2002; B.P.Sc 1997) 160Matrices Proof : Since the element of A -Al are at most of the first degree in 2, the elements of Adj (A - Al) are ordinary polynomials in A of degree n-1 or less. Therefore Adj (A -Al) can be written as a matrix polynomial in 4, given by Adj (A- 21) = Boa™ + BrP? + + Bp.2h + Bna where Bo, Bh ... are matrices of the type n x n whose elements are functions of ai, s Now (A - Al) adj. (A-Al) = |A-Al|I c AadjA= [Al In (A- Al) (Bo Av! + Bran? +. 2+ Bnah + Bra) = (At ake +... as] I Comparing coefficients of like powers of ) on both sides, we get -1Bo = (-1)"1 ABo - IB: = (-1)" a I AB) - [Bp = (-1)? aI ABnt = (-1)" an I Premultiplying these successively by A®, A™! ..........1ssal and adding we get 0 = (1) [An +a, A™1 + ag An? +, + acl } Thus, Am tar Amt + a AP2 to. eet and A taal =0 Proved. Example 14 : Find the characteristic equation of the matrix 2-11 As|-1 2 -1 1-1 2 and verfy that it is satisfied by A and hence obtain Ax, (U.P.P.C.S1997; U.P.T.U, 2005) Solution : We have 2-A -1 01 |A-All=| -1 2-2 -1 1-10 2-4 = (2-2) { (2A)? -1) + 1f-1(2 - A) +1} + (1-2-2) = (2-4) (B-42+ 22+ (A-1)+(Q-1) == AS 6A2-9AG4 we are now to verify that Ad-6A2+9A-41=0 (i) we have 161A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - | 00 2-11 Is]0 1 0], A=|-1 2 -1 o1 1-1 2 6 -5 5 AP=AxA|-5 6-5 5-5 6 2 -2 2 A’=A?xA/-21 22-21 2-21 22 Now we can verify that A? - 6A? + 9A -4I m2 -1 2 6 -5 5 2-11 1 00 =|-21 22-21 |-6/-5 6 -5 |+9/-1 2 -1]-4]0 1 0 m -2 22 5 -5 6 1-1 2 0 01 0 0 0 =|0 0 0 0 0 0 Multiplying (i) by A-1, we get 2- 6A + 91-47 =0 oat -} (A2-6A +91) Now A2-6A + 91 eee ie) pees =} 6 -5 |+| 6-12 6 |+/0 9 0 0 9 5 -5 6} [6 6 -12 0 3 1-1 =}1 3 1 1 1 3 3 1 -1 oA 4 13 42 Answer. elgeeies) Example 15 : Use Cayley - Hamilton theroem to find the inverse of the following matrix: 162Matrices 4301 As}2 1 -2 1201 and hence deduce the value AS - 6A‘ + 6A%- 11A2+2A +3 (U.P.T.U. 2002) Solution : The characteristic equation of the given matrix is JA-Al|=0 fa-z 3 1 2 1-0 -2 |=0 1 2 I-A ie. (4-2) [(1-A)2+ 4] -3 [2 (1-A) + 2] + 1f4 -(1-A)] =0 or A3- 642 + 64-11 =0 By Cayley - Hamilton theorem we have A3-6A2+6A-111=0 Multiplying by A-!, we have A71A3-6A-1 A2+ 6A"! A-11 A11=0 or A?-6A + 61-11A7=0 TLA1=A2-6A+ 61 43 1)/f4 3 1 4301 1 0 0 =| 2 1 -2]/ 2 1 -2|-6 2 1 -2 |+60 1 0 12 ajl1 21 1201 o 01 fpoaeeml ee 4 18 +6) {6 0 O -l6 3 -2|-|12 6 -12]410 6 0 [9 7 -2},6 12 6] [0 0 6 5-1 -7 =|-4 3 10 3-5 -2 Therefore 5-1 -7 At=1)-4 3 10 M3 -5 2 Now AS- 6A‘ + 6A3- 11A2 + 2A +3 = A2(A3- 6A? + 6A - III) + 2A +31 = A2(0) + 2A +31 163A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volum 43 1 1 0 0 =2} 2 1 -2 |+3/0 1 0 121 001 je 6 ARE 00 =| 4 2 -4|+/0 3 0 [2 4 2} |0 0 3 fle On a2 =| 4 5 -4 Answer. 204 °5 Eigen vectors of a Matrix: Let A be an n x n square matrix, A be the scalar called eigen values of A and X be the non zero vectors, then they satisfy the equation AX=AX or [A - IA] X=0 For known values of 4, one can calculate the eigen vectors. Eigenvectors of matrices have following properties. 1. The eigen vector X of a matrix A is not unique. 2 Tf Aa, AnesssssssseAn be distinct eigen values of n x n matrix then the corresponding eigen vectors X:, X2 .Xq form a linearly independent set. 3. For two or more eigenvalues, it may or may not be possible to get linearly independent eigenvectors corresponding to the equal roots. 4. Two eigenvectors X: and X2 are orthogonal if X:X2=0 5. _ Eigenvetors of a symmetric matrix corresponding to different eigenvalues are orthogonal In this section we will discuss four cases for finding eigenvectors, namely. 1. _ Eigen vectors of non-symmetric matrices with non - repeated eigenvalues. 2. Eigenvectors of non-symmetric matrix with repeated eigenvalues. 3. Eigenvectors of symmetric matrices with non - repeated eigenvalues. 4. Eigenvectors of symmetric matrices with repeated eigenvalues. Example 16 : Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix [3 ley A=|0 2 6| oo 5] (IAS 1994; U.P-P.CS 2005; U.P-T.U. (C.O.) 2002) Solution : The characteristic equation of the given matrix is 164Matrices [A-Al]=0 B-A 1 4 0 2-4 o 0 or (3A) (2-) (-A)=0 2 A=3,2,5 Thus the eigenvalues of the given matrix are Da = 2,22=3,25=5 The eigenvectors of the matrix A corresponding to A = 2 is [A-Al] X=0 3-2 1 4 Tx] fo SIL%s | x1 + x2 + 4x5 =0 6x3 =0 => x =0 xi +x2=0 => x1 =- x2 = ki (say), ki #0 Thus, the corresponding vector is x; k,] al X,=|x, ]=|-k, J=k,}-1 x; o} |[o ‘The eigenvector corresponding to eigenvalue Az = 3 [A-AI] X=0 3-3 1. 4 Tx] fo 0 2-3 6 Ix, |=/0 oO 0 5-3]Lx; 0 0 1 47fx,] fo 0-1 6)/x,|=|0 165A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - 1 ie. x2 =0 (-. x3 =0) Now let xi = kz, we get the corresponding eigenvector as x] fk, 1 X,=]x, [=| 0 |=k,|0 x] [0 0 Again when A = 5, the eigenvector is given by [A-asI]X=0 3-5 1 4 Yx,] fo 0 2-5 6 |x, |= i 0 0 5-8] x,} [o} 2010 4Yfx,] fo =] 0 -3 6|]x,|=/0 0 0 ollx,} Lo ks (say), ky #0 x2 + 4x3 = ky + 2ks. = 3k x, =3k, Thus, the corresponding vector is 12 2 o 2 1 106201 (U.P.P.CS 2000; U.P.T.U. 2007) Also find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this matrix. Solution : The characteristic equation of the matrix is, 166Matrices JA-Al|X =0 1-A 2 2 0 2-2 1 |=0 -1 2 2-h => -522+8)-4=0 => (A-1) 2-42.44) =0 or 4=1,2,2 The eigenvectors corresponding to [A- 1} X=0 1-1 2 2 x: 0 0 2-1 1 Ix, |={0 12 2-1 fix, } LO} 0 2 27x] fo or at felsle -1 2 1iix,J} fo 2x2 + 2x3 =0 x2 + x3 = 0=> x2 = = x3 = ki (say), Ki 40 = x1 + 2x2 + x3, x1 = 2x2 + x3 = 2k - ki = ki Hence, the required eigenvector is [x] k, 1 Ja f=| k [=k] 1 bs} bk A x, Now, for the eigenvector corresponding to ha = 2 [A- 21] X=0 1-2 2 2 \* ‘ 0 2-2 1 |x, |=/0 102 role fo -1 2 2][x,] fo -1 2 Offx.} [0 = x1 + 2x2 =0 x1 = 2x2 = ka (say), ko #0 167A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I nthe x= Dia, 0=0 Hence, the corresponding vector is a fi 1 X=/x f=] gk [=p ks|1 x} |p Diagonalization of Matrices : We have referred to the elements a, of a square matrix as its main diagonal elements. All other elements are called off- diagonal elements. Diagonal Matrix : - Definition ‘A square matrix having all off - diagonal elements equal to zero is called a diagonal matrix. We often write a diagonal matrix having main diagonal elements di, dy as with O in the upper right and lower left corners to indicate that all off - diagonal elements are zero. Diagonalizable Matrix : An n x n_ matrix A is diagonalizable if there exists an nxn matrix P such that P-! AP is a diagonal matrix When such P exists, we say that P is diagonalizes A. Example 8 : Diagonalize the following matrix 0 3 Solution : The eigenvalues of the given matrix are -1 and 3, and corresponding i: 1] eigenvectors | al and [; | respectively L J From Because the eigenvectors are linearly independent, this matrix is non singular (as| P| +0), we find that bo] 168Matrices Now compute Pear -[; 7 hs slo a o 1jf,o sjo 4 {i 9] 0 3} which has the eigenvalues down the main diagonal, corresponding to the order in which the eigentvectors were written as column of P. If we use the other order in writing the eigenvectors as columns and define oft then we get e 30 Q"AQ= [° : ‘I Example 19 : Diagonalize the matrix 1 6 1 1200 0 0 3 (U.P-T.U. 2006) Solution : The characteristic equation of the given matrix is | A-AI|=Qi.e. fl-a 6 1] i aa o j=0 0 0 3-Aa 2=3,4,-1 Now, eigenvectors corresponding to =>A=-lis [A -Aal] Xi =0 141 6 1 Tx, ie] 1 241 0 |/x, |=|0 0 0 341}x,] Lo 2 6 17fx,] [fo 3/1 3 offx,|={o 00 4 Lx, 0 i.e. 2x1 + 6x2 + x3 =0 xi+3x2=0 4x3 =0 = x3 =0 169A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I x1 =~ 3x9 suppose x2 = k, then x; = - 3k, k #0 The eigenvector is x] [-3k] f-3 =|x =] k [= i 1 7 o} lo Eigenvector corresponding to Az = 3 is [A - Aal]X2 =0 1-3 6 1 T[x,] Jo} ie} 1 2-3 0 |x, |={0} 0 0 3-3]lx,} Lo i [-2. 6 1][x,] fo] 1-1 Ox, |=/0] {0 0 Ollx, o| ie. -2.x1 + 6x2 + xa = x1 ~x2= 0 x1= x2 = k (say), k #0 x3 = 2x1 ~ 6x2 = 2k - 6k = - 4k The eigenvector is x] [ k 1 X,=)x, |=] k J=k} 1 x] [4k] [+4 Eigenvector corresponding to As = 4 is [A -Asl] Xs =0 1-4 6 1 Yx,] fo] 1 2-4 0 |x, j=/0] 0 0 aan 0| 3 6 11x] fo alt -2 ol]x, j=/0 Lo 0 ~1]}Lx J 3x1 + 6x2 + x3 =0 x1 ~ 2x2 = 0 => x1 = 2x2 -%3=0 => x3 =0 Let xp = k then x; = 2k, Thus, the eigenvector is => e 170Matrices x,] [ 2k 2 X,=]x, [=| k j=] 1 x] | k 0 Thus, modal matrix P is 3 1 2 s}1 101 0-4 0 4-8 -1 NowP'=4]0 0 5 20 -4-12 -4 For diagonalization D= PAP ifs -1f1 6 173 1 mo 9 52 2 Of 1 4 2 1 {4-12 -4]lo 0 30-4 0 4-8+0 24-16+0 4+0-3 312 0+0+0 «04040 «= 040415 ff 1 11 -4-12+0 -24-24+0 -4+0-12 0-40 8 17312 (Ope || teeter [-16 -48 -16] 0-4 0 124840 -4+8-4 — -8+8+0 0+0+0 040-60 040+ 0 48-48 -16-48+64 -32-48+0 2 0 Of-10 0 0 -60 alo 30 0 0 -soj,0 04 D=dia(-1,3, 4) Answer. Complex Matrices : A matrix is said to be complex if its elements are complex number. For example 243i 4i) A= al 2 -i} is a complex matrix. 171A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volum: Unitary Matrix : A square matrix A is said to be unitary if AA=1 Where A®= (A Example 20 : Show that the matrix 11D ita yep 1 | unitary ) ie transpose of the complex conjugate matrix. (U.P.T.U, 2002) Solution: i 1 Tti 1 A=—= d A'= Fl -1 |= he —\_ go fl ti (Ayah nl 1f1 " 1+i -1 Wlt-i-1 __1/11+(1+i).(1-i) U(1+i)+(1+i)1 | “Bla-ya+ya-i) (1-i)(1 +i) +(-1)(-1) 1 [141 oj Glo 1-841 ab 3 i = Ais unitary matrix. Proved Hermitian matrix : ‘A square matrix A is said to be a Hermitian matrix if the transpose of the conjugate matrix is equal to the matrix itself ie AS= A= a= ay where A =[aijnn; ay €C For example afl 2-31 344i abt ic} . . | 243i 0 4-5i b-ic ad | ‘ . 3-41 445i 2 172Matrices are Hermitian matrices. if A is a Hermitian matrix, then au = ay > @-iB= 0 + iB = which is purely real Thus every diagonal element of Hermitian Matrix must be real. (U.P.P.CS 2005) Skew - Hermitian Matrix: A square matrix A is said to be skew - Hermitian if A°= - A => ay For principal diagonal aij => ant ai =0 = realpart of ai =O = diagonal elements are parely imaginary Thus the diagonal elements of a skew - Hermitian matrix must be pure imaginary numbers or zero For example 0 -2-i][-i 3+ 2-i 0 |'[-3+4i 0 are Skew - Hermitian matrices. Problem set Exercise a Using elementary transformations find the inverse of matrix A where 1 2 3 A=|2 see oll! [U.P.T.U. (CO) 2007] 1/4 3/4 0 Ans. A7=| 3/4 -1/4 0 1/4 -1/4 1 2. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the matrix A where 173A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - | Et 3 A=|1 4 3 13 4 [7 -3 -3 Ans. A‘ =| -1 1 0 {1 o 1 3 Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the matrix A where i -1 21 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 1/4 -i/2 Ans.|-1 (3/4)i i/2 Oe yx typ) 4. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of matrix A where 25 3 3 233 4 A“l3 6 3 2 420 8 [144 36 60) oat 1] 48 -20 -12 -5 ans AT = ae) ag 4-12-13 0 12 -12 3 5. Find the rank of the following matrix by reducing it to normal form. 1 2-1 3 4 1 a 1 Otago e 1 2 o 1 (U.P-T.U. (C.0) 2002) 0 1 2 -2 Gi) A=/4 0 2 N o (U.P.T.U. (C.0,) 2007) 174Matrices 2 3-1 = -1 1-1-2 -4 3 -2 6 3 0 -7 (iii) (U.PT.U. 2006) iz 2 (iv) Find the rank of the matrix, A =| 2 13 Boe (U.P.T.U. 2000, 2003) Ans.(i)3 (ii) (ii) 3 (iv)2 30-3 4 6 WA=|2 -3 4 |,find lOjee= teen two non - singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ =I Hence find A". (UP.T.U. 2002) 1 -1 0 10 0 Ans.P=| 0 0 1 |and Q| 0 -1 2 3: -3 o 0 1 -1 0 and A'=QP=|-2 3-4 2 3 -34 7. Find the non singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ in the normal form for the matrices below. 1 2 3-2 @ 2-21 0 4 -3 1 2 2 1 ze Gi) 1 4 eos 175A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I et 1 1/3 4/3 -1/3 Ans. (i) 2 1 01,Q4|2 mes 716 14 0 0 Al 0 0 0 0 1 0 (i) 0 dee a ~1/28 13° +7 21/28 Ofmamrigest= 2 10/28 Oo 0 1 47/28 0 0 0 1 8. Use elementary transformation to reduce the following matrix A to upper triangular form and hence find the rank A where 2 3-1 -1) 1-1-2 -4/ Aslan a3 2] (U.P.T.U. 2005) 63 0 =| Ans. 3 9. Check the consistency of the following system of linear non-homogenous equations and find the solution, if it exists. Tx + 2xq + 3x3 = 16; 2x1 + 11 x + 5xq = 25, x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = 13 (U.P.T.U. 2008) es Oty 91 10. For what values of A and u, the following system of equations 2x + By + 52=9, 7x + By - 22 8, x + By +Az=p will have (i) unique solution and (ii) no solution Ans.(i)A #5 (ii) #9,A=5 11. Determine the values of 2 and 4 for which the following system of equations 3x -2y + 2= py, 5x - By +92=3,2x+y +Az=-1has () Unique solution (ii) No solution and, (iii) Infinite solutions. Ans. (i)A#-3 (iya=-3, wee (ii) a 176Matrices 12. Verify the Cayley - Hamilton theorem for the following matrices and also find its inverse using this theorem 12 3 @ Az|2 4°55 35 6 (U.P.T.U. 2007) 2 2 «21 (i) A=|O 1 -1 3-1 1 (U.P.T.U. (CO) 2007) Alea oe Olganoaeee(S Ans. (i) At=|-3 3-1 gy) at=43 1 2 2 -1 0 913 -8 -2 13. Find the characteristic equation of the symmetric matrix 2 = -1 1 -1 2 -1 1 -2 2 and hence also find A+ by Cayley - Hamilton theorem. Find the value of A® - 6AS + 9A4~2A3~ 12A2- 23A - 91 (U.P.T.U. 2008, 2004) 0 -1) 301 3 3| 84-102 80 and Value=|-80 106-80 102-138 106 14. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix 210«21 A=|0 1 0 11 2 verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem and hence evaluate the matrix equation A8 - 5A7 + 7AS -3A5 + At-5A3+ 8A2-2A 41 (U.P.T.U. 2002) Ans. 43-522+72-3=0 177A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I See omaeo| and|0 3 0 558i 15. Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigen vectors of the following 21°21 @ Zope 3.3 4 2 2 -3 (ii) ele 6) -1 -2 0 3 10 5 (ii) |-2 -3 -4 3 5 ae 0 ffi Ans. (i)1,1,7;| 1], 0]}2 -1} [1] )3 1] foy3 Gi) 5,-3,-3;] 2}]3]0 a} {2iia 1) [5 (ii) 2,2,3,|-1],] 2 Dependent eigenvectors. ails) 16. Diagonalize the given matrix @ la 3] 5 3 «) [: 3] 5 0 0 qi) |1 0 3 0 0 -2Matrices 10 0 0 i 04 1 °0 ™ lo 0 -3 1 00 1-2 347i . . 2 Ans, (i) D=P"'AP = ® 3-v7i 2 a) Prap=|> ° i “lo 6 fo 0 oO ii) P"AP=|0 5 0 oo - 1 0 0 0 o 4 0 0 (vw) PPAP=|9 9 aig 0 0 0 o 38 2 s not diagonalizable. 17. Pr that ro ; rove AG OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS Each of the following questions has four alternative answers, one of them is correct. Tick mark the correct answer. 1-3 2 1 The rank of the matrix A=| 3 -9 6/ is 2 6 -4 (U.P-P.CS. 1990) (A) 0 @) 1 ©O 2 @O 3 Ans. (B) 2. The equations x-y+22=4 3x+y +4z=6 xty+z=1have 179A Textbook of ineering Mathematics Volume (A) Unique solution (B) _ Infinite solution (C) _Nosolution (D) None of these Ans. (B) 5.0 2 3. If A=| 0 1 O and I be 3x3 unit matrix. If M =I - A, then rank of 4 0 -1 I-Ais (LAS. 1994) (A) 0 (B) 1 © 2 (D) 3 Ans. (B) 4. If p(A) denotes rank of a matrix A, then p(AB) is (LAS. 1994) (A) p(A) (B) p(B) (C) _Isless than or equal to min [p(A), p(B)] (D) > min [p (A), p(B)] Ans. (C) 5. If3x+2y+2=0 x+dy+z dx ty+4z=0 be a system of equations then (LAS. 1994) (A) _Itis inconsistent (B) __Ithas only the trival solution x =0, y =0,z=0 (C) | Itcan be reduced to a single equation and so a solution does not exist. (D) The determinant of the matrix of coefficient is zero. Ans. (B) 6. Consider the Assertion (A) Reason (R) given below : Assertion (A) the system of linear equations x-4y +52=8 3x +7y-2=3 x + 15y - 11z = -14 is inconsistent. Reason (R) Rank p(A) of the coefficient matrix of the system is equal to 2, which is less than the number of variables of the system. (LAS. 1993) The correct answer is - (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (8) Both Aand Rare true but R is not a correct explanation of A. (C) Ais true but Ris false. (D) Ais false but Ris true. 180Matrices Ans. (B) 7. Consider Assertion (A) and Reason (R) given below : Assertion (A) : The inverse of i 5 [dose not exist Reason (R) : The matrix is non sigular. (LAS. 1993) The correct answer is (A) Both A and Rare true and R is the correct explanation of A. (B) Both Aand Rare true but R is not a correct explanation of A. (C)_ Ais true but Ris false. (D) Ais false but Ris true. Ans. (D) 8. IFA = Diag (A, Aay.......++0Aq), then the roots of the equation det (A - x1) =0 are (LAS. 1993) (A) Allequal to1 (B) — Allequal to zero (© Avisisn (D) -Ai,1lsisn Ans. (C) ftseertiesey 9. The matrix |2 5 7 |then inverse matrix is given by a eee 31/2 1/2 (A [4 3/4 -5/4 2 1/4 -3/4 3-1/2 -1/2] (8) eA i 5/4} 2-1/4 -3/4] 3 41/2 «1/2 © 4 3/4 5/4 2-1/4 -3/4 3 1/2 «1/2 (D) 4 3/4 5/4 2 1/4 3/4 Ans. (B) 181A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I 10. The rank of the matrix A = (A) 0 (B) 1 (Chae (D) 3 Ans. (B) The value of 4 for which the system of equation x + 2y + 3z = Ax, 3x + y + hy, 2x + By + z= hx, have non - trival solution is given by (A) 1 (B) 2 © 4 (D) None of these 11 Ans. (D) 11 -11 12, Let the matrix be A=|, [and B=], ||, which one of the following is true. (A) A exists (B) BT exist (C AB=BA (D) None of these Ans. (D) 13. The equations xty+253 xt 2y +3z=4 2x + By +4z=7 have the solution - (A) (B) © (D) Ans. (C) 14. If A and B are square matrices of same order, then which one of the following is true. (A) (AB)'= A'B (B)—(AB)"= A" BT © (Ay=(Ay’ () BAB=BA'B Ans. (C) 10 0 15. The inverse of the matrix |0 2 0 |Jis oo 3 182Matrices 100 100 1 1 o= 0 (B) o- (ay jos ®) 50 00 = 00 a 2 io oo 2 (© {0 1 0] (DB) None of these oot 3 Ans. (A) 1-2 16. The rank of the matrix }-2 4 lis -1 2 (0 (@ 1 © 2 (D) 3 Ans. (B) Le Let A be an n * n matrix from the set of real numbers and A - 3A? + 4A - 61=0 where | is n x nis unit matrix if A exists, then. (LAS. 1994) (A) AT=A-I (BR) AT=A+6I (QO A*=3A-61 (DR) At= dee -3A+4l) Ans. (D) 18. Consider the following statements. Assertion (A) : If a 2 x 2 matrix, commutes with every 2x2 matrix, than itis a scalar matrix. Reason (R) : A 2 x 2 scalar matrix commutes with every 2 x 2 matrix of these statements - (LASS. 1995, 2007) (A) Both Aand Rare true and R is the correct explanation of A. (B) Both Aand Rare true but R is not a correct explanation of A. (QC) Ais true but Ris false. (D) Ais false but R is true. 183