Teach’ Yourself Read, write, speak, understand Connect with Norsk kultur Use over 2000 words confidently Learn to learn* Norwegian (*Succeed with) the | Prone iniFirst published in Great Britain in 1997 by Hodder 8 Stoughton, An Hachette UK company. First published in US in 1991 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, inc This edition published 2013, Copyright © 1997, 2003, 2004, 2010, 2013 Margaretha Danbolt Simons The right of Margareths Danbolt Simons to be identified as the Author of the Work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Database right Hodder & Stoughton {makers) The Teach Yourself name is a registered trademark of Hachette UK AA rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without ‘the prior vaitten permission of the publisher, or as expressly permitted by lew, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographic rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Hodder & ‘Stoughton, at the address below. ‘You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you ‘must impose this same condition on any acquirer. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Oata: a catalogue record for this titleis available from the British Library. Libary of Congress Catalog Card Number: on file, 10987654321 The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that any website addresses referred to in this book are correct and active at the time ‘of going to press. However, the publisher and the author have no responsibilty for the websites and cen make no guarantee that a site vill remain live or that the content will remain relevant, decent or appropriate. ‘The publisher has made every effort to mark as such all words which it believes to be tradernarks. The publisher should als like to make it clear that the presence of a word in the book, whether marked or unmarked, inno way affects its legal status as a trademark, Every reasonable efforthas been made by the publisher to trace the copyright holders of material in this book. Any errors or omissions should be notified in writing to the publisher, who will endeavour to rectify the situation for any reprints and future editions, Cover image © Johner Images/Alamy Typeset ky Cenveo* Publisher Services, Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, cRoayy. Hodder & Stoughton policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grewa in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected 10 conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin Hodder & Stoughton Ltd 338 Euston Road London NWI 38H wwzhoddercouk Also available in ebook Contents Download the Teach Yourself Norwegian course app for extra interactive activities custom designed to support your language learning. The units below correspond to the learning levels in the app. Acknowledgements Meet the author Credits Introduction How this book works Learn to learn Pronunciation 1 Heil Hil Greeting people and introducing oneself, making simple statements and questions 2 Jeg vil gjerne... ! would like to... Talking about what you do for a living, counting to ten, planning how to get to Norway, the days of the week 3 _-Norsk Mat Norwegian food Norwegian food and saying Cheers!, saying what you would like to eat and drink, Norwegian driving regulations 4 _ Sightseeing i Oslo Sightseeing in Oslo What to see in Oslo and how to get about, left and right, talking about what you think of the sights 5 Sue gar til byen Sue goes into town Buying postcards and stamps, understanding Norwegian money, asking for directions, counting from ten upwards Contents 2 16 32 46 62 rs & Zz a G bt Es Pie se8-iacl iisses S S 2 im eee ied 11 12 13 4 15 vi Hallo! Hello! Using the telephone, using numbers in sums, making appointments and saying please Familie Family Dealing with family relationships and the family tree, talking to children, showing irritation Sue er pa sykehus Sue is in hospital Expressing pain and discomfort, describing symptoms of illnesses and pain, parts of the body, being in hospital Sue far jobb Sue gets a job Buying clothes and medicines, describing clothes, colours and patterns, telling the time Selskaper Parties Norwegian party customs, what to say to your hosts during and after a party, mionths and dates God Jul! Happy Christmas! Writing Christmas cards, Christmas in Norway, more about telling the time Brev Letters Formal and informal letters, the use of titles, describing the weather and the seasons Paske Faster Skiing, expressing delight and fear, winter scenery Norges nasjonaldag Norwegian National Day The National Day in Norway, talking about the past, expressing interest in something, how to say sorry Hva na? What now? Expressing thoughts and feelings, and perhaps a little nostalgia 78 92 106 118 134 148 164 180 194 Taking it further Answer key Grammar Grammar glossary Norwegian-English vocabulary English-Norwegian vocabulary Index Contents 226 231 244 248 253 269 283 viiAcknowledgements My greatest thanks are due to my very helpful and patient editor Sindith Kuster. | would also like to thank Karen Short from the University of Surrey and John Hart from Esher College. A big ‘thank you’ goes to my son, Nick, for all his work keeping my computer going. The encouragement of my farnily, Willian and Fiona, Steven and Pooh, Rebekka and Graeme and Nick and Rachel has, as always, been a great inspiration. viii Meet the author My first teaching job was at a small school in a remote area of North Norway. From the start | knew that | was going to love teaching. | have been living in England now for a very long time, where | teach Norwegian at many levels: at the University of Surrey (Norwegian ab initio on the MA in Translation Studies), at Adult Learning evening classes, as well as privately, and my love of teaching is as strong as ever. The courses I've written for the Teach Yourself series (Complete Norwegian and Speak Norwegian) naturally reflect the way | teach. My students at the University of Surrey have been linguists and translators who wanted another language. My other students come from all walks of life, with various reasons for learning Norwegian. Some are would-be or frequent travellers, others want to live and work in Norway. Some have Norwegian spouses or grandchildren. Every summer | stay in Norway for almost 3 months, catching up on new trends, slang expressions and literature. This also gives me the opportunity to bring back new material for my classes. Complete Norwegian, now in its 5th edition, progresses from simple greetings to more advanced topics. The essential grammar is clear and the cultural notes helpful. The book covers shopping and money, hotels and travel, accidents and parties as well as Norwegian festivals. The feed-back | get is very rewarding. My students like the continuing story about the ups and downs of an English girl during her first year of living in Norway. Her Norwegian boyfriend puts up with a lot! Margaretha Danbolt Simons Meet the author ixCredits Front cover: © Johner Images/Alamy Back cover and pack: © Jakub Semeniuk/iStockphoto.com, © Royalty-Free/Corbis, © agencyby/iStockphoto.com, © Andy Cook/ iStockphoto.com, © Christopher Ewing/iStockphoto.com, © zebicho — Fotolia.com, © Geoffrey Holman/iStockphoto.com, © Photodisc/Getty Images, © James C. Pruitt/iStockphoto.com, © Mohamed Saber - Fotolia.com Pack: © Stockbyte/Getty Images Introduction The aim of this course is to enable the student to speak and read everyday Norwegian, and to gain insight into the Norwegian culture and way of life. Complete Norwegian is designed for the absolute beginner; no previous knowledge of any foreign language is required. Grammar is kept to a minimum; only what is necessary for this course is included, and grammatical terms are carefully explained. Complete Norwegian is written in Bokmal. Bokmal is the standard Norwegian language, used by approximately 85-90% of Norwegians. It developed from the Dano-Norwegian, originating during the 400 or so years when Norway was part of Denmark, a union which ended in 1814. Nynorsk is the other official language of Norway and comprises a collection of Norwegian dialects. The femaining 10-15% of the population uses Nynorsk as their written language. Norwegian is not a difficult language for an English-speaking person. Many words are similar. Pronunciation may at first seem a bit difficult, but there are some basic rules to follow. These are covered in the following section. The recording is a further help. Remember that the best way to learn a language is to listen and read a little and often and to increase your confidence gradually — this is far better than spending long infrequent sessions poring over the books! Throughout the book there are sections giving you lots of useful Information about the Norwegian way of life: just the sort of thing you will find most intriguing whenever you visit Norway, or if you get talking toa Norwegian abroad Finally, it is a good idea to do the exercise section soon after reading the language discovery sections so that the grammar is still fresh in your mind, However, remember to look back at previous units language discovery sections to revise as you work through the course, At the back of the book there is a useful index to the grammar subjects. There are also lists of irregular nouns, irregular verbs and modal verbs as a useful reference once you are producing written Norwegian and you need to pay attention to the details, All the answers to the exercises are listed in the back of the book, but make sure you complete each exercise, or even each unit of exercises, before looking up the answers. Introduction xiListen to the recording as much as you can. Even when you are not actually working with the book, remember to take the recording with you in case you have a few spare moments to listen to it — in the car, on a personal stereo on the train, while gardening or doing housework! It is a good idea to listen to the dialogues that you have worked on so that you refresh your memory of all the words and phrases used. How this book works This course assumes no previous knowledge of Norwegian. The emphasis \s first and foremost on using the language, but we also aim to give you an idea of how Norwegian works, so that you can create sentences of your own. The course covers all four of the basic skills — listening and speaking, reading and writing. Ifyou are working on your own, the audio will be all the more important, as it provides you with the essential opportunity to listen to native Norwegian voices and to speak Norwegian within a controlled environment. Don't expect to be able to understand everything you hear or read straight away. If you listen to Norwegian audio material, or watch a Norwegian programme or film, or are able to get newspapers or magazines, you should not get discouraged when you realize how quickly native speakers speak and how much vocabulary there is still to be learned. Just concentrate on a small extract - either a video/audio clip or a short article — and work through it till you have mastered it. In this way, you'll find that your command of Norwegian increases steadily. All the units in Complete Norwegian are structured in the following way: > What you will learn. A set of learning objectives identifies what you will be able to do in Norwegian by the end of the unit. » Culture point. An opening passage about a cultural aspect related to the unit theme introduces some key words and phrases. » Vocabulary builder. This section, along with the accompanying audio, brings in the key vocabulary you will learn in the unit. » Dialogues. New language is presented thraugh a series of recorded dialogues. Each dialogue is preceded by key words and comprehension questions to support your comprehension and focus your attention before you listen. » Language discovery questions guide you to consider language points in the conversations. Look to the light bulb icon to discover how the language works, whether it is a grammar rule or a way of saying things. The Language discovery section presents the forms of the language in a systematic way, leading you to construct your own sentences correctly. Obs! exercises allow you to practice and confirm your understanding of the language forms you have learned. Try to do these as you come to them, How this book works xiiiSHoOGeese > Practice. A variety of exercises, including speaking activities and role plays, give you a chance to’‘pull it all together’ and use your Norwegian actively and creatively. Some exercises help you to understand written and spoken Norwegian, but right from the start, you are given specific guidance and models so that you can speak, write, and express yourself. » Language tips. Throughout the book, you will find tips on language, vocabulary or culture. This information is given in English to provide insights about life and customs in Norway. > Test yourself will help you assess how much you have learned. Do the tests without looking at the language notes. Self-check lets you see what you can do in Norwegian. When you feel confident that you can use the language correctly, move on to the next unit. Study the units at your own pace, and remember to make frequent and repeated use of the audio. SYMBOLS To make your learning easier and more’efficient, a system of icons indicates the actions you should take: Play the audio track Listen and pronounce Figure something out for yourself Learn key words and expressions Exercises coming up! Write and make notes Speak Norwegian out loud Check your Norwegian ability ‘As you work your way through the course, you will also become familiar with studying on your own, looking things up, and checking your Norwegian ability. xiv You can consult at the beginning of the book: » Pronunciation: an overview of Norwegian sounds, and a logical starting point. And at the end of the book: » AGrammar glossary > An Answer key to check your answers to all the exercises and self-tests in order to monitor your progress and performance. » ANorwegian-English and English-Norwegian vocabulary, which includes most of the words used in the course, ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BOOK m masculine f feminine sing singular pl plural fam familiar (or informal) fit literally How this book works xv| | Learn to learn THE DISCOVERY METHOD There are lots of approaches to language learning, some practical and some quite unconventional. Perhaps you know of a few, or even have some techniques of your own. In this book we have incorporated the Discovery Method of learning, a sort of DIY approach to language learning. What this means is that you will be encouraged throughout the course to engage your mind and figure out the language for yourself, through identifying patterns, understanding grammar concepts, noticing words that are similar to English, and more. This method promotes language awareness, a critical skill in acquiring a new language. As a result of your own efforts, you will be able to better retain what you have learned, use it with confidence, and, even better, apply those same skills to continuing to learn the language (or, indeed, another one) on your own after you've finished this book. Everyone can succeed in learning a language - the key is to know how to learn it. Learning is more than just reading or memorizing grammar and vocabulary. It’s about being an active learner, learning in real contexts, and, most importantly, using what you've learned in different situations. Simply put, if you figure something out for yourself, you're more likely to understand it, And when you use what you've learned, you're more likely to remember it. And because many of the essential but (let's admit it!) dull details, such as grammar rules, are taught through the Discovery Method, you'll have more fun while learning. Soon, the language will start to make sense and you'll be relying on your own intuition to construct original sentences independently, not just listening and repeating. Enjoy yourself! BECOME A SUCCESSFUL LANGUAGE LEARNER 1 Make a habit out of learning Study a little every day, between 20 and 30 minutes if possible, rather than two to three hours in one session, Give yourself short-term goals, e.g. work out how long you'll spend on a particular unit and work within the time limit. This will help you to create a study habit, much in the same way you would a sport or music. You will need to concentrate, so try to create an environment conducive to learning which is calm and quiet and free from distractions. As you study, do not worry about your mistakes or the things you can't xvi remember or understand. Languages settle differently in our brains, but gradually the language will become clearer as your brain starts to make new connections. Just give yourself enough time and you will succeed. 2 Expand your language contact As part of your study habit try to take other opportunities to expose yourself to the language. As well as using this book you could try listening to radio and television or reading articles and blogs. Remember that as well as listening to online radio live you can use catch-up services to listen more than once. Perhaps you could find information in Norwegian about @ personal passion or hobby or even a news story that interests you. In time you'll find that your vocabulary and language recognition deepen and you'll become used to a range of writing and speaking styles. 3 Vocabulary » To organise your study of vocabulary, group new words under: a_ generic categories, e.g. food, furniture. b situations in which they occur, e.g. under restaurant you can write waiter, table, menu, bill. c functions, e.g. greetings, parting, thanks, apologizing. » Say the words out loud as you read them. » Write the words over and over again. Remember that if you want to keep lists on your smartphone or tablet you can usually switch the keyboard language to make sure you are able to include all accents and special characters. » Listen to the audio several times. * » Cover up the English side of the vocabulary list and see if you remember the meaning of the word. ® Associate the words with similar sounding words in English, like informasjon, orkester, alkohol. ® Create flash cards, drawings and mind maps. » Write words for objects around your house and stick them to objects. » Pay attention to patterns in words, e.g, starting a phrase with god usually indicates a greeting, god dag, god kveld, god natt. » Experiment with words. Use the words that you learn in new contexts and find out if they are correct. For example, you learn in Unit 9 that jeg er lei av... means /am tired of... In Unit 14, you learn that jeg er lei meg means / am sorry. Jeg er lei for at ... means Jam sorry because... By using different prepositions you create different expressions, Check the new phrases either in this book, a dictionary or with Norwegian speakers. Learn to learn xvii® Make the best of words you already know. When you start thinking about it you will realise that there are lots of English words and expressions which are commonly used in Norwegian: restaurant, museum, hobby, platform and many more. 4 Grammar » To organise the study of grammar write your own grammar glossary and add new information and examples as you go along. » Experiment with grammar rules. Sit back and reflect on the rules you learn. See how they compare with your own language or other languages you may already speak. Try to find out some rules on your own and be ready to spot the exceptions. By doing this you'll remember the rules better and get a fee! for the language. & Try to find examples of grammar in conversations or other articles. » Keep a'pattern bank’ that organizes examples that can be listed under the structures you've learned. » Use old vocabulary to practise new grammar structures. » When you learn a new verb form, wyite the conjugation of several different verbs you know that follow the same form. 5 Pronunciation » When organising the study of pronunciation keep a section of your notebook for pronunciation rules and practise those that trouble you. ® Repeat all of the conversations, line by line, Listen to yourself and try to mimic what you hear. » Record yourself and compare yourself to a native speaker. > Make a list of words that give you trouble and practise them. Study individual sounds, then full words. > Don't forget, it's not just about pronouncing letters and words correctly, but using the right intonation. So, when practising words and sentences, mimic the rising and falling intonation of native speakers. 6 Listening and reading The conversations in this book include questions to help guide you in your understanding. But you can go further by following some of these tips. » Imagine the situation. When listening to or reading the conversa- tions, try to imagine where the scene is taking place and who the main characters are. Let your experience of the world help you guess the meaning of the conversation, e.g. if a conversation takes place in a snack bar you can predict the kind of vocabulary that is being used xviii » Concentrate on the main part. When watching a foreign film you usually get the meaning of the whole story from a few individual shots. Understanding a foreign conversation or article is similar. Concentrate on the main parts to get the message and don't worry about individual words. » Guess the key words; if you cannot, ask or look them up. When there are key words you don't understand, try to guess what they mean from the context. If youre listening to a Norwegian speaker and cannot get the gist of a whole passage because of one word or phrase, try to repeat that word with a questioning tone; the speaker will probably paraphrase it, giving you the chance to understand it. Of course a good solution is to say: Jeg forstar ikke ... (/ don’t understand...) Norwegians are generally so pleased when you try to speak their language and will always be happy to help. 7 Speaking Rehearse in the foreign language. As all language teachers will assure you, the successful learners are those students who overcome their inhibitions and get into situations where they must speak, write and listen to the foreign language. Here are some useful tips to help you practise speaking Norwegian: ® Hold.a conversation with yourself, using the conversations of the units as models and the structures you have learned previously. » After you have conducted a transaction with a salesperson, clerk or waiter in your own language, pretend that you have to do it in Norwegian, e.g. buying groceries, ordering food, drinks and so on, Look at objects around you and try to name them in Norwegian Look at people around you and try to describe them in detail. Iry to answer all of the questions in the book out loud. Say the dialogues out loud then try to replace sentences with ones that are true for you. : & Try to role-play different situations in the book. vrYrr 8 Learn from your errors ® Don't let errors interfere with getting your message across. Making errors is part of any normal learning process, but some people get so worried that they won't say anything unless they are sure it is correct. This leads to a vicious circle as the less they say, the less practice they get and the more mistakes they make. ® Note the seriousness of errors. Many errors are not serious, as they do not affect the meaning; for example using the wrong article for a noun (en for et) , wrong plural of nouns or wrong adjective ending Leam to learn xix(as in god for common gender, godt for neuter and gode for plural) So concentrate on getting your message across and learn from your mistakes, ® Asyou progress you will also be aware of "false friends’. Some English words are the same as Norwegian words, but have a different meaning. An example of this is dress. In English this is a female garment, while in Norwegian it means a man’s suit! Confusing is also the Norwegian biff meaning steak and stek meaning roast. 9 Learn to cope with uncertainty > Don't over-use your dictionary. When reading a text in the foreign language, don't be tempted to look up every word you don’t know. Underline the words you do not understand and read the passage several times, concentrating on trying to get the gist of the passage. If after the third time there are still words which prevent you from getting the general meaning of the passage, look them up in the dictionary. ® Don't panic if you don’t understand. If at some paint you feel you don't understand what you are told, don’t panic or give up listening. Either try and guess what is being said and keep following the conversation or, if you cannot, isolate the expression or words you haven't understood and have them explained to you. The speaker might paraphrase them and the conversation will carry on, >» Keep talking. The best way to improve your fluency in the foreign language is to talk every time you have the opportunity to do so: keep the conversations flowing and don't worry about the mistakes. If you get stuck for a particular word, don't let the conversation stop; paraphrase or replace the unknown word with one you do know, even if you have to simplify what you want to say. As a last resort use the word from your own language and pronounce it in the foreign accent. xx Pronunciation 00.¢ Norwegian is quite easy to pronounce, because it is usually spoken as it |s written. There are some rules to follow, and some special sounds to get used to. When you have managed these, you will not find it difficult to pronounce Norwegian. Lis. a good idea to listen to the recording and imitate the Norwegians you hear. If you live in the UK, you will be able to find Norwegian radio stations, but the reception is usually best late at night. The most important thing to remember is that each letter is pronounced. An‘e’at the end of a word is always pronounced distinctly. the Norwegian alphabet has 29 letters. There are three extra letters at the end of the alphabet used by English speakers. These are: A (as in cat), @ (a5 in first) and A (as in awful). The letters in brackets below indicate the pronunciation of the letter. Aa (ah) Kk (kaw) Uu(oo) Bb b (beh) Liel) Vv (veh) Cc (seh) Mm (em) W w (dobbeltveh) Dd (deh) Nn (en) X x (eks) { e (eh) Ooo) \ Yy (ee) I {(ef) Pp (peh) Z2 (set) Gq (geh) Qq (koo) & x(a) Hh (haw) Rr (air) Balin) {i (ce) Ss (ess) Aa(aw) } | (yod) Tt (teh) Y is always a vowel in Norwegian and is pronounced more as in typical than type. VOWELS 00. [here are nine vowels in Norwegian: a, , i, ©, u, y, a, @, a. The vowels are pure sounds as in French or Italian, and not diphthonged as in English. The Norwegian vowels may be short or long. As a general rule vowels are long \n open syllables, e.g. si (say), or if followed by a single consonant, e.g, tak (roof). Pronunciation sodVowels are short before a double consonant, e.g. takk (thank you). hat (hatred) hatt (hat) dit (there) ditt (yours) Exceptions: Norwegian words cannot end in a double m, so there are some words which are pronounced with a short vowel even if there is only one consonant. For example: rom (room) hjem (home) Also with a short vowel and single consonant are some common words: han (he) hun (she) den (ip The vowels are divided into two groups: a, 0, uand a are hard vowels e, i, y, a2 and @ are soft vowels This distinction is important for the pronunciation of words starting with g or k. Norwegian Pronunciation Example vowel a long like ain father far (father) a short “ hatt (hat) e long like ai in air sted (place) e short like ein bed gress (grass) i long like ea in eat min (mine) i short like i in kiss sild (herring) ° long like o in moor, bok (book) but with tightly rounded lips o short like or in organ sokk (sock) u long like u in true hus (house) u short like u in full full (ful!) y long ee with by (town) y short rounded lips kyss (kiss) ae long like a in cat vaere (to be) short leerd (learned) xxii ° long like ir in bird dar (door) short forst (first) 4 long like aw in awful ar (year) short like o in not atte (eight) The pronunciation as described is only approximate. Listen carefully to the fecording. Pronunciation exercise 00.03 Long vowels Short vowels a Kari Anne e Erik Bente i Nina Nils ° Ole Trond u Rut Tulla y Yberg Yngve 2 Seeverud Kjeerstad e Soren Salvi 4 Ase Bard DIPHTHONGS * 00.04 There are three important diphthongs in Norwegian: el as in the English might. vei (road) reise (travel) wy no English equivalent. hoy (tall) Don't say Oi! oye (eye) Say’o’and then add the’y’ au ‘a’ as in cat followed by‘u’ au! (ouch!) sau (sheep) Pronunciation xxiiiCONSONANTS 00.65 . Norwegian consonant Pronunciation b like b in bed bok (book) c only used in foreign words, pronounced as s in front of soft vowels, centimeter and kin front of hard vowels camping d like din English dame (lady) f like fin English fem (five) 9g like g in go in front of hard vowels gate (sireet) or consonants gris (pig) like English y in front of soft gi (give) vowels. h like h in hat han (he) j like y in yes ja (yes) k like k in kite in front of hard Kari vowels or consonants klaer (clothes) like h in Hugh in front of soft kyss (kiss) vowels 1 like lin life liv (life) m like m in miss mor (mother) n like n in not ny (new) Pp like p in pig pen (pretty) q like q in queen. Only used in quiz foreign words r in some parts of Norway the ris rolled reise (travel) s like s in sense se (see) as sh in front of | sla (hit) £ like t in train tog (train) v like vin very vil (will) w as v. Only used in foreign words — WV (toilet) x ass. Only usedin foreign words —xylofon Zz like s, Only used in foreign words zoo xxiv CONSONANT COMBINATIONS 00.( ng as in ring. The’g' is not really sounded ring (ring) on as in rain, slain. regn (rain) ak becomes sh before soft vowels skit (Girt) ak) as sh skjorte (shirt) n often becomes sh norsk (Norwegian) SILENT CONSONANTS 00.¢ d at the end of a word is almost always silent. Exceptions are: ned (down), sted (place). a is silent in adjectives and adverbs deilig (delicious) ending in -ig ledig (free) h is silent before j and v hjem (home) hva (what) t is silent at the end of a definite huset (the house) neuter noun and at the end of det (it) v is silent at the end of some words tolv (twelve) halv (half) STRESS 00,08 i) Norwegian the stress is normally on the first syllable. But there are many xceptions to this rule. This is particularly so with words of foreign origin. Words with German prefixes will usually have the stress on the second syllable: hetale (pay) forklare (explain) Words of Greek and Latin origin are stressed on the last syllable: ‘Masjon (station) telefon (telephone) Universitet (university) Pronunciation xx@ ACCENT Peculiar to Norwegian and Swedish is the existence of two types of speech melody. This gives the languages that special singing sound. There are two‘tones': the single tone and the double tone. The single tone is used for words with one syllable and for longer words ending) in -el,-en and -er. It starts rather low and rises towards the end of the word: pen (pretty) vakker (beautiful) The double tone is usually found in words with two or more syllables. It starts on a higher note than the single tone, dips about three tones and rises to a higher pitch than where it began: pike (girl) deilig (delicious) Some pairs of words take ona different meaning by changing the tone: Single tone Double tone hender (hands) hender (happens) anden (the spirit) Anden (the breath) In essence, the single tone is a single increase in pitch in the course of a word. The double tone has a similar overall increase in pitch, but there is a slight fall initially before the increase takes place. The Norwegian flag xxiIn this unit you will learn how to: > greet people. > introduce yourself. » form simple positive statements and questions. » form simple negative statements. (CEFR: (A1) Can introduce oneself; Can ask and answer questions about personal details; Can produce simple phrases to describe personal details. f) Hilsener Greetings Norwegians like to shake hands, and invariably do so when they meet. Nowadays a peck on the cheek or a hug is common after having met a few times. Hei is by far the most common greeting these days, and is use when one would say hi or hello. Morn is another informal greeting. A formal way of greeting people is god dag good day, god morgen good morning, god kveld good evening and god aften good evening. The most common way to say goodbye is ha det bra, which means: have it well. Thi is often shortened to just ha det. A formal way of saying goodbye is Adj which of course is French, but with Norwegian spelling. You often hear pi gjensyn, meaning see you soon. More common today is saying hei! when you meet and hei hei when you leave. How are you? which is: hvordan har du det? is commonly used. The answer to this is usually: Fine, thank you, in Norwegian: Fint, takk, or Takk, fint. This phrase you can easily turn round by saying: and you?, which is in Norwegian: og du? Norwegians tend to introduce themselves, perhaps saying: Hil !am called which is: Hei! Jeg heter ... Now answer this question: Hvordan har du det? Vocabulary builder MILSEN OG AVSKJEL TH D FAREWELLS 1) |.) Listen to how these people introduce themselves and repeat what they say. Well Jeg heter Arne. Hillm called Arne. God dag. Jeg heter Sue. Good day. Im called Sue. God morgen. Jeg heter Odd Andersen. Good morning. !m called Odd Andersen. Good evening. !m called Randi Berg. (God aften. Jeg heter Randi Berg. NEW EXPRESSIONS ‘)) 02 Look at the word list and complete the missing English expressions, Then listen and try to imitate the speakers. va heter du? What is your name?/What are you called? Hvor kommer du fra? Where do you come from? fr du norsk? fy du engelsk? Are you English? Jog heter... jamcalled .. Man heter Odd. He is called Odd. Nun heter Randi. She is called Randi. Jeg er student. ama student. Nan kommer fra Oslo, He comes from Oslo. Hel, Sue! ‘Wa det! Jeg vil gjerne reise til Norge. J would like to travel to Norway. Jeg vil gjerne ha en kopp kaffe. I would like a cup of coffee. ‘Jeg vil gjerne ha en kopp kaffe til. ! would like another cup of coffee 1 Heil Hit EiDialogue 1 4 True or false? Say whether the following statements are true (T) x 1 or false (F). iM you @ Sue er norsk, b Ame k heter (a heter) am called/are called/is called 5 ei sek peeeroee er (A veere) annvatens € Sue kommer ikke fra Norge. fra from 4 Say the missing word: kommer (4 komme) come/comes i Eel eo. Arne. (am called) hva what b God dag. heter Sue. (/) hvor where « ____Jeg heter Odd Arnesen. (Good morning) d d i .03 The main character in this course is Sue, She wants to go to Norway a aad Randi Berg. (Good evening) OD 0 work, so she has started going to a Norwegian class, Now she is ina café 4 Match the Norwegian and the English. reading her Complete Norwegian. A boy stops at her table and looks at her a Jeg 1 Now book. b Du 2 Yes . © Ikke 3/ ive? oe ee ee eee ee eae ets, aa 4 Not ! Boy Heil Jeg er norsk! e Ja 5 You : Sue Heil Jeg er ikke nérsk! He sits down at her table. : Boy Er du engelsk? Dialogue Z } Sue Ja, jeg er engelsk. Jeg bor i London. Hvor kornmer du fra? : Boy Jeg kommer fra Norge. Jeg kommer fra Bergen, men jeg vilgjerne would like to i bor j London na. har (dha) have/ has : Sue Hva heter du? oy and } Boy Jeg heter Are. Hva heter du? hdr when i Sue Jeg heter Sue. folse | travel ! Arne Hei Sue! bil (en) car 5 sue Hei Ame. fly (et) aeroplane lesesaseceeeeeerentersooneannsseveusvesseseveuenes Motorsykkel (en) motorbike 1 Heil Hil 561.64 Sue and Arne continue their conversation. 1 Who has the motorbike, Sue or Arne? Sue Arne Sue Arne Sue Arne Sue Arne Sue 2 True or false? Er du student i London? Ja, jeg er student. Jeg vil gjerne reise til Norge, og jeg laerer norsk. Nar vil du reise til Norge? Jeg vil gjerne reise til Norge i sommer. Vil du reise til Norge med fly? Nei, jeg vil reise med motorsykkel. Har du motorsykkel? Ja, jeg har motorsykkel. Har du bil? Nei, jeg har ikke bil. Jeg har sykkel. 07.05 An important expression is eg vil gjerne ..! meaning ! would like to... You | will be surprised how often this phrase i$ used! It will crop up a lot in this course. a Sue vil gjerne reise til Norge. b Arne er ikke student. ¢ Sue kommer med fly til Norge. 3 To travel by motorcycle is med motorsykkel, to travel by plane is med fly. How would you say travel ‘by car’? han hun det tak bra Handi and Odd come over to them: ha det! 91.06 Lordag 1. april. Saturday 1 April. One month later. Sue and Arne meet in pub, Ame tells Sue that he knows the couple sitting at another table, 1 Are the couple at the next table English or Norwegian? Dialogue 3 va heter du? Hvor kommer du fra? fr du norsk? What is your name?/What are you called? Where do you come from? Are you Norwegian? you he she it thank you well/fine bye bye! (it. have it) Hva heter han? Han heter Odd. Han er norsk. Han kommer fra Oslo. Er han student? Ja, han er student. Og hun, er hun engelsk? Nei, hun er norsk. Hun heter Randi. Hun er au pair. Vil du ha et glass al til? Nei takk, jeg vil gjerne ha en kopp kaffe. Hva vil du ha? Jeg vil ha et glass al til Hei, Arne! Hvordan har du det? Fint, takk, - og du? Bare bra. Heil Hun heter Sue. Sue leerer norsk. Hun vil gjeme reise til Norge. Hei, Sue! Jeg heter Randi. Na vil jeg gjerne ha et glass al. Hei, Randi! Fint 4 mote deg. Jeg skal reise til Leeds n&. Jeg skal reise med tog. Ha det! Fint 4 se deg! Ha det! 1 Hei! Hil 72 True or false? a Sue vil ha et glass al. b Odd skal reise til Leeds. ¢ Ame og Randi skal reise til Norge. 2 EN/(ED/ET ~ ENGLISH ‘A’ OR‘AN’ The indefinite article in English is a or an. In Norwegian, the indefinite articles are en/(ei)/et, Here's a summary of the three genders in Norwegian: en = a/an: masculine ei = a/an: feminine et = a/an: neuter Did you notice that we don't say ofin expressions of quantity? ‘en kopp katfe’ acup of coffee ‘et glass ol” a glass of beer All nouns belong to one of these categories. Don't worry about the feminine gender because: » most feminine nouns can be used as masculine » there are not many feminine nouns > in Norwegian literature, newspapers and formal speech, the feminine gender is seldom used. @ 01.27 Now listen to these expressions and repeat them. Jeg vil gjerne ha en kopp kaffe. I would like a cup of coffee. Jeg vil gjerne ha et glass ol. would like a glass of beer. Jeg vil gjerne ha et glass al til. ! would like another glass ie For these reasons masculine and feminine nouns are grouped together of beer. and are called the common gender. This leaves en-words and et-words. In the Vocabulary at the back of the book, nouns will be listed like this: bil (en) acar seng (en/ei) abed tog (et) atrain @ Language discovery 1 EN BILA CAR, ET TOGA TRAIN A noun is a word which means a thing, a person, animal or place. Bil (cas), student (studend), katt (cat) are examples of nouns. Unfortunately there are no simple rules to tell whether a noun is common or neuter gender. It is a good idea to try to learn the gender with the noun. You have already met these nouns. Now check their genders. Names of people or places, such as John, New York, Norway, are called proper nouns and are spelt with a capital letter in Norwegian as they are in English. Norwegian nouns are either en, ei or et words. This is called the gender of the noun. In Norwegian every noun has a gender. This is masculine, feminine or neuter. The gender of a noun affects other words in connection with it. This means that each time you learn a new noun you: should also try to remember the gender. In the word lists you will find the gender en, ei or et in brackets after the noun. It is a good idea to try to memorize which gender word is needed with every new word you learn. This will save you a lot of time later when en bil acar et tog atrain et fly an aeroplane en motorsykkel a motorbike en student astudent en sommer asummer you become more confident using the language in spoken as well as written J OBS! forms. 1 What do we call the genders we will use in this book? 3 1 Heit Hil 93 JEG HAR BIL - / HAVE A CAR, LEAVING OUT ‘A/AN’ You might have noticed that it is not always necessary to use the word for @ when stating certain situations, like: jeg har bil, and jeg kommer med fly. The same applies for occupations. You usually say: John er student. John is a student. Bente er au pair. Bente is an au pair. Hun er lzrer. Sheis a teacher. 4 JEG/DU/HAN/HUN/DEN/DET 1//YOU/HE/SHEAT These words are called personal pronouns. These pronouns can be used t replace nouns. John er engelsk. John is English. Han er engelsk. He is English. Bente kommer fra Norge. Bente comes from Norway. Hun kommer fra Norge. She comes from Norway. Den and det both mean it. Den is used to replace common gender words, whereas det is used to replace neuter words. OBS! 2. Replace the names with personal pronouns: ‘Arne er norsk’, and ‘Sui bor i London’. 5 VERBS Averl isa word which states what someone or something is doing, For exampl Kari reiser (Kari travels) and John gar Uohn walks/goes) are verb phrases. Verbs are usually listed in what is called the infinitive. The infinitive of the verb expresses the meaning of the verb without being tied to who or what is doing the verb, or when it is taking place. In English a verb in the infinitive looks like this: to travel, to go. With Norwegian verbs the infinitive is preceded by &, and usually ends in e. For example a reise (to travel). A few have no e ending as in & ga (to walk/go), a se (to see) The shortest possible form of the verb is called the stem. You'll find the stem by removing the infinitive -e ending. Infinitive: a reise (to travel) Stem: reis Infinitive: ga (to walk/go) Stem: ga [Endings are added for more identification; for example, to show if the action is taking place in the past, the present or the future. 6 VERBS IN THE PRESENT TENSE Verbs are listed in the infinitive in reference sections such as a dictionary. (a) reise (to) travel (a) ha (to) have (a) komme (io) come (a) hete (to) be called When you are deciding whether what is happening is taking place in the past, the present or the future, you are choosing what is called the tense’ When you want to talk about what is happening to someone now, you use the present tense. To form the present tense you add an r to the infinitive. Unlike in many other European languages it doesn't matter whether it is |, you, he, she or it who is carrying out the verb. You add an r to the infinitive regardless. It couldn't be simpler! Infinitive / you he she it reise Jegreiser dureiser ,hanreiser hun reser den/det reiser dha jeg har du har han har hun har den/det har ‘komme jeg kommer du kommer han kommer hun kommer den/det kommer Shete jegheter duheter hanheter hunheter den/det heter Abo jeg bor du bor han bor hun bor den/det bor OBS! 3 If Vive in New York’ is Seg bor i New York’, how would you say: ‘He lives in Atlanta? 1 Hell Hil om® Answer these questions in the negative using nei and ikke: Example: Er Bente engelsk? Nei, Bente er ikke engelsk. 7 HOWTO MAKE SENTENCES Here are three basic sentences: Statement: Han er norsk. He is Norwegian. ? Negative Han er ikke norsk. He is not Norwegian 's Bente English, No, Bente is not English. . Er John norsk? Question: Er han norsk? Is he Norwegian? Vil du ha en kopp kaffe? a b Han is the subject of these sentences, and er is the verb. « Kommer Bente fra York? d_ Bor dui Wales? e Har Bente bil? 4 Now can you change these statements into questions? To form a question, you put the verb before the subject, as you can do in English! However, you can also use question words such as what, where, who or how. The word for not is ikke. Question: Hva heter hun? What is she called? Example: Duer engelsk. Er du engelsk? Statement: Hun heter Kari. She is called Kari. a John er norsk. Negative Hun heter ikke Kari. Sheis not called Kari Hanikommeniia Yor. b ¢ Dubori London, ds Hun har bil e Bente laerer engelsk. When you use a question word, this comes first in the sentence. OBS! 4 Talking about Arne, you may ask: Is he Norwegian? What would you answer? Writing 1 Make up questions for these answers, using the question words hva, hvor and hvordan. fe Practice 1 Can you answer these questions? The first two - a and b ~ start a ? Han heter John. with Jeg ... b______s? Jeg bor i London. Hva heter du? c____? Takk, fint. , Hvor kommer du fra? d ? Han kommer fra York. e ? Han studerer norsk. Hvordan har du det? Er du norsk? Hvor bor du? 2 How would you do the following? 2 Find a suitable verb to make a sentence: Examples: John reiser med fly til Bergen. (Uohn travels by aeroplane to Bergen.) eangee a Greet a friend, Han bori London. (He lives in Landon.) b Say ‘goodbye’ to your elderly teacher. a Bente____med fly til Norge. Say’How do you do’to the Prime Minister. b John iLondon. d_ Say’good night’ to your family. ¢ John______ motorsykkel. e Say‘bye bye’to a fellow student. d Han ikke bil. e Kari med tog til York. 1 Heil Hil— lll @ Test yourself Here are ten multiple choice questions. You will find the answers i the key at the end of the book. 1 Hvor bor Sue? a |London. b | Bergen. 2 Hva leerer Sue? a Sue laerer b Hun lerer ikke engelsk. norsk. 3 Har Are bil? a_ Nei, han har b Nei, han har motorsykkel. sykkel. 4 Hvor vil Sue gjerne reise? a Hunvil gjerne b Hun vilgjerne reise til Wales. reise til USA 5 Skal Odd reise med bil til Leeds? a Odd skal reise b Odd skal reise med bil. med fly. 6 ErOdd au pair? a Odderikke b Sue er au pair. au pair, 7 Vil Arne ha et glass al? a Ame vilgjerne b Armevilhaet ha en kopp kaffe. glass al, 8 Hvor kommer Arne fra? a Han kommer fra b Han kommer fra Bergen. Bristol 9 Er Arne student i London? a Nei, han er ikke b Ja, han er student. student. 10 Vil Sue reise med fly til Norge? b Sue vil reise med tog. a Sue vil reise med fly. 14 ¢ 1York, ¢ Hun leerer norsk, ¢ Ja, han har bil ¢ Hun vil gjerne reise til Norge. Odd skal reise med tog. c¢ Arne erau pair. ¢ Are vil ha en kopp te. ¢ Han kommer fra Oslo. ¢ Nei, han er au pair. ¢ Sue vil reise med motorsykkel. peat ehN ee. ... understand basic Norwegian word say what my name 1 Heil Hit 15