[MechanicalEngineeringLaboratoryIII]
SUBJECT CODE: EME3421
Segi University
EXPERIMENT TITLE: Strain Gauge
Name: Anas Abdullah batis
Student ID: sukd1700116
Group: 5
Lecturer: Mr.Amares
1-objective:
1- To determine the strain at a region near the support of a cantilever beam.
2- To establish the relationship between bending moment and strain and plot the
graph of bending moment versus strain .
2-Abstract:
This experiment is dedicated to study the main objective of resistance strain gages
and how they are used to record the behaviour of different materials, and to
measure the stresses acting on a certain part. Using the proper instrumentation
system, two cantilever beams of unknown materials (one having a hole in the
middle) were tested-by applying a predefined load on both of them- To measure
the modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, and stress concentration factor. The
stress- strain diagrams for both systems were plotted and modulus of elasticity for
both materials was measured to be (E =̃ 61 𝐺𝑝𝑎 ). Poisson’s ratio for the first
material was 0.42, and the stress concentration factor of the second is 1.54
compared to 2.2 when calculated theoretically. The two specimens are most likely
to be made from aluminium. The results and sources of error have been discussed,
and conclusions are stated briefly.
3-Introduction:
Strain gauges are devices designed and constructed so that their resistance
changes when they are strained: that is their physical dimensions increase or
decrease. This is usually arranged to happen when the body to which they are
bonded (stuck) changes and so the strain gauges resistance may be used to
measure the amount of strain the body is experiencing.
To maximise this effect there are two main considerations to take into account
when using strain gauges. The first is to design strain gauges so that their
resistance changes appreciably with strain and secondly that they are attached to a
system such that they are affected by strain. Other considerations are made to
minimise any changes in resistance caused by any effect other than strain: the main
one is temperature.
In the following sequence of experiments, strain gauges in conjunction with fixed
resistors in different configurations form potentiometric and bridge circuits. In
using and predicting the performance of these circuits it may help to consider them
as forming series/parallel resistive circuits and apply the universal electrical
circuit laws that you will have encountered in earlier lessons.
In the SIS Hardware Module, the four strain gauges, nominal resistance of 120 Ω,
mount on a flexible beam. This provides an exaggerated amount of movement at
its free end when the Linear Assembly is moved but relatively little at the clamped
end at which the strain gauges are affixed. Two strain gauges mount on each side
of the beam, such that when the beam deflects to the left, two of the gauges are in
tension (increase in their resistance) and the other two in compression (decrease
in their resistance). Deflecting the beam to the right reverses this effect.
4-Theory
Electrical resistance of a piece of wire is directly proportional to the length and
inversely to the area of the cross section. Resistance strain gage is based on that
phenomenon (see Sec.11.3 Resistance Strain Gauges, Text p.488-494 or similar
reference). If a resistance strain gage is properly attached to the surface of a
structure which strain is to be measured, the strain gage wire / film will also
elongate or contract with the structure, and as stated above, due to change in length
and / or cross section, the resistance of the strain gage changes accordingly. This
change of resistance is measured using a strain indicator (with the Wheatstone
bridge circuitry), and the strain is displayed by properly converting the change in
resistance to strain. Every strain gage, by design, has a sensitivity factor called the
gage factor which correlates strain and resistance as follows:
Gage factor (F) = (RR / R) / e
Where: R = Resistance of un-deformed strain gage
RR = Change in resistance of strain gage due to strain
e = Strain
As specified by the manufacturer of strain indicator, we set the initial gage factor
(as 2.005 for example) and take the measurements.
5- Apparatus:
• Strain gages.
• Digital gage indicator: digital device which measure the strain directly from the
strain gage on the specimen as a digit.
• Switcher: device used to make easier work; it enables the user to switch between
different strains gages on the specimen with the aid of witch, and appropriate
connections.
• Specimen: rectangular, cross section specimen with a hole discontinuity.
6-Procedure:
1. Assemble the strain gages on the specimen.
2. Connect the digital gage with the switcher (considering the color guides.), With
the strain gages on the specimen.
3. Calibrate the digital gage; This is achieved with no-load condition on the
specimen.
4. The digital will read some arbitrary reading for each strain gage, so set the
reading to zero for each one using the finer on the switcher, in order to eliminate
the constant error caused from constant deviation.
5. Load the specimen with mass of "100 g" and measure the strain on each strain
gage.
6. Repeat the previous step with increasing the load up to "1000 g", with a step of
"100 g" gradually upward and downward, in order to study Hysterics.
RESULT :
5N
Time Compressio Tension
n
17:05:10 0.74 0.87
17:05:27 0.74 0.86
17:05:29 0.74 0.86
17:05:31 0.74 0.86
17:05:33 0.74 0.87
17:05:35 0.74 0.86
17:05:37 0.74 0.86
17:05:39 0.74 0.87
17:05:41 0.74 0.87
17:05:43 0.74 0.87
17:05:45 0.74 0.86
17:05:47 0.74 0.86
17:05:49 0.74 0.87
17:05:10 0.74 0.87
17:05:27 0.74 0.86
17:05:29 0.74 0.86
17:05:31 0.74 0.86
0N 17:05:33 0.74 0.87
17:05:35 0.74 0.86
Time Compressio Tension
n 17:05:37 0.74 0.86
17:04:15 0.73 0.88 17:05:39 0.74 0.87
17:04:17 0.73 0.87 17:05:41 0.74 0.87
17:04:19 0.73 0.87 17:05:43 0.74 0.87
17:04:21 0.73 0.88
17:04:23 0.73 0.87
17:04:25 0.73 0.87
17:04:27 0.73 0.87
17:04:29 0.73 0.88
17:04:31 0.73 0.88
17:04:33 0.73 0.87
17:04:35 0.73 0.87
17:04:37 0.73 0.87
17:04:15 0.73 0.88
17:04:17 0.73 0.87
10 N 15 N
Time Compressio Tension
n
17:06:10 0.75 0.85
17:06:12 0.75 0.85
17:06:14 0.75 0.85
17:06:16 0.75 0.85
17:06:18 0.75 0.85
17:06:20 0.75 0.85
17:06:22 0.75 0.86
17:06:24 0.75 0.85
17:06:26 0.75 0.85
17:06:28 0.75 0.85
17:06:30 0.75 0.85
17:06:32 0.75 0.85
Time Compressio Tension
n
17:06:59 0.76 0.84
17:07:01 0.76 0.84
17:07:03 0.76 0.84
17:07:05 0.76 0.84
17:06:34 0.75 0.85 17:07:07 0.76 0.84
17:06:36 0.75 0.85 17:07:09 0.76 0.84
17:06:10 0.75 0.85 17:07:11 0.76 0.84
17:07:13 0.76 0.84
17:07:15 0.76 0.84
17:07:17 0.76 0.84
20 N 17:07:19 0.76 0.84
25 N 17:07:21 0.76 0.84
17:07:23 0.76 0.84
Time M1.Ch.4 M1.Ch.5 Time 0.76 M1.Ch.4 0.84
M1.Ch.5
17:07:25
17:07:51 0.77 0.83 17:08:35 0.78 0.82
17:06:59 0.76 0.84
17:07:53 0.77 0.83 RESULTS 17:08:37 0.78 0.81
17:07:01 0.76 0.84
17:07:55 0.77 0.83 & 17:08:39 0.78 0.81
17:07:57 0.77 0.83 ANALYSIS 17:08:41 0.78 0.81
17:07:59 0.77 0.83 17:08:43 0.78 0.81
17:08:01 0.77 0.83 Beam span 17:08:45 0.78 0.81
17:08:03 0.77 0.83 17:08:47 0.78 0.81
17:08:05 0.77 0.83 17:08:49 0.78 0.81
17:08:07 0.77 0.83 = 17:08:51 0.78 0.81
17:08:09 0.77 0.82 mm 17:08:53 0.78 0.81
17:08:11 0.77 0.83 17:08:55 0.78 0.81
17:08:13 0.77 0.83 Distance of 17:08:57 0.78 0.81
17:08:15 0.77 0.82 strain gauge from 17:08:59 0.78 0.81
17:07:51 0.77 0.83 support, a = 17:08:35 0.78 0.82
17:08:37 0.78 0.81
mm
17:08:39 0.78 0.81
17:08:41 0.78 0.81
Load Average Average Final Avg. Final Avg.
/N Compression Tension compression tension
0 -0.00 0.00 0 0
5 -0.02 0.02 -20 20
10 -0.03 0.03 -30 30
15 -0.04 0.05 -50 40
20 -0.05 0.06 -60 50
25 -0.06 0.07 -70 60
Load /N Distance from L /mm Bending moment at
x-x /Nmm
0 24 0
5 24 120
10 24 240
15 24 360
20 24 480
25 24 600
bending moment vs tension
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07
Series 1
bending moment vs compression
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 -20 -30 -50 -60 -70
Series 1
7-Conclusions:
1- The maximum stress in a cantilever beam could be at the point of discontinuity
(hole, notch, …etc), or at the root of the beam furthest from the point of
application of force.
2- Poisson’s ratio is a measure of how the material deforms laterally, due to an
applied stress parallel to its axis.
3- The modulus of elasticity defines the stiffness of the material, which is how
stiff is the material against an axial stress acting on it, the more is the resistance
to change in length, the stiffer is the material.
4- Discontinuities in the part cross section are places of stress concentrations.
Stress concentration factors are defined at these points where the stress is
larger than the nominal measured stress.
5- Stress concentration factors can be anticipated theoretically-depending on the
discontinuity geometry- by the aid of figures found in Mechanics of materials
and Mechanical engineering design books.
