Jan Michael Eli SM.
Bautista | 3MB
PARASITOLOGY LECTURE
a. Obligate Parasite: they cannot survive outside others (e.g. someone recovering from
INTRODUCTION TO their respective host (i.e. Wuchereria bancrofti)
Blood/tissue nematode
Amoebiasis)
Vector: responsible for transmitting parasites
PARASITOLOGY b. Facultative Parasite: these are free-living or
commensals (i.e. Hookworm)
from host host (it may be biological or
mechanical)
Skin penetrator
DEFINITION OF TERMS Rhabditiform larva: free-living MODES OF TRANSMISSION
Filariform: commensalistic (infective stage)
Para (beside) + situs (body) = Parasitology 1. Ingestion: fecal/oral route
HABITAT: where the adult form of a parasite
2. Skin Penetration: schistosoma (schistosomaiasis)
Infestation ECTOparasites (e.g. Infested with Lice) is formed or develops
3. Vector Bourne: malaria (Plasmodium), Filarial worms
Infection ENDOparasites (e.g. Infected with C. c. Wandering Parasites: can migrate to other parts
4. Inhalation of Eggs: Enterobious vermicularis
botulinum) of the body of its host (i.e. Ascaris lumbricoides)
5. Sexual Intercourse: Trichomonas vaginalis
Small intestine Pulmonary Circulation
6. Blood Transfusion: malaria, filarial worms
Infective Stage: stage where in infection occurs Trachea Back to Small Intestine
Diagnostic Stage: stage where in diagnosis is possible d. Accidental/incidental: parasite is not in the
IMPORTANT GROUPS OF ANIMAL
original host (i.e. Fasciola hepatica)
PARASITES
GENERAL LIFECYCLE OF PARASITES NOTE: To know when a parasite is passed on accidentally, if you know
where its INFECTIVE STAGE, then THAT MUST BE IT! Sarcomastigophora: sarcodina + mastigophora
Ampicomplexa: sporozoa
TYPES OF HOST Ciliophora: Palantidium coli
Platyhelminthes: class trematoda and cestoda
Adult Egg FINAL/DEFINITIVE host: harbors the SEXUALLY
MATURE/ADULT form of a parasite
Nematoda: round worms, blood and tissue
nematodes
Ex. Man
INTERMEDIATE host: not compulsory to the lifecycle MEDICALLY IMPORTANT ECTOPARASITES
of a parasite; harbors ASEXUAL, IMMATURE, or
LARVAL stage INSECTS
Larva 1st Intermediate Host: Early Larval Stage
2nd Intermediate Host Lice: Pediculus humanus & Phthirus pubis
A parasite may have up to more than 2 Flies: Dermatobia hominis
intermediate hosts Bed Bugs: Cimex lectularius
Egg + Larva: Infective Stage + Diagnostic Stage I.e. Malaria: mosquito is FINAL host, man is
(Symptoms present) INTERMEDIATE host ARACHNIDS
RESERVOIR: animal/human that maintains pathogen
Mites: Sarcoptus scabia
without showing signs/symptoms
Ticks: Dermacentor species
Ex. Strongoloides
TYPES OF PARASITE Carrier: Low-key shows symptoms, recoevered Fleas: Ctenocephalides cani
from the infection but continues to spread it to
Trophozoite: Pathogenesis
SARCODINA Feeding Encystation
Protozoans MOTILE Ingestion of
and exit from
Ingestion of
Basic Characteristics: REPLICATION Cyst Cyst
Host in Stool
Unicellular
Has organelles: Excystment in
Tissue
- Nucleus (chromosomes) Small
PATHOGENIC AMOEBA Invasion
a. Nuclear membrane Intestine
b. Karyosome/Endosome Entamoeba histolytica
c. Peripheral Chromatin Material Production of
Multiply/Colo
(RNA) - Only pathogenic amoeba 8
nization in L.I.
- Cytoplasm - Only species of intestinal amoeba which has the trophozoites
a. Vacuoles (metabolism) potential for tissue invasion
b. Cytosomes (mouth openings)
c. Cytopyge (anal openings) Habitat: LARGE intestine (intestinal lumen) and invades
mucosal crypts Signs and Symptoms
These vary in size, shape, lcomotory organelles, and
methods of reproduction. Morphology ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTION: luminal amoebiasis
These protozoans are grouped to: CYSTS: 4 nuclei, CENTRIC karyosomes, HAS Invasive INTESTINAL amoebiasis:
peripheral chromatin material, CIGAR SHAPED
SARCODINA: binary fission, pseudopodia (false feet; chromatoidal bars Flask shaped ulcers
phagocytosis) Trophozoites: uninucleated, CENTRIC Dysentery
endosome, PROGRESSIVE AND DIRECTIONAL Colitis
MASTIGOPHORA: binary fission, flagella MOTILITY, could easily disintegrate in an hour Appendicitis
Cysts are found in FIRM SHIT Toxic megacolon
CILIATA: binary fission, cilia
Trophozoites are found in WET SHIT Amoebiasis
SPOROZOA: sexual and asexual, no definite organelles for
Invasive EXTRAINTESTINAL amoebiasis:
locomotion
Liver abscess
MASTIGOPHORA: binary fission, cilia
Pertinitis
Transmission Pleuropulmonary abscess
GENERAL LIFE CYCLE
Improper waste disposal system Cutaneous and genital amoebic lesions
Cyst: Food handlers Bloody stool
Passed in feces
Resistant
INFECTIVE
2
Lab Dx i. butschlii
Microscopic contamination in the stool Cyst:
FLAGELLATES –
Fresh stool: wet mounts and permanent
stained preparation
Large vacuole
1 nucleus
MASTIGOPHORA
E. histolytica also be identified in aspirates
or biopsy samples Eccentric endosome Giardia lamblia
Prevention Trophozoite: Habitat: UPPER SMALL INTESTINE
Proper hand washing Large central karyosome Morphology:
Sanitary certificates on foodhandlers
Habitats of all these non-pathogenic amoebas are the large Sucking/ventral disc: attaches to the
Proper Waste Management System
intestine, except for e. gingivalis (gums) and mucosa
dientamoeba fragilis which has no cystic stage. 2 nuclei
4 pairs of flagella (trophozoite)
Same life stages except for E. gingivalis and Bilaterally symmetrical
NON PATHOGENIC AMOEBA Dientamoeba fragilis (no cystic stage) 4 nuclei (cyst)
Non-Pathogenic Amoeba: it’s important to differentiate cyst All reproduce through binary fission Erratic slow oscillation “Falling leaf motion”
and trophozoites with that of the pathogenic amoeba
Symptomatic/Asymptomatic: diarrhea, abdominal pain, LIFE CYCLE
E. coli nausea and vomiting
Infective stage: cyst (via INGESTION)
Resembles E. histlyotica Diagnostic stage: cyst and trophozoites in feces.
Dx is by stool exam (except for E. gingivalis)
Morphology SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Dientamoeba fragilis
Giardiasis: traveller’s diarrhea or beaver’s
Cysts:
Non-pathogenic amoeba fever
8 nuclei Some recognize its flagellate affinities (no Can be ASYMPTOMATIC: diarrhea,
flagella) nausea, anorexia, and abdominal pain
Eccentric karyosome
Shit is STEATORRHEIC: oily or fatty stool
Splinter-shaped karyosome
Trophozoite: Hypogammaglobulemia: deficiency in
Trophozoite: protein absorption
Extra nuclear spindle (between 2 nucleus)
Atrophy of the vili: deficiency in nutrient
Splinter-shaped karyosome Hyaline pseudopodia absorption
Broad of leaf-like in appearance PREVENTION
E. nana Proper hand washing
Can have ascaris and nematodes as vectors
Prevent food contamination
Morphology
Cyst: No chromatoidal bars; OVOID/EGG shaped Dx
- Stool exam
Trophozoite: LARGE KARYOSOME - Intestinal biopsy/aspirates
3
Trichomonas vaginalis Dx Life Cycle
- Demonstration of trophozoites in urine,
Habitat: vagina/cervix urethral secretion, vaginal and cervical
Morphology: secretion Tste Tse Fly Blood Metacyclic
4 flagella - Male: semen, prostatic secretion Meal trypomastigote
Undulating membranes
NO cystic stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
No directional motility JERKY motility - West African sleeping sickness
- Central and West Africa
- Glossina palpalis (tse tse fly)
Infective stage: trophozoite
Trypanosoma brucei rhodiense Binary Fission Tryomastigote
TRANMISSION: Sexual Intercourse
- East and South Africa
Reproduces via binary fission
- Glossina mortisans
Trypanosoma cruzi
SYMPTOMS
- Chaga’s disease
Inflammation of vaginal mucosa “strawberry
- Central to South America
cervix”
- Triatoma or Reduviidae Transform to
Vaginal secretions are greenish to yellow Tse tse fly ingests
- Only one to adapt to interacellular procyclic
Itchiness and burning sensation trypomastigote
existence (amastigote stage) trypomastigote
Dysuria or frequent urination
Males are asymptomatic
4 stages of development:
Important to the amplification of HIV transmission = more
Amastigote:
sex = more chances of getting the virus
Ovoidal w/o flagella
Metacyclic
Adapted to intracellular existence Epimastigote
Vaginal delivery causes infection to babies Trypomastigote
Promastigote:
Elongate, spindle shaped, pointed ends, and
Bacterial vaginitis Trichomoniasis
Fish-like odor Musky odor a flagellum
Symptoms
Thin, off white Pale,green, watery Kinetoplast at the anterior end near flagella
Epimastigote: Asymptomatic for some years (gambiense)
Does not cause dysuria
Tenderness, dysuria Kinetoplast is anterior to the nucleus More rapidly progressive (rhodiense)
and inflammation
Mild irritation Cervical petechial Trypomastigote: Trypanosomal chancre: ulceration in the are
Bacterial coated epithelial Kinetoplast is posterior to the nucleus of the bite
Flagellated protozoa Winterbottom’s sign (bulging) gambiense
cells Infective stage
Diagnostic stage in the blood CNS involvement (once it crosses the blood
PREVENTION brain barrier):
Acid-douche - Meningocephalitis
Avoid promiscuous sexual intercourse - Emaciation
Use of prevention devices - Motor changes
- Snesory changes
- Mental deterioration
4
Prevention
- Shaded streams or rivers, lightly
covered bush
CILIATES -
- Prophylaxis (pentamidine)
CILIAPHORA
Lifecycle of T. cruzi Balantidium coli
- Largest protozoan
Morphology
Intracellular
Metacyclic Trophozoites:
amstigote
trypomastigote Vegetative macronucleus and reproductive
involvement micronucleus
Cytostome and cytopyge
Cyst:
Thick cell wall
Macro and micro nuclei
Epimastigote Trypomastigote
Life Cycle
- Same as Giargia
- But man is an ACCIDENTAL host, the
DEFINITIVE host is the pig.
Balantidiasis: like amoebic dyssentry
Metacyclic Tissue invader: trophozoites secrete
trypomastigote Characteristic:
Flask shaped ulcer
Diarrhea
SYMPTOMS Luminal amoebiasis
Sites of infection: erythematous (chagoma) PREVENTION
Frequently on the face: unilateral edema Handling of waste
(upper and lower eyelid Romana’s sign) Boiling of water
Malaise, chills, high fever Dx
Epitaxis in children - Tissue by endoscopy
Hepatosplenomegaly - Stool
Transient: heart and CNS
PREVENTION
Control insect vectors
DDT
Reduviid-proof housing
