The University of Akron

IdeaExchange@UAkron
The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors
Honors Research Projects
College

Spring 2016

Operational And Water Quality Analysis for The

City of Akron's Water Treatment Plant and
Distribution System
Chelsea James
the university of akron, [email protected]

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Distribution System" (2016). Honors Research Projects. 369.
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 Honors Project

Operational And Water Quality Analysis for The City of Akron’s Water
Treatment Plant and Distribution System
Prepared For:

4300:497 Honors Project

Department of Civil Engineering

The University of Akron

Prepared By:

Chelsea James

Sponsor:

Christopher M. Miller, Ph.D., PE

Preparation Date:

4/29/2015

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Table of Contents

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 2 

1.1  Project Scope ................................................................................................................................... 2 
1.2  Objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 3 
SECTION 2: BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 4 
2.1  The City of Akron .............................................................................................................................. 4 
2.2  EPANET Software .............................................................................................................................. 4 
2.3   EPANET-Matlab Integration ............................................................................................................ 4 
SECTION 3: MODEL DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................. 5 
3.1   Governing Equations ....................................................................................................................... 5 
3.2  Model Calibration ............................................................................................................................ 6 
SECTION 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 8 
4.1  Simulations ........................................................................................................................................ 8 
4.2  Results and Conclusions................................................................................................................ 12 
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................... 13 

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1 Overview of data used in the calibration of chlorine kinetics parameters R and u, and
water quality parameter T. .......................................................................................................................... 6

Table 2 Results and constraints used in the Excel Solver optimization of the normalized sum
square error for the calibration of the EPANET-Matlab model to field data........................................ 7

Table 3 THM formation (µg/L) extracted from Figure 5 for a constant T value of 30 µg/L per mg/L
Cl consumed at the chlorine doses of 4, 3, and 2mg/L. ....................................................................... 11

Table 4 The change in T value and Chlorine dose required to decrease the THM formation from
80 to 60 µg/L at a constant chlorine dose of 4mg/L and constant T value of 30 µg/L per mg/L Cl
consumed, respectively. ............................................................................................................................ 12 

Figure 1 Schematic of the City of Akron’s Drinking Water Distribution System EPANET model. ........ 2

Figure 2 (a) Chlorine Residual and (b) THM formation corresponding to incremental chlorine
doses, 1 mg/L to 4 mg/L, from the Matlab analysis of the EPANET model. Coefficients R, u, and T
used in the calculations are constants from the calibration of the mathematical equations to
field data from April of 2014; their values are 0.748669 (dimensionless), 0.02045h-1, and 16.35378
µg/L per mg/L of chlorine consumed, respectively. Results shown are for the test nodes of highest
and lowest water quality. ............................................................................................................................. 8

Figure 3 THM formation corresponding to incremental values of T, 4 to 32 µg/L per mg/L of

chlorine consumed, and chlorine dose of 4 mg/L, from the Matlab analysis of the EPANET model.
Coefficients R and u used in the calculations are constants from the calibration of the
mathematical equations to field data from April of 2014, their values are 0.748669
(dimensionless) and 0.02045h-1, respectively. Results shown are for the test nodes of highest and
lowest water quality. ..................................................................................................................................... 9

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Figure 4 (a) Chlorine Residual and (b) THM formation for different sampling times during a
standard work day (8:00am to 5:00pm), and chlorine dose of 4 mg/L, from the Matlab analysis of
the EPANET model. Coefficients R, u, and T used in the calculations are constants from the
calibration of the mathematical equations to field data from April of 2014; their values are
0.748669 (dimensionless), 0.02045h -1, and 16.35378 µg/L per mg/L of chlorine consumed,
respectively. Results shown are for the test node of lowest water quality, Node 41572. ................ 10

Figure 5 THM formation corresponding to incremental values of T, 4 to 32 µg/L per mg/L of

chlorine consumed, and chlorine doses of 2 mg/L to 4mg/L, from the Matlab analysis of the
EPANET model. Coefficients R and u used in the calculations are constants from the calibration
of the mathematical equations to field data from April of 2014, their values are 0.748669
(dimensionless) and 0.02045h-1, respectively. A linear trend line was fitted to each of the results
for analysis. Results shown are for the test node of lowest water quality, Node 41572. ................... 11

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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

Potable water is one of our most valuable resources. Producing it is costly and requires multiple
unit operations in order to ensure a safe final product. Chlorination is one of the most common
methods of treating pathogens and ensuring microbial water quality. As chlorinated water
leaves the source and travels through the water distribution system, the chlorine reacts with both
the organic compounds (dissolved organic carbon, DOC) in the source water and the corrosion
or biofilm of the pipe walls. The chlorine concentration, or chlorine residuals, at any point in the
water distribution system is a good measure of water quality. Often times, water distributors must
drain millions of gallons of water through bleeders in order to maintain a suitable level of water
quality. At the same time, chlorination produces disinfection byproducts as the chlorine also
reacts with other naturally-occurring materials in the water. Some of these byproducts, including
trihalomethanes (THM), pose health risks. It is therefore extremely important for water distributors
to balance pathogen treatment with disinfection byproduct production in order to protect the
health of their consumers.

1.1 Project Scope

This project is based on an updated and calibrated model of the water distribution system for
the City of Akron, Ohio, see Figure 1. EPANET hydraulic modeling software integrated with
Matlab computational software will be used to create a multi-species model of the water quality
in the system. This model will be calibrated to data collected by the City of Akron for chlorine
residual and THM formation at various test locations. Matlab will be used to analyze the effect of
chlorine dose at the plant, water quality leaving the plant, and water age (sampling time) on
chlorine residual and THM formation at test locations. This information will then be used to
determine the most effective operational process for water quality management.

Figure 1 Schematic of the City of Akron’s Drinking Water Distribution System EPANET model.

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1.2 Objectives

 Integrate EPANET and Matlab software.

 Calibrate a mathematical water quality model to the City of Akron’s Water Distribution
System.

 Analyze operational management methods:

o Analyze the effect of varying the chlorine dose at the water treatment plant on
chlorine residual and THM formation.

o Analyze the effect of water quality leaving the water treatment plant (DOC of
source water) on chlorine residual and THM formation.

o Analyze the relationship between water age (sampling time) on chlorine residual
and THM formation.

 Determine what operational management method the water treatment plant should use
to more efficiently control water quality in the system.

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SECTION 2: BACKGROUND

2.1 The City of Akron

The City of Akron Water Plant Division treats approximately 35 million gallons a day (MGD) and
serves multiple cities including Akron, Tallmadge, Stow, Fairlawn, Cuyahoga Falls, Twinsburg,
Hudson, Mogadore and various townships. This large group of clients contribute to the water
treatment plants nearly 300,000 service population1. Servicing such a large area requires an
expansive and complex water distribution system.

In 2015, the City of Akron contracted ARCADIS, an engineering firm with a local presence and
experience in water treatment and distribution, to develop a calibrated model of their water
distribution system. With an accurate model of the system, the City of Akron can more efficiently
evaluate hydraulic parameters of the system, analyze operational changes and future service
areas, plan for future supply and demand growth, as well as, analyze water quality. The
calibrated model developed by ARCADIS is used as the hydraulic model in this project.

2.2 EPANET Software

EPANET software2 is commonly used to perform hydraulic analyses of water distribution networks.
Networks consist of nodes (junctions), pipes (links), pumps and valves. Nodes can represent
source points, consumption points, or storage facilities. Demand patterns are created to
simulate usage for specific nodes, or regions of the system. Pump curves are included for each
pump to simulate pump behavior and controls are created for tank operation.

The model developed by ARCADIS is used as the EPANET input. The City of Akron’s distribution
system is a complex system of over 32,400 nodes, 36,100 links, 10 tanks and one reservoir. For
smaller systems, EPANET software is well suited for simple analyses, unfortunately, it is difficult,
cumbersome, and lacks simple data extraction tools to analyze large systems such as the City of
Akron’s.

2.3 EPANET-Matlab Integration

Matlab is a desktop application that combines a computational interface with a programming

language developed by MathWorks3. It is a highly versatile program that can easily manipulate
large data sets. A dynamic link library (DLL) is available for EPANET (EPANET Toolkit) which allows
complete control of an EPANET network through the Matlab interface. This capability is
extremely powerful and is used in research across the country to analyze various aspects of
water distribution systems. In this project, it is used to fill the voids in the data analyzation and
water quality modelling pitfalls of EPANET alone.

A main component of this project was documenting how to integrate the two programs for use
in future research at the University of Akron. The integration of the two programs is complicated
by the varying architectures of the EPANET Toolkits, the configuration of the machine, and the
different versions of Matlab. Various versions of the EPANET Toolkit are available for download for
free from KIOS-Research4.

1 http://www.akronohio.gov/cms/Water/
2 The EPANet software download is available from the United States Environmental Agency at
http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/wswrd/dw/epanet.html.
3 http://www.mathworks.com/?refresh=true
4 https://github.com/KIOS-Research/EPANET-Matlab-Toolkit

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The following is an overview of how to integrate Matlab and EPANET:

1. Download the entire EPANET-Matlab Toolkit from:

https://github.com/KIOS-Research/EPANET-Matlab-Toolkit
2. Download and install any version of Matlab.
3. Install a compatible C compiler. Each version of Matlab has specific compatible
compilers, the lists are located here:
http://www.mathworks.com/support/compilers/R2016a/index.html
4. Copy the contents of the zip file to a new folder in Matlab.
5. In Matlab, set the new folder as the working directory.
6. From the ‘libraries’ folder, copy the compatible epanet2.dll and epanet2.h files. There
are two library versions, 32-bit and 64-bit. The library version must match the Matlab
version in order for the library to load and function properly in Matlab.
7. Use the ‘RunTests’ script included with the download to confirm that they are integrated
successfully:
- Confirm that the ‘RunTests’ script is located in the working directory.
- Open the 'Networks' folder and copy 'Net2_Rossman.inp' into the working directory
(the input for the ‘RunTests’ script).
- Run the ‘RunTests.m’ file.

For specific details on the integration of EPANET and Matlab on Windows 7 and Windows 10
operating systems, see Appendix D.

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SECTION 3: MODEL DEVELOPMENT

3.1 Governing Equations

Public water drinking systems must maintain a minimum level of chlorine residual in the system in
order to ensure safe distribution. At the same time, they must minimize the harmful chemical
species produced as a result of the disinfection process. One such species of concern are
trihalomethanes (THM) which are produced as the chlorine reacts with the organic compounds
(DOC) of the source water leaving the plant. Accurately quantifying chlorine consumption and
THM formation are important to predicting chlorine residual and THM formation compliance.

Traditionally, chlorine decay models are primarily based on two components, wall demand and
bulk water decay. The first-order kinetic model typically used to model chlorine decay in the
bulk water phase is as follows5:

=− (1)

Where c is the initial chlorine concentration (mg/L), k is the first-order decay constant (min-1),
and t is the time or water age (min). Integrating equation (1) yields the following solution:

( )= (2)

Where C(t) is the chlorine concentration (mg/L) at any reaction time t.

While many models use these kinetics, the study Chlorine Demand and TTHM Formation Kinetics:
A Second-Order Model by Clark5, demonstrated that a second order reaction kinetics model is
just as accurate. This study developed the following equations for chlorine decay and THM
formation:

(1 − )
( )= (3)
1−

Where Cl(t) is the chlorine concentration in the system (mg/L) at any reaction time (water age)
and Clo is the initial chlorine concentration or chlorine dose (mg/L). R (dimensionless) and u (hr-1)
are parameters specific to the chlorine decay kinetics of the distribution system. THM formation is
then:

(1 − )
= − (4)
1−

Where T is a characteristic of the quality of the source water, with units µg/L of THM formed per
mg/L of chlorine consumed.

Equations (3) and (4) are used in the Matlab analysis of the City of Akron’s distribution system to
analyze the following:

 The effect of varying the chlorine dose (Clo) at the water treatment plant on chlorine
residual (Cl(t)) and THM formation (THM).

5Clark, R. M. (1998). Chlorine Demand and TTHM Formation Kinetics: A Second-Order Model. Journal of Environmental
Engineering, 16-24.

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 The effect of water quality leaving the water treatment plant (T) on chlorine residual
(Cl(t)) and THM formation (THM).

 The relationship between water age (t) on chlorine residual (Cl(t)) and THM formation
(THM).

3.2 Model Calibration

In order to use the equations outlined in the precious section, the coefficients of R and u, as well
as, the value of T, have to be calibrated to the water distribution system using field data.
Residual chlorine readings are obtained weekly for test sites (nodes) across the distribution
network and disinfection byproduct readings are obtained monthly. There are seven nodes with
both residual chlorine and DBP data for the month of April 2014, see Table 1 for an overview of
the data and Appendix B for field data. The chlorine residual value was averaged over the
readings from the month of April 2014.

Table 1 Overview of data used in the calibration of chlorine kinetics parameters R and u, and water quality
parameter T.

From Model From Field Data April 2014

Node
Water Age (Time) Cl (mg/L) THM(µg/L)
J24814 104.1269 0.7075 35.1
J36278 129.7716 0.9133 37.1
J41572 376.7106 0.7125 35.8
J55958 124.2189 0.86 37.4
J56656 233.7578 0.7375 34.1
J73654 97.4265 0.8225 37.2
J86024 109.1758 0.984 35.9

The water age (variable t) is a measure of how long the water has been in the system by the
time it reaches a node for use. This is highly variable across the system and depends on distance
from the source, as well as, the demand in a given region, see Appendix A for an overview of
the water age regions across the system. Water age also varies throughout the day. When there
is higher demand (in the morning hours) the water age tends to be lower and conversely, higher
during periods of low demand. Most field sampling occurs between the workday hours of
8:00am and 5:00pm and is often done in the morning when the water age is the lowest. The
lower the water age, the less time it has been in the system, therefore the more chlorine residual
and less THM present. The water age data for the nodes of interest was extracted from the
EPANET model using Matlab, see Appendix C for code. It was extracted at 10:00am, the
average sampling time, and is tabulated in Table 1.

The coefficients R, u, and the value of T were calibrated to the field data using excel solver. To
do this, arbitrary values were chosen for the coefficients. The chlorine residual and THM
formation were calculated using equations (3) and (4) assuming an initial chlorine dose of
3mg/L. The normalized sum square error (NSSE) was calculated for each node between the
calculated value and the field data. The sum of the NSSE was optimized using excel solver. The
constraints placed on the coefficients, the final NSSE and the calibrated coefficients are outlined
in Table 2. The entire excel solver spreadsheet and additional information regarding the
optimization can be found in Appendix C.

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Table 2 Results and constraints used in the Excel Solver optimization of the normalized sum square error for
the calibration of the EPANET-Matlab model to field data.

Calibrated Result
Variables Constraints April 2014 April 2015
Chlorine Dose Constant 3.0 2.1
R 0≤R≤1 0.748669 0.748669
u 0≤u≤1 0.020450 0.020450
T 0 ≤ T ≤ 100 16.353782 14.25239
Optimized NSSE 0.093865572 0.89241961

The optimization was then performed assuming the same chlorine kinetic coefficients of R and u
and the chlorine dose from 2015. From the data in Table 2, the percent change in chlorine dose
and T were calculated:

100 = 30%
. .
% ℎ = (5)
.

100 = 13%
. .
% ℎ = (6)
.

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SECTION 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Simulations

Multiple simulations were performed on the EPANET model, using the calibrated equations for
chlorine residual and THM formation. The Matlab code used to extract data from the EPANET
model and perform the data analysis is located in Appendix C.

The aim of the first simulation was to analyze the effect of varying the chlorine dose at the water
treatment plant on chlorine residual and THM formation. The coefficients of R, u, and the value
of T were held constant from the calibration, see Table 2. The chlorine dose (Clo) was varied from
1mg/L to 4mg/L at an increment of 0.1mg/L. The results for the nodes with the best and worst
water quality are shown in Figure 2.

1.2

1 Node J73654
Node J41572
Chlorine Residual (mg/L)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
(a) Chlorine Dose (mg/L)

60

50 Node J73654
Node J41572
40
THM Formation (µg/L)

30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
(b) Chlorine Dose (mg/L)

Figure 2 (a) Chlorine Residual and (b) THM formation corresponding to incremental chlorine doses, 1 mg/L
to 4 mg/L, from the Matlab analysis of the EPANET model. Coefficients R, u, and T used in the calculations
are constants from the calibration of the mathematical equations to field data from April of 2014; their
values are 0.748669 (dimensionless), 0.02045h-1, and 16.35378 µg/L per mg/L of chlorine consumed,
respectively. Results shown are for the test nodes of highest and lowest water quality.

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The aim of the second simulation was to analyze the effect of water quality leaving the water
treatment plant (DOC of source water) on chlorine residual and THM formation. The coefficients
of R and u are as outlined in Table 2. The highest chlorine dose from the previous simulation,
4mg/L, was the Clo. The water quality leaving the plant, T, was varied from 4 to 32 µg/L per mg/L
of chlorine consumed at an increment of 4 to 32 µg/L per mg/L of chlorine consumed. The results
for the nodes with the best and worst water quality are shown in Figure 3.
120

Node J73654
100
Node J41572

80
THM Formation (µg/L)

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
T (µg/L per mg/L Cl consumed)

Figure 3 THM formation corresponding to incremental values of T, 4 to 32 µg/L per mg/L of chlorine
consumed, and chlorine dose of 4 mg/L, from the Matlab analysis of the EPANET model. Coefficients R and
u used in the calculations are constants from the calibration of the mathematical equations to field data
from April of 2014, their values are 0.748669 (dimensionless) and 0.02045h -1, respectively. Results shown are
for the test nodes of highest and lowest water quality.

The aim of the third simulation was to analyze the relationship between water age (sampling
time) on chlorine residual and THM formation. For this simulation, the coefficients of R, u, and the
value of T were held constant from the calibration, see Table 2. The highest chlorine dose from
the previous simulation, 4mg/L, was Clo. The water age data was extracted from EPANET using
Matlab for sampling times between 8:00am and 5:00pm. Results for the node of lowest water
quality are shown in Figure 4.

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1.01
Chlorine Residual (mg/L)

1
7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00
(a)
Sampling Time (hours)

48.98
THM Formation (µg/L)

48.97

48.96
7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00
(b) Sampling Time (hours)

Figure 4 (a) Chlorine Residual and (b) THM formation for different sampling times during a standard work
day (8:00am to 5:00pm), and chlorine dose of 4 mg/L, from the Matlab analysis of the EPANET model.
Coefficients R, u, and T used in the calculations are constants from the calibration of the mathematical
equations to field data from April of 2014; their values are 0.748669 (dimensionless), 0.02045h -1, and 16.35378
µg/L per mg/L of chlorine consumed, respectively. Results shown are for the test node of lowest water
quality, Node 41572.

The final simulation was performed on the node of the lowest water quality, Node 41572. The aim
of the simulation was to quantify the relationship between chlorine dose and T value to

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determine whether it is more efficient to treat THM formation by changing the chlorine dose or T
value (water quality leaving the plant).

120
Chlorine
Dose:
2 mg/L
100
y = 2.9943x - 4E-14 3 mg/L
4 mg/L
80
y = 2.2458x
THM Formation (µg/L)

60

y = 1.4972x - 2E-14
40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
T (µg/L per mg/L Cl consumed)

Figure 5 THM formation corresponding to incremental values of T, 4 to 32 µg/L per mg/L of chlorine
consumed, and chlorine doses of 2 mg/L to 4mg/L, from the Matlab analysis of the EPANET model.
Coefficients R and u used in the calculations are constants from the calibration of the mathematical
equations to field data from April of 2014, their values are 0.748669 (dimensionless) and 0.02045h -1,
respectively. A linear trend line was fitted to each of the results for analysis. Results shown are for the test
node of lowest water quality, Node 41572.

In order to quantitatively compare the results, the data in Table 3 was extracted from Figure 5.
The data from Figure 5 was used to determine the change in T required to decrease the THM
formation from 80 to 60 µg/L. A linear interpolation was performed on the data from Table 3 to
determine the chlorine dose required to decrease the THM formation from 80 to 60 µg/L at a
constant T value of 30 µg/L per mg/L Cl consumed, see Table 4.

Table 3 THM formation (µg/L) extracted from Figure 5 for a constant T value of 30 µg/L per mg/L Cl
consumed at the chlorine doses of 4, 3, and 2mg/L.

T = 30 µg/L per mg/L Cl consumed

Chlorine Dose THM Formation
(mg/L) (µg/L)
4 89.829
3 67.374
2 44.916

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Table 4 The change in T value and Chlorine dose required to decrease the THM formation from 80 to 60
µg/L at a constant chlorine dose of 4mg/L and constant T value of 30 µg/L per mg/L Cl consumed,
respectively.

Constant Chlorine Dose Constant T

T (µg/L per mg/L Cl Chlorine Dose
THM (µg/L)
consumed) (mg/L)
80 26.72 3.56
60 20.04 2.67
Change in Parameter 6.68 0.89

4.2 Results and Conclusions

The graphs of Figure 2 demonstrate the general linear trend between chlorine dose and its
effect on chlorine residual and THM formation. The higher the dose, the greater amount of
chlorine residual in the system, as well as, greater THM formation. They also show that the
difference between the nodes of highest and lowest quality is minimal.

Figure 3 demonstrates that the general trend between the T value and THM formation is also
linear. It also demonstrates that the higher the T value (the lower the quality of the water leaving
the plant) the higher the THM formation.

The graphs of Figure 4 demonstrate that the water sampling time, or water age, has very little
effect on both chlorine residual and THM formation. Chlorine residual and THM formation were
plotted over an entire work day of sampling times and there is very little change. Water sampling
time is therefore not an effective way of ensuring compliance with regards to chlorine residual
and THM formation.

The accuracy of the excel solver calibration outlined in Section 3.2 was verified by additional
calculations completed by Dr. Miller. Analyzing data from recent years, he calculated the
average T value to be 16 with a minimum of 6 and maximum of 40, in units of µg/L of THM
produced per mg/L of chlorine consumed. This confirms the accuracy of the calibration, not
only with respect to T, but the chlorine kinetic coefficients of R and u. With the accuracy of the
chlorine kinetic coefficients confirmed, the calibration was performed again to reflect the
chlorine dose from April of 2015, as outlined in Table 2. The chlorine dose in 2015 was 0.9 mg/L
lower than April 2014 and the T value calculated was 14.2 µg/L of THM produced per mg/L of
chlorine consumed. Equations 5 and 6 calculated the percent change of chlorine dose as 30%
and the percent change of T as 13%. This alludes to the idea that chlorine dose is more of a
driver of THM formation than the T value associated with the water quality leaving the plant.

This hypothesis is further supported by the data from Figure 5 and Tables 3 to 4. Table 4 shows
that in order to decrease the THM formation from 80 to 60 µg/L, the water treatment plant would
need to decrease the T value by 6.68 µg/L per mg/L of chlorine consumed. This is an expensive
process that requires a significant increase in additional chemicals. The table also shows that for
the same THM decrease, the chlorine dose would only need to decrease by 0.89 mg/L.
Operationally, this is a cheap and easy correction. This shows that operationally, the most
effective method of controlling THM formation and chlorine residual in the water distribution
system is to focus on changing the chlorine dose for different distribution system conditions.

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APPENDICES

Appendix A – Water Age Map from ARCADIS

Appendix B – Field Test Data

Appendix C – Excel Solver and Matlab Code

Appendix D – Matlab/Epanet Integration Manual for Windows 7 and Windows 10

Operating Systems

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Appendix A – Water Age Map from ARCADIS

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Path: C:\Users\jcooper\Desktop\Akron_Model_WaterAge.mxd ©2016 ARCADIS U.S, Inc. Service Layer Credits: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS user community

]
Montrose
High ]

]]
West
High
Tank Water Age (hrs)
] less than 24 ]
Eastwood
] 24 ~ 72
High
] 72 ~ 120 ]
] 120 ~ 168
]
] 168 ~ 240
]
] greater than 240

Junction Water Age

less than 24 hrs Southeast
24 -72 hrs ] ]
High
72 - 120 hrs
120 -168 hrs
168 - 240 hrs
greater than 240 hrs
Water Mains (by diameter)
Diameter
6" and less South
8" - 12" High
14" - 24"
26" - 36"
> 36"
Date: 3/17/2016

City of Akron, Ohio

Water Distribution System Hydraulic and Water Quality Model
Water Distribution System FIGURE
300 Hour Water Age Simulation Results
User: JCooper

Project No.: AK000332.R001

 Honors Project

Appendix B – Field Test Data

4300:497 Honors Project

Chlorine Readings Node J56656
Free + Tap Free
Free Combined Average Daily
4514 Swan Lake, Combined Average of last approx. 7 Chlorine for the
Chlorine Chlorine Flow from AWS
sample station Chlorine days free chlorine (mg/l) Sample Day
(mg/L) (mg/L) Daily Pumpage
(mg/L) (mg/L)
01/03/14 0.67 0.20 0.87 0.89 1.58 31.19
01/10/14 0.81 0.21 1.02 0.86 1.71 35.25
01/24/14 0.90 0.15 1.05 0.80 1.78 40.72
02/07/14 1.02 0.19 1.21 0.88 1.85 34.63
03/21/14 0.83 0.14 0.97 0.91 1.73 31.39
03/28/14 0.86 0.15 1.01 0.89 1.75 39.74
04/04/14 0.83 0.17 1.00 0.85 1.81 31.76
04/11/14 0.52 0.18 0.70 0.67 1.62 35.40
04/18/14 0.41 0.20 0.61 0.50 1.98 33.17
04/25/14 0.42 0.22 0.64 0.46 2.23 25.18
05/02/14 0.57 0.31 0.88 0.55 2.17 37.01

April Average 0.7375
Chlorine Readings Node J73654
Free + Tap Free
Free Combined Average Daily Flow
Blair House Apartments, Combined Average of last approx. 7 Chlorine for the
Chlorine Chlorine from AWS Daily
main floor Chlorine days free chlorine (mg/l) Sample Day
(mg/L) (mg/L) Pumpage
(mg/L) (mg/L)
01/08/14 1.30 0.19 1.49 0.89 1.91 35.68
01/22/14 1.01 0.17 1.18 0.86 1.69 32.34
02/05/14 1.00 0.12 1.12 0.95 1.65 40.12
02/12/14 1.05 0.22 1.27 0.91 1.78 34.98
02/19/14 1.15 0.19 1.34 1.03 1.72 40.37
02/26/14 1.37 0.21 1.58 0.89 1.99 40.37
03/05/14 1.25 0.22 1.47 1.01 1.55 36.91
03/12/14 1.11 0.14 1.25 1.04 1.82 30.99
03/19/14 1.15 0.06 1.21 0.91 1.75 36.20
03/26/14 0.92 0.15 1.07 0.92 1.89 31.54
04/09/14 0.54 0.19 0.73 0.78 1.76 31.65
04/16/14 0.62 0.17 0.79 0.55 2.01 31.69
04/23/14 0.72 0.17 0.89 0.48 1.93 25.13
04/30/14 0.63 0.25 0.88 0.51 2.32 39.52

April Average 0.8225
Chlorine Readings Node J55958
Free + Tap Free
Free Combined
Fire Station # 5, coat Combined Average of last approx. 7 Chlorine for the Average Daily Flow from
Chlorine Chlorine
room utility sink Chlorine days free chlorine (mg/l) Sample Day AWS Daily Pumpage
(mg/L) (mg/L)
(mg/L) (mg/L)
01/14/14 0.84 0.26 1.10 0.88 1.77 32.17
01/21/14 0.90 0.14 1.04 0.83 1.88 40.42
01/28/14 1.02 0.18 1.20 0.82 1.74 40.04
02/04/14 0.96 0.21 1.17 0.92 1.85 33.11
02/11/14 1.12 0.19 1.31 0.89 1.81 40.47
02/18/14 1.17 0.12 1.29 0.98 1.80 39.63
02/25/14 1.01 0.19 1.20 0.98 1.91 36.82
03/11/14 0.82 0.23 1.05 1.06 1.81 39.91
03/18/14 0.76 0.15 0.91 0.97 1.81 34.19
03/25/14 0.99 0.13 1.12 0.90 1.92 31.35
04/01/14 0.98 0.19 1.17 0.83 1.65 40.77
04/08/14 0.57 0.20 0.77 0.81 1.76 31.47
04/22/14 0.47 0.18 0.65 0.48 2.03 38.33
04/29/14 0.64 0.21 0.85 0.49 2.21 28.54
05/06/14 0.41 0.23 0.64 0.62 2.07 37.11

April Average 0.86
Chlorine Readings Node J86024
Free + Tap Free
Free Combined
Firestation # 13, utility Combined Average of last approx. 7 Chlorine for the Average Daily Flow from
Chlorine Chlorine
sink Chlorine days free chlorine (mg/l) Sample Day AWS Daily Pumpage
(mg/L) (mg/L)
(mg/L) (mg/L)
01/14/14 1.15 0.04 1.19 0.88 1.77 32.17
01/21/14 1.15 0.16 1.31 0.83 1.88 40.42
01/28/14 1.12 0.19 1.31 0.82 1.74 40.04
02/04/14 1.06 0.17 1.23 0.91 1.85 33.11
02/11/14 1.23 0.14 1.37 0.89 1.81 40.47
02/18/14 1.26 0.18 1.44 0.98 1.80 39.63
02/25/14 1.37 0.03 1.40 0.98 1.91 36.82
03/11/14 1.10 0.22 1.32 1.06 1.81 39.91
03/18/14 1.07 0.20 1.27 0.97 1.81 34.19
03/25/14 1.09 0.14 1.23 0.91 1.92 31.35
04/01/14 0.99 0.16 1.15 0.86 1.65 40.77
04/08/14 0.79 0.19 0.98 0.81 1.76 31.47
04/15/14 0.77 0.13 0.90 0.59 1.85 31.59
04/22/14 0.65 0.19 0.84 0.48 2.03 38.33
04/29/14 0.86 0.19 1.05 0.49 2.21 28.54
05/06/14 0.69 0.18 0.87 0.62 2.07 37.11

April Average 0.984
Chlorine Readings Node J41572
Free + Tap Free
Free Combined Average Daily Flow
Main Street Muffins, Combined Average of last approx. 7 Chlorine for the
Chlorine Chlorine from AWS Daily
utility sink Chlorine days free chlorine (mg/l) Sample Day
(mg/L) (mg/L) Pumpage
(mg/L) (mg/L)
01/02/14 0.75 0.26 1.01 0.91 1.75 31.16
02/06/14 0.76 0.17 0.93 0.93 1.51 33.01
02/13/14 0.79 0.21 1.00 0.90 1.86 40.52
02/20/14 0.82 0.19 1.01 1.00 1.64 33.41
02/25/14 0.72 0.29 1.01 0.98 1.91 36.82
02/27/14 0.99 0.20 1.19 0.91 2.05 35.05
03/06/14 0.83 0.16 0.99 1.00 1.68 33.38
03/13/14 0.72 0.17 0.89 0.98 1.80 35.54
03/20/14 0.75 0.17 0.92 0.88 1.69 35.50
03/27/14 0.65 0.18 0.83 0.88 1.76 37.12
04/03/14 0.95 0.17 1.12 0.86 1.80 31.62
04/10/14 0.61 0.17 0.78 0.73 1.73 31.81
04/17/14 0.25 0.20 0.45 0.49 2.04 31.78
04/24/14 0.32 0.18 0.50 0.45 2.25 40.14
05/01/14 0.37 0.09 0.46 0.50 2.03 26.19

April Average 0.7125
Chlorine Readings Node J36278
Free + Tap Free
Free Combined Average Daily Flow
Sheetz Gas, restroom Combined Average of last approx. 7 Chlorine for the
Chlorine Chlorine from AWS Daily
sink Chlorine days free chlorine (mg/l) Sample Day
(mg/L) (mg/L) Pumpage
(mg/L) (mg/L)
01/06/14 0.80 0.24 1.04 0.88 1.89 33.70
01/13/14 0.90 0.18 1.08 0.88 1.91 40.51
01/27/14 0.95 0.17 1.12 0.81 1.92 40.79
02/10/14 1.11 0.05 1.16 0.89 2.18 34.67
02/24/14 1.05 0.22 1.27 0.97 1.96 40.33
03/03/14 1.08 0.16 1.24 1.00 1.75 40.70
03/10/14 1.08 0.18 1.26 1.07 1.85 40.67
03/24/14 1.05 0.15 1.20 0.89 1.82 31.36
03/31/14 0.88 0.14 1.02 0.86 1.83 34.69
04/07/14 0.77 0.18 0.95 0.84 1.98 32.29
04/15/14 0.70 0.19 0.89 0.60 1.85 31.59
04/28/14 0.69 0.21 0.90 0.49 2.26 35.13

April Average 0.913333333
Chlorine Readings Node J24814
Free + Tap Free
Free Combined Average Daily Flow
Speedy Muffler King, Combined Average of last approx. 7 Chlorine for the
Chlorine Chlorine from AWS Daily
restroom sink Chlorine days free chlorine (mg/l) Sample Day
(mg/L) (mg/L) Pumpage
(mg/L) (mg/L)
01/08/14 1.23 0.23 1.46 0.89 1.91 35.68
01/22/14 0.78 0.16 0.94 0.86 1.69 32.34
01/29/14 1.17 0.09 1.26 0.86 1.75 34.97
02/05/14 0.99 0.18 1.17 0.95 1.65 40.12
02/12/14 1.22 0.09 1.31 0.91 1.78 34.98
02/19/14 1.10 0.11 1.21 1.03 1.72 40.37
02/26/14 1.41 0.19 1.60 0.89 1.99 40.37
03/05/14 1.23 0.22 1.45 1.01 1.55 36.91
03/12/14 1.00 0.19 1.19 1.04 1.82 30.99
03/19/14 0.89 0.18 1.07 0.91 1.75 36.20
03/26/14 0.90 0.13 1.03 0.92 1.89 31.54
04/09/14 0.49 0.22 0.71 0.78 1.76 31.65
04/16/14 0.53 0.19 0.72 0.55 2.01 31.69
04/23/14 0.49 0.20 0.69 0.48 1.93 25.13
04/30/14 0.60 0.11 0.71 0.51 2.32 39.52

April Average 0.7075
Akron, OH Stage 2 ‐ Historical DBP Results
1.  Yellow shaded areas generally require data input. 2012‐2015
2.  Please enter site results‐enter zero if not detected. THM LOS = 64

DS202 ‐ 2456 E. Market Street
Monobromoacetic  Monochloroacetic 
Sample THM Exceed THM THM4 Bromodichloromethane Bromoform Chloroform Dibromochloromethane Exceed HAA5 HAA5 Acid Acid Dibromoacetic Acid Dichloroacetic Acid Trichloroacetic Acid
Date LOS # LRAA ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L # LRAA ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L
1/10/12 XX XX 22.0 6.4 0.0 13.8 1.8 XX XX 21.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5 8.7
4/10/12 XX XX 51.1 12.6 0.0 35.7 2.8 XX XX 34.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.9 15.5
7/10/12 XX XX 65.6 17.5 0.0 42.9 5.2 XX XX 40.5 7.0 1.5 0.0 17.0 15.0
10/9/12 181 43 33.2 9.3 0.0 21.5 2.4 144 30 22.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.7 9.9
1/8/13 170 45 30.6 6.2 0.0 23.1 1.3 143 33 35.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.8 13.3
4/9/13 191 39 27.8 8 0.0 16.9 2.9 142 28 15.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.7 4.8
7/9/13 228 45 88.4 17.1 0.0 67.7 3.6 167 28 37.1 0.0 4.3 0.0 10.9 21.9
10/8/13 173 54 70.2 13.3 0.0 53.6 3.3 152 30 32.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.0 15.3
1/14/14 134 52 20.2 5.5 0.0 12.4 2.3 155 26 18.8 0.0 0.0 1.0 11.2 6.6
4/8/14 141 54 37.4 7.6 0.0 28 1.8 152 28 25.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.7 9.7
7/8/14 192 64 126.4 17.6 0.0 107 1.8 164 33 55.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.5 44.3
10/14/14 136 66 79.4 14.5 0.0 62.4 2.5 140 37 47.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.3 30.5
1/13/15 77 64 12.9 3.8 0.0 8.1 1 111 41 36.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 12.0
4/13/15 101 60 22.7 6.1 0.0 15.2 1.4 100 48 51.9 0.0 5.1 0 31.6 15.2
7/8/15 205 41 50.1 8.6 0.0 40.2 1.3 104 43 34.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.7 21.7
#REF! 234 35 52.4 13.5 0.0 35.4 3.5 118 36 21.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.8 12.3
#REF! 195 0.0 133 0.0

DS203 ‐ 1544 Brown Street
Monobromoacetic  Monochloroacetic 
Sample THM Exceed THM THM4 Bromodichloromethane Bromoform Chloroform Dibromochloromethane Exceed HAA5 HAA5 Acid Acid Dibromoacetic Acid Dichloroacetic Acid Trichloroacetic Acid
Date LOS # LRAA ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L # LRAA ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L
1/10/12 XX XX 21.8 6.7 0.0 13.2 1.9 XX XX 19.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.5 7.8
4/10/12 XX XX 50.1 11.9 0.0 35.4 2.8 XX XX 32.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.6 14.2
7/10/12 XX XX 73.1 18.3 0.0 49.6 5.2 XX XX 39.6 4.4 1.4 0.0 19.1 14.7
10/9/12 175 48 45.0 11.7 0.0 30.4 2.9 148 30 28.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.0 12.9
1/8/13 152 50 30.2 6.2 0 22.6 1.4 139 35 38.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.5 15.5
4/9/13 172 44 26.5 7.8 0 15.9 2.8 134 33 24.3 0.0 2.2 1.0 13.0 8.1
7/9/13 218 45 79.1 15.7 0 60.3 3.1 149 35 47.8 0.0 2.1 0.0 24.0 21.7
10/8/13 184 48 56.6 11.5 0 42.2 2.9 130 36 35.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.2 15.4
1/14/14 158 45 19.6 5.2 0 12.2 2.2 132 32 19.6 0.0 0.0 1.1 11.6 6.9
4/8/14 165 48 35.9 6.4 0 28 1.5 137 33 27.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.5 10.0
7/8/14 208 51 91.0 15.4 0 73.8 1.8 157 41 81.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.7 44.6
10/14/14 174 53 65.8 12.4 0 50.9 2.5 112 45 52.4 0.0 3.8 0.0 20.5 28.1
1/13/15 127 52 13.4 4.0 0.0 8.3 1.1 79 51 41.8 0.0 3.8 0.0 27.0 11.0
4/13/15 150 48 22.9 6.4 0.0 14.9 1.6 65 56 49.6 0.0 4.7 0 31.2 13.7
7/8/15 218 37 45.9 8.2 0.0 36.5 1.2 96 46 39.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.6 23.1
#REF! 238 34 51.9 13.0 0.0 35.7 3.2 109 37 17.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.7 9.8
#REF! 199 0.0 133 0.0
 DS205 4514 Swan Lake
Monobromoacetic  Monochloroacetic 
Sample THM Exceed THM THM4 Bromodichloromethane Bromoform Chloroform Dibromochloromethane Exceed HAA5 HAA5 Acid Acid Dibromoacetic Acid Dichloroacetic Acid Trichloroacetic Acid
Date LOS # LRAA ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L # LRAA ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L
1/10/12 XX XX 26.0 7.4 0.0 16.7 1.9 XX XX 26.7 3.0 0.0 0.0 13.8 9.9
4/10/12 XX XX 59.7 13.1 0.0 43.9 2.7 XX XX 39.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.2 16.8
7/10/12 XX XX 87.1 19.3 0.0 62 5.8 XX XX 48.1 5.3 1.7 0.0 25.1 16.0
10/9/12 147 57 54.8 12.8 0.0 39 3 126 37 32.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.1 15.4
1/8/13 118 59 33.2 7 0 24.8 1.4 120 37 29.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.4 12.7
4/9/13 145 51 27.8 8 0 16.9 2.9 130 33 20.8 0.0 0.0 1.0 12.1 7.7
7/9/13 204 64 138.6 21.3 0 114 3.3 158 34 52.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.9 26.2
10/8/13 120 70 80.1 13.3 0 63.6 3.2 138 35 39.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.6 19.6
1/14/14 73 68 23.6 6.2 0 15.1 2.3 128 34 23.7 0.0 0.0 1.2 13.6 8.9
4/8/14 78 69 34.1 7.4 0 24.5 2.2 125 35 25.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.4 9.8
7/8/14 182 68 133.6 16.8 0 115 1.8 152 42 81.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.1 46.4
10/14/14 129 71 90.8 15.5 0 72.7 2.6 110 48 59.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.7 33.1
1/13/15 62 68 15.0 4.4 0.0 9.2 1.4 74 53 47.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.0 15.0
4/13/15 81 67 27.2 7.1 0.0 18.3 1.8 52 62 59.9 0.0 4.2 0.0 37.3 18.4
#REF! 187 48 59.5 9.1 0.0 49.0 1.4 73 50 33.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 29.3
#REF! 218 41 63.4 14.4 0.0 45.4 3.6 100 40 21.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.8 12.2
#REF! 170 0.0 126 0.0

DS206 ‐ 1680 W. Market Street
Monobromoacetic  Monochloroacetic 
Sample THM Exceed THM THM4 Bromodichloromethane Bromoform Chloroform Dibromochloromethane Exceed HAA5 HAA5 Acid Acid Dibromoacetic Acid Dichloroacetic Acid Trichloroacetic Acid
Date LOS # LRAA ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L # LRAA ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L
1/10/12 XX XX 19.1 5.4 0.0 12.0 1.7 XX XX 13.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 5.2
4/10/12 XX XX 37.2 10.0 0.0 24.5 2.7 XX XX 21.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.2 8.8
7/10/12 XX XX 129.5 20.9 0.0 105.0 3.6 XX XX 83.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.9 39.6
10/9/12 134 54 29.4 8.8 0.0 18.0 2.6 122 35 20.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.7 8.9
1/8/13 124 55 25.1 5.7 0.0 18.1 1.3 115 35 16.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.6 5.6
4/9/13 136 52 23.9 7.2 0.0 14.1 2.6 120 36 22.4 0.0 0.0 1.1 14.4 6.9
7/9/13 242 43 92.7 17.9 0.0 71.4 3.4 181 26 45.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.5 19.8
10/8/13 178 49 54.9 10.6 0.0 41.4 2.9 156 30 35.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 15.8
1/14/14 149 48 19.4 5.4 0.0 11.9 2.1 137 30 18.3 0.0 0.0 1.1 10.9 6.3
4/8/14 153 51 35.1 6.8 0.0 26.7 1.6 141 32 29.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.8 10.0
7/8/14 211 56 113.2 15.3 0.0 96.2 1.7 156 40 76.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.6 43.8
10/14/14 152 64 88.3 15.5 0.0 70.6 2.2 116 46 58.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 27.4 26.8
1/13/15 83 61 8.3 2.6 0.0 5.2 0.5 76 47 24.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.0 6.5
4/13/15 110 57 16.4 4.8 0.0 10.4 1.2 81 49 38.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.6 11.2
#REF! 207 39 42.5 7.7 0.0 33.6 1.2 119 40 38.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.3 23.4
#REF! 253 29 47.1 12.3 0.0 31.7 3.1 138 31 21.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.6 9.5
#REF! 214 0.0 141 0.0
 DS207 ‐ 20 W. Waterloo Road
Monobromoacetic  Monochloroacetic 
Sample THM Exceed THM THM4 Bromodichloromethane Bromoform Chloroform Dibromochloromethane Exceed HAA5 HAA5 Acid Acid Dibromoacetic Acid Dichloroacetic Acid Trichloroacetic Acid
Date LOS # LRAA ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L # LRAA ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L
1/10/12 XX XX 20.3 6.4 0.0 12.0 1.9 XX XX 21.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.8 8.6
4/10/12 XX XX 53.4 12.9 0.0 37.8 2.7 XX XX 37.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.5 16.9
7/10/12 XX XX 78.7 18.8 0.0 54.4 5.5 XX XX 44.7 7.1 1.5 0.0 19.4 16.7
10/9/12 168 51 51.2 13.1 0.0 34.9 3.2 137 34 31.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.7 14.1
1/8/13 137 54 31.1 6.6 0.0 23.1 1.4 126 34 23.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.1 9.4
4/9/13 159 47 26.8 7.6 0.0 16.4 2.8 140 30 21.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 11.1 7.1
7/9/13 211 54 108.0 18.9 0.0 85.7 3.4 164 31 48.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.0 22.5
10/8/13 154 57 60.3 12.1 0.0 45.3 2.9 147 33 39.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.7 16.8
1/14/14 125 54 21.4 5.7 0.0 13.4 2.3 131 32 20.7 0.0 0.0 1.3 12.1 7.3
4/8/14 130 57 37.1 7.0 0.0 28.4 1.7 131 34 29.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.6 9.4
7/8/14 201 62 129.4 15.7 0.0 112.0 1.7 151 43 84.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 38.0 46.2
10/14/14 132 69 89.8 16.6 0.0 70.8 2.4 106 47 52.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.9 30.9
1/13/15 64 67 10.1 3.3 0.0 5.8 1.0 74 49 29.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.0 8.3
4/13/15 91 64 24.7 6.3 0.0 17.0 1.4 74 56 58.7 0.0 5.1 0.0 35.7 17.9
#REF! 195 45 56.8 9.3 0.0 46.1 1.4 99 47 47.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.5 29.6
#REF! 228 37 58.3 14.1 0.0 40.6 3.6 105 39 21.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.8 11.8
#REF! 180 0.0 113 0.0

DS209 ‐ 255 N. Portage Path
Monobromoacetic  Monochloroacetic 
Sample THM Exceed THM THM4 Bromodichloromethane Bromoform Chloroform Dibromochloromethane Exceed HAA5 HAA5 Acid Acid Dibromoacetic Acid Dichloroacetic Acid Trichloroacetic Acid
Date LOS # LRAA ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L # LRAA ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L
1/10/12 XX XX 14.8 5.2 0.0 7.8 1.8 XX XX 15.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.5 5.9
4/10/12 XX XX 43.8 11.6 0.0 29.5 2.7 XX XX 23.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.1 9.8
7/10/12 XX XX 62.8 16.7 0.0 41.2 4.9 XX XX 41.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.3 17.0
10/9/12 199 39 34.0 9.6 0.0 21.9 2.5 159 26 22.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.4 9.6
1/8/13 179 42 26.7 5.5 0.0 20.0 1.2 153 31 37.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.1 16.2
4/9/13 197 37 25.5 7.3 0.0 15.3 2.9 139 30 19.4 0.0 0.0 1.0 11.3 7.1
7/9/13 234 50 113.1 19.0 0.0 90.7 3.4 161 29 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.7 22.9
10/8/13 155 57 64.0 12.7 0.0 48.2 3.1 145 33 38.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.4 17.0
1/14/14 117 56 20.3 5.3 0.0 12.8 2.2 144 29 20.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 11.8 7.0
4/8/14 123 59 37.2 7.0 0.0 28.4 1.8 143 31 28.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.6 9.8
7/8/14 199 60 119.9 16.1 0.0 102.0 1.8 153 41 76.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.3 44.7
10/14/14 143 69 97.9 16.2 0.0 79.1 2.6 116 40 36.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.2 28.5
1/13/15 65 66 8.6 2.7 0.0 5.2 0.7 99 42 26.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.0 7.3
4/13/15 94 62 20.6 6.3 0.0 12.5 1.8 101 45 39.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.7 11.7
#REF! 193 45 51.0 8.5 0.0 41.2 1.3 138 38 50.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.9 26.8
#REF! 240 32 46.9 12.0 0.0 31.6 3.3 124 34 20.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1 9.8
#REF! 202 0.0 129 0.0
 DS212 ‐ 170 Muffin Lane
Monobromoacetic  Monochloroacetic 
Sample THM Exceed THM THM4 Bromodichloromethane Bromoform Chloroform Dibromochloromethane Exceed HAA5 HAA5 Acid Acid Dibromoacetic Acid Dichloroacetic Acid Trichloroacetic Acid
Date LOS # LRAA ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L # LRAA ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L
1/10/12 XX XX 38.2 9.4 0.0 26.4 2.4 XX XX 24.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.4 9.8
4/10/12 XX XX 68.3 14.2 0.0 51.3 2.8 XX XX 51.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.7 24.8
7/10/12 XX XX 82.4 18.8 0.0 57.9 5.7 XX XX 39.7 0.0 0.0 1.2 22.6 15.9
10/9/12 131 67 77.4 16.2 0.0 56.5 4.7 125 30 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1/8/13 92 67 40.4 8.0 0.0 31.0 1.4 143 33 34.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.1 15.5
4/9/13 120 59 35.0 9.3 0.0 22.5 3.2 160 28 30.7 0.0 3.8 1.2 15.7 10.0
7/9/13 167 46 30.0 4.4 0.0 24.9 0.7 169 29 43.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.9 26.5
10/8/13 215 48 86.2 14.2 0.0 68.8 3.2 131 36 33.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.1 16.6
1/14/14 169 45 27.4 6.8 0.0 18.3 2.3 132 34 27.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 16.6 9.9
4/8/14 176 45 35.8 6.3 0.0 28.0 1.5 135 33 28.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.0 10.0
7/8/14 171 67 120.2 17.1 0.0 101.0 2.1 151 37 56.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.8 43.1
10/14/14 137 73 108.5 16.5 0.0 89.4 2.6 128 40 47.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 32.7
1/13/15 56 71 18.9 5.4 0.0 12.0 1.5 107 44 45.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.0 14.0
4/13/15 72 69 27.4 6.7 0.0 19.1 1.6 90 53 63.3 0.0 5.1 0.0 38.7 19.5
#REF! 165 56 68.5 10.0 0.0 57.1 1.4 84 50 43.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.2 30.3
#REF! 205 46 69.2 15.7 0.0 49.7 3.8 88 44 23.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.4 13.3
#REF! 155 0.0 110 0.0
 Honors Project

Appendix C – Excel Solver and Matlab Code

4300:497 Honors Project

Coefficients Optimization
Clo 3
R 0.748669
u 0.02045
T 16.35378

From Model From Data From Calculation NSSE

Location Node Index Water Age (Time) Cl (mg/L) THM(µg/L) Cl (mg/L) THM(µg/L) Cl THM
DS206 J24814 9693 104.1269 0.7075 35.1 0.8277 35.526 0.028851 0.0001
DS207 J36278 11697 129.7716 0.9133 37.1 0.7959 36.045 0.016515 0.0008
DS212 J41572 12549 376.7106 0.7125 35.8 0.7542 36.727 0.003433 0.0007
DS202 J55958 15071 124.2189 0.86 37.4 0.8013 35.957 0.00466 0.0015
DS205 J56656 15219 233.7578 0.7375 34.1 0.7588 36.653 0.000831 0.0056
DS209 J73654 21445 97.4265 0.8225 37.2 0.8397 35.329 0.000439 0.0025
DS203 J86024 26406 109.1758 0.984 35.9 0.8198 35.654 0.027841 0.0000

SUM NSSE= 0.08257 0.0113

Total NSSE= 0.093866
Microsoft Excel 15.0 Answer Report
Worksheet: [Coefficient Optimization Data.xlsx]Sheet1
Report Created: 4/17/2016 3:09:38 PM
Result: Solver cannot improve the current solution.  All Constraints are satisfied.
Solver Engine
Solver Options

Objective Cell (Min)
Cell Name Original Value Final Value
$I$19 Total NSSE= Cl 0.093865572 0.093865572

Variable Cells
Cell Name Original Value Final Value Integer
$B$3 R 0.748669138 0.748669138 Contin
$B$4 u 0.02045016 0.02045016 Contin
$B$5 T 16.35378176 16.35378176 Contin

Constraints
Cell Name Cell Value Formula Status Slack
$B$3 R 0.748669138 $B$3<=1 Not Binding 0.251330862
$B$3 R 0.748669138 $B$3>=0 Not Binding 0.748669138
$B$4 u 0.02045016 $B$4<=1 Not Binding 0.97954984
$B$4 u 0.02045016 $B$4>=0 Not Binding 0.02045016
$B$5 T 16.35378176 $B$5<=100 Not Binding 83.64621824
$B$5 T 16.35378176 $B$5>=0 Not Binding 16.35378176
Microsoft Excel 15.0 Population Report
Worksheet: [Coefficient Optimization Data.xlsx]Sheet1
Report Created: 4/17/2016 3:09:38 PM

Variable Cells
Best Mean Standard Maximum Minimum
Cell Name Value Value Deviation Value Value
$B$3 R 0.748669138 0.75842444 0.055097938 0.965993456 0.615576651
$B$4 u 0.02045016 0.027345287 0.062634516 0.550103652 0.000325743
$B$5 T 16.35378176 18.03557666 10.94390461 91.8539538 1.61728287

Constraints
NONE
Coefficients Optimization
Clo 2.1 mg/L
R 0.748669 (dimensionless)
‐1
u 0.02045 h
T 14.25239 µg/L THM per mg/L consumed

From Model 2014 Data 2015 Data From Calculation NSSE

Location Node Index Water Age (Time) Cl (mg/L) THM(µg/L) Cl (mg/L) THM(µg/L) Cl THM
DS206 J24814 9693 104.1269 0.7075 16.4 0.5794 21.673 0.032797 0.1034
DS207 J36278 11697 129.7716 0.9133 24.7 0.5572 21.989 0.152067 0.0120
DS212 J41572 12549 376.7106 0.7125 27.4 0.5280 22.405 0.067073 0.0332
DS202 J55958 15071 124.2189 0.86 22.7 0.5609 21.936 0.120956 0.0011
DS205 J56656 15219 233.7578 0.7375 27.2 0.5311 22.360 0.0783 0.0317
DS209 J73654 21445 97.4265 0.8225 20.6 0.5878 21.552 0.081419 0.0021
DS203 J86024 26406 109.1758 0.984 22.9 0.5739 21.751 0.173721 0.0025

SUM NSSE= 0.706333 0.1861

Total NSSE= 0.89242
     
C:\Users\Chelsea\Desktop\Honors Projec...\Indices_Finder.m 1 of 1

%%Matlab code to return indices of epanet model nodes.

%Load epanet library.

loadlibrary('epanet2', 'epanet2');

%Open the hydraulic model file.

calllib('epanet2', 'ENopen','Akron_Model.inp','akron.rpt','');

%Get node indices.

index=int32(0);
node='J86024';
[errcode, node, index]=calllib('epanet2','ENgetnodeindex',node,index);
C:\Users\Chelsea\Desktop\Honors Projec...\Model_Analysis.m 1 of 1

%%Run hydraulic and water quality model to extract water age data for nodes of interest.

disp('Start environment')
fclose all;close all;
clc;
clear all;
clear class;

%Load library.
loadlibrary('epanet2', 'epanet2');

%Open the model.

calllib('epanet2', 'ENopen','Akron_Model.inp','akron.rpt','');

%Set quality type in model to "age".

%The following is the format.
%[errcode]=calllib(ENDLLNAME,'ENsetqualtype',qualcode,chemname,chemunits,tracenode);
%qualcode=2 for water age
calllib('epanet2','ENsetqualtype',2,' ',' ',' ');

%Run model hydraulics.

calllib('epanet2','ENsolveH');

%Run water quality and end the loop at the time of interest.
t = 0;
tleft = 1;
index = [9693 11697 12549 15071 15219 21445 26406];
Nindex = length(index);
age(1,Nindex)=0;

calllib('epanet2','ENopenQ');
calllib('epanet2','ENinitQ',0);
while tleft > 0
[err, t] = calllib('epanet2','ENrunQ',t);
[err2, tleft] = calllib('epanet2','ENstepQ', tleft);
if tleft <= 77400
break
end
end

%Extract water age data for nodes of interest.

for i = 1:Nindex
[error, age(i)] = calllib('epanet2','ENgetnodevalue',index(i), 12, age(i));
end

disp('End of Simulation')
C:\Users\Chelsea\Desktop\Honors Pro...\Model_Analysis2.m Page 1
April 20, 2016 5:45:29 PM

%%Calculate chlorine residual and THM formation for nodes of interest.

% Solve for Chlorine residual.

Cl_initial = (1:0.1:4);%Vary chlorine dose.
R = 0.748669;
u = 0.02045;
T = 16.35378; %R, u, and T from model calibration (excel solver).
t = evalin('base', 'age'); %Imports water age from previous script as the variable t.

Nt = length(t);
NCl_initial = length(Cl_initial);
Clt = zeros(Nt, NCl_initial);

for j = 1:NCl_initial
for i = 1:Nt
Clt(i, j) = [Cl_initial(j)*(1-R)/(1-R*exp(-u*t(i)))];
end
end

%Solve for THM formation.

THM = zeros(Nt, NCl_initial);
Cl_initial2 = repmat(Cl_initial, 7, 1);

THM = T*(Cl_initial2-Clt);

%Fix Chlorine dose at 4mg/L and vary T to analyze effect on THM formation.
Cl_initial3 = 4;
T2 = (4:4:32);

Clt2 = zeros(1, Nt);

for k = 1:Nt
Clt2(k) = [Cl_initial3*(1-R)/(1-R*exp(-u*t(k)))];
end

NClt2 = length(Clt2);
NT2 = length(T2);
THM2 = zeros(NClt2, NT2);

for l = 1:NClt2
for m = 1:NT2
THM2(l, m) = T2(m)*(Cl_initial3-Clt2(l));
end
end

%Export data to file for data visualization in excel.

filename = 'Matlab_Results.xlsx';
xlswrite(filename, Cl_initial, 1, 'A3');
xlswrite(filename, THM, 1, 'A4');
C:\Users\Chelsea\Desktop\Honors Pro...\Model_Analysis2.m Page 2
April 20, 2016 5:45:29 PM

xlswrite(filename, Cl_initial, 2, 'A3');

xlswrite(filename, Clt, 2, 'A4');
xlswrite(filename, T2, 3, 'A3');
xlswrite(filename, THM2, 3, 'A4');

disp('End of Simulation')
C:\Users\Chelsea\Deskto...\Model_Analysis_SamplingTime.m Page 1
April 20, 2016 5:45:46 PM

%%Matlab code to analyze effect of sampling time on Chlorine residual and

%%THM formation.

disp('Start environment')
fclose all;close all;
clc;
clear all;
clear class;

%Load epanet library.

loadlibrary('epanet2', 'epanet2');

%Open the hydraulic model file.

calllib('epanet2', 'ENopen','Akron_Model.inp','akron.rpt','');

%Get node index.

index=0;
node='J41572';%Enter epanet node name
[errcode, node, index]=calllib('epanet2','ENgetnodeindex',node,index);

%Set quality type in model to "age".

%The following is the format.
%[errcode]=calllib(ENDLLNAME,'ENsetqualtype',qualcode,chemname,chemunits,tracenode);
%qualcode=2 for water age
calllib('epanet2','ENsetqualtype',2,' ',' ',' ');

%Run model hydraulics.

calllib('epanet2','ENsolveH');

%Run water quality and extract water age for sampling times of a standard work day (8am -
5pm) at 1 hour increments.
t = 0;
tleft = 1;
age8 = 0;
age9 = 0;
age10 = 0;
age11 = 0;
age12 = 0;
age13 = 0;
age14 = 0;
age15 = 0;
age16 = 0;
age17 = 0;

calllib('epanet2','ENopenQ');
calllib('epanet2','ENinitQ',0);
while tleft > 0
[err, t] = calllib('epanet2','ENrunQ',t);
[err2, tleft] = calllib('epanet2','ENstepQ', tleft);
C:\Users\Chelsea\Deskto...\Model_Analysis_SamplingTime.m Page 2
April 20, 2016 5:45:46 PM

if tleft == 84600
[error, age8] = calllib('epanet2','ENgetnodevalue',index, 12, age8);
end
if tleft == 81000
[error, age9] = calllib('epanet2','ENgetnodevalue',index, 12, age9);
end
if tleft == 77400
[error, age10] = calllib('epanet2','ENgetnodevalue',index, 12, age10);
end
if tleft == 73800
[error, age11] = calllib('epanet2','ENgetnodevalue',index, 12, age11);
end
if tleft == 70200
[error, age12] = calllib('epanet2','ENgetnodevalue',index, 12, age12);
end
if tleft == 66600
[error, age13] = calllib('epanet2','ENgetnodevalue',index, 12, age13);
end
if tleft == 63000
[error, age14] = calllib('epanet2','ENgetnodevalue',index, 12, age14);
end
if tleft == 59400
[error, age15] = calllib('epanet2','ENgetnodevalue',index, 12, age15);
end
if tleft == 55800
[error, age16] = calllib('epanet2','ENgetnodevalue',index, 12, age16);
end
if tleft == 52200
[error, age17] = calllib('epanet2','ENgetnodevalue',index, 12, age17);
end
end

ageT = [age8 age9 age10 age11 age12 age13 age14 age15 age16 age17];
C:\Users\Chelsea\Desktop\Hon...\Model_Analysis_Cl_THM2.m Page 1
April 20, 2016 5:46:00 PM

%%Calculate chlorine residual and THM formation for nodes of interest.

% Solve for Chlorine residual.

Cl_initial = 4;
R = 0.748669;
u = 0.02045;
T = 16.35378; %R, u, and T from model calibration (excel solver).
t = evalin('base', 'ageT'); %Imports water age from previous script as the variable t.

Nt = length(t);
Clt = zeros(1, Nt);

for i = 1:Nt
Clt(1, i) = [Cl_initial*(1-R)/(1-R*exp(-u*t(i)))];
end

% Solve for THM formation.

THM = zeros(1, Nt);
Cl_initial2 = repmat(Cl_initial, 1, 10);

THM = T*(Cl_initial2-Clt);

% Export data to file for data visualization in excel.

filename = 'Matlab_Results.xlsx';
xlswrite(filename, t, 5, 'A3');
xlswrite(filename, Clt, 5, 'A4');
xlswrite(filename, t, 6, 'A3');
xlswrite(filename, THM, 6, 'A4');

% disp('End of Simulation')
C:\Users\Chelsea\Desktop\Honors Pro...\System_Overview.m Page 1
April 20, 2016 5:46:10 PM

% Matlab code to create an overview of the Epanet model.

disp('Start environment')
fclose all;close all;
clc;
clear all;
clear class;

%Load library.
loadlibrary('epanet2', 'epanet2');

%Open the model.

calllib('epanet2', 'ENopen','Akron_Model.inp','akron.rpt','');

%Count number of nodes.

nodes = int32(0);
nodes_count = libpointer('int32Ptr',nodes);
[errorcode, nodes_count] = calllib('epanet2','ENgetcount',0,nodes_count);

%Count number of links.

links = int32(0);
link_count = libpointer('int32Ptr',links);
[errorcode, link_count] = calllib('epanet2','ENgetcount',2,link_count);

%Count number of tanks and reserviors.

tanks = int32(0);
tank_count = libpointer('int32Ptr',tanks);
[errorcode, tank_count] = calllib('epanet2','ENgetcount',1,tank_count);
C:\Users\Chelsea\Des...\Model_Analysis_DoseVary_TvsTHM.m Page 1
April 27, 2016 9:52:32 PM

%%Calculate chlorine residual and THM formation for nodes of interest.

% Solve for Chlorine residual.

Cl_initial = (1:0.1:4);%Vary chlorine dose.
R = 0.748669;
u = 0.02045;
T = 16.35378; %R, u, and T from model calibration (excel solver).
t = evalin('base', 'age'); %Imports water age from previous script as the variable t.

Nt = length(t);
NCl_initial = length(Cl_initial);
Clt = zeros(Nt, NCl_initial);

for j = 1:NCl_initial
for i = 1:Nt
Clt(i, j) = [Cl_initial(j)*(1-R)/(1-R*exp(-u*t(i)))];
end
end

%Solve for THM formation.

THM = zeros(Nt, NCl_initial);
Cl_initial2 = repmat(Cl_initial, 7, 1);

THM = T*(Cl_initial2-Clt);

%Fix Chlorine dose at 2mg/L and vary T to analyze effect on THM formation.
Cl_initial3 = 2;
T2 = (4:4:32);

Clt2 = zeros(1, Nt);

for k = 1:Nt
Clt2(k) = [Cl_initial3*(1-R)/(1-R*exp(-u*t(k)))];
end

NClt2 = length(Clt2);
NT2 = length(T2);
THM2 = zeros(NClt2, NT2);

for l = 1:NClt2
for m = 1:NT2
THM2(l, m) = T2(m)*(Cl_initial3-Clt2(l));
end
end

%Fix Chlorine dose at 3mg/L and vary T to analyze effect on THM formation.
Cl_initial4 = 3;
T3 = (4:4:32);
C:\Users\Chelsea\Des...\Model_Analysis_DoseVary_TvsTHM.m Page 2
April 27, 2016 9:52:32 PM

Clt2 = zeros(1, Nt);

for k = 1:Nt
Clt2(k) = [Cl_initial4*(1-R)/(1-R*exp(-u*t(k)))];
end

NClt2 = length(Clt2);
NT3 = length(T3);
THM3 = zeros(NClt2, NT3);

for l = 1:NClt2
for m = 1:NT3
THM3(l, m) = T3(m)*(Cl_initial4-Clt2(l));
end
end

%Fix Chlorine dose at 4mg/L and vary T to analyze effect on THM formation.
Cl_initial5 = 4;
T4 = (4:4:32);

Clt2 = zeros(1, Nt);

for k = 1:Nt
Clt2(k) = [Cl_initial5*(1-R)/(1-R*exp(-u*t(k)))];
end

NClt2 = length(Clt2);
NT4 = length(T4);
THM4 = zeros(NClt2, NT4);

for l = 1:NClt2
for m = 1:NT4
THM4(l, m) = T4(m)*(Cl_initial5-Clt2(l));
end
end

%Export data to file for data visualization in excel.

filename = 'Matlab_Results2.xlsx';
xlswrite(filename, T2, 1, 'A3');
xlswrite(filename, THM2, 1, 'A4');
xlswrite(filename, T3, 2, 'A3');
xlswrite(filename, THM3, 2, 'A4');
xlswrite(filename, T4, 3, 'A3');
xlswrite(filename, THM4, 3, 'A4');

disp('End of Simulation')
C:\Users\Chelsea\Des...\Model_Analysis_DoseVary_TvsTHM.m Page 3
April 27, 2016 9:52:32 PM
 Honors Project

Appendix D – Matlab/Epanet Integration Manual for Windows 7 and Windows 10 Operating

Systems

4300:497 Honors Project

EPANET‐Matlab Integration 
 

Table of Contents 
Matlab/EPANET Download and Configuration ............................................................................................. 2 
Window 7 Setup ........................................................................................................................................ 2 
Windows 10 Setup .................................................................................................................................... 4 
Troubleshooting ........................................................................................................................................ 5 
 

   

    P a g e  | 1 
EPANET‐Matlab Integration 
 

Matlab/EPANET Download and Configuration 
The following are instructions to install Matlab and corresponding components in order to run and 
manipulate EPANET input files. These instructions are for Windows 64 or 32‐bit machines and include 
instructions for Window 7 and Windows 10 operating systems. 

Window 7 Setup 
Step 1: Download and install the latest version of matlab. 

Step 2: Choose a supported compiler for your version of Matlab from the MathWorks website. 

 
   

    P a g e  | 2 
EPANET‐Matlab Integration 
 

Step 3:  Install selected compiler. (Microsoft Windows SDK 7.1 is the recommended compiler) Before 
installing Microsoft Windows SDK 7.1 check to see if the following applications are already on your 
machine: 

‐ .NET Framework 4.5 
‐ Microsoft Visual Studio C++ 2010 SP1 

If either of those applications are installed on the machine see the troubleshooting section of these 
instructions. 

 
 

Step 4: Download Windows SDK for Windows 7 and .NET Framework 4 from Microsoft at: 

http://www.microsoft.com/en‐us/download/details.aspx?id=8279 

Step 5: When the download is complete, choose to run winsdk_web.exe (do not save) when prompted. 
Follow the setup wizard, but do not change any of the defaults or installation folder locations. 

   

    P a g e  | 3 
EPANET‐Matlab Integration 
 

Windows 10 Setup 
Step 1: Download and install the latest version of matlab. 

Step 2: Choose a supported compiler for your version of Matlab from the MathWorks website. 

 
Step 3:  Install selected compiler (MinGW 4.9.2 is the recommended compiler).  

‐ For installation instructions, open Matlab. 
‐ Navigate to the Home ribbon and click on Help. 
‐ Type MinGW in the search bar. 
‐ Follow the instructions for installation. 

   

    P a g e  | 4 
EPANET‐Matlab Integration 
 

Troubleshooting 
.NET Framework 4.5 already installed: 

1. Uninstall .NET Framework 4.5. 
2. Continue with the instructions to install SDK 7.1 (above). 
3. Reinstall .NET Framework 4.5. 

Microsoft Visual Studio C++ 2010 SP1 already installed: 

1. Uninstall all versions of Microsoft Visual Studio C++ 2010. 
2. Continue with the instructions to install SDK 7.1 (above). 
3. Download and install the SDK 7.1 patch from: 

http://www.microsoft.com/en‐us/download/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=4422 

4. Reinstall 2010 Redistributable packages. 

    P a g e  | 5