CONTENTS

Review
4-1 Past participle
4-2 Present perfect with since and for
4-3 Negatives, questions, and short answer forms
4-4 Present perfect with unspecified time
4-5 Simple past vs. present perfect
4-6 Present perfect progressive
4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect
4-8 Past perfect

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 Review and Preview

PRESENT AND PAST VERBS take

love
find
be
give

Jenna _____
loves her dog. His name __
is Max.

Jenna’s grandfather ____

gave Max to her. Her

grandfather _____
found him at an animal shelter.

Jenna _____
takes very good care her dog.

He __
is a great dog.
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 4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE

She has forgotten his name.

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 4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE

SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST

FORM PAST PARTICIPLE
finish finished finished
REGULAR
VERBS stop stopped stopped
wait waited waited
see saw seen
IRREGULAR make made made
VERBS
put put put
past perfect tense
present perfect tense
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 4-1 LET’S PRACTICE

SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST

FORM PAST PARTICIPLE

stop stopped stopped

go went gone
take took taken
write wrote written

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 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR

I have been here since 6:00 AM.

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 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR

(a) I’ve been here since 6:00 a.m.

(b) I have played the violin for six years.

since
present perfect +
for

past present

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 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR

(a) I’ve been here since 6:00 a.m..

now
6:00

x x

x
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 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR

(c) I have
You have
She, He, It has been here for a week.
We have
They have

STATEMENT: have / has + past participle

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 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR

since noon.
since Wednesday.
since April.
(d) I have worked here since 2010.
since May 9, 2011.
since yesterday.
since last week.

Since Specific point in time

(hour, day, month, etc.)

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 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR

(e) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.

CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.

(f) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007.

(g) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007.
(h) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007.
(i) INCORRECT: I was study English since 2007.

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 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR

SINCE
MAIN CLAUSE SINCE-CLAUSE
(present perfect) (simple past)
(j) We have been friends since I was fifteen.
(k) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer.

since + subject + simple present

verb

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 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR

FOR for fifty minutes.

for five hours.
for ten days.
(h) I have worked here for about six weeks.
for almost two months.
for many years.
for a long time.

For length of time

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4-2 LET’S PRACTICE

3 hours
she was six

Mary has been playing the piano

she was six
since ___________.
Mary has been playing the piano
three hours
for ___________.

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4-2 LET’S PRACTICE

he started school
15 years

Alejandro has studied English

he started school
since ________________.
Alejandro has studied English
fifteen years
for __________________.

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 4-2 LET’S PRACTICE

for
since
My uncle has driven a taxi _____
since 1982.
My uncle has driven a taxi ____
for thirty years.

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 4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER
FORMS

Has he finished all his work?

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 4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER
FORMS

NEGATIVE:
(a) I have not (haven’t) gone home yet.

(b) Fatima has not (hasn’t) gone home.

have/has + not + past participle

Negative Contractions:
have + not = haven’t
has + not = hasn’t
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 4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER
FORMS

(c) Have you read the report?

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 4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER
FORMS

QUESTION:
(c) Have you read the report?

(d) Has Marcy gone home?

(e) How long have you worked there?

have/has + subject + past participle

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 4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER
FORMS

EVER and NEVER:

(f) Have you ever been to Paris?

No, I’ve never been to Paris.

Ever = in your entire lifetime

Never use for negative responses

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 4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER
FORMS

(g) No, I haven’t. I

have only read a Have you read all
few pages. of this article?

SHORT ANSWER:
have / haven’t

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 4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER
FORMS

(h)
Has Kyung Yes, she has. She
finished her did it after school.
homework?

SHORT ANSWER:
has / hasn’t

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 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT you

touch
ever

Have you ever touched a snake?

___________________

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 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT touch

never

I’ve never touched

No, ________________
a snake.

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 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT
Justin
see
_________________
Has Justin ever seen a shark? ever

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 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT

Yes, he ___.
has He saw one near Cape Town,
South Africa.

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 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME

Tyler has taken his Zoe hasn’t walked

first steps. by herself yet.

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 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME

(a) Micah has just gotten his first job.

(b) Leah has recently visited Singapore.

The activity occurred

before now or
sometime in the past.

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 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME

(a) Micah has just gotten his first job.

(b) Janelle has recently visited Singapore.

now
before now

X X
time?

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 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME

(c) Mary has painted portraits many times.

(d) Her students have painted portraits twice.

activity repeated
before now, unspecified past times

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 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME

(c) Mary has painted portraits many times.

(d) Her students have painted portraits twice.

now
before now

X XX X

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 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME

ALREADY:
(e) Tyler has already taken his first steps.
OR
Tyler has taken his first steps already.

Use already in
affirmative statements

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 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME

YET:

(f) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.

Use yet in
negative statements

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 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME

ALREADY and YET:

(g) Has she already seen the movie?
Has she seen the movie already?
Has she seen the movie yet?

Both ok in questions.

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 4-4 LET’S PRACTICE

take, already

has already taken

Kyung __________________the test.

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 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE

since
study OR
for

I ‘ve been studying _______

______________ since 8 AM.

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 4-4 LET’S PRACTICE

be

has been
Rosa ___________ to Italy three times.

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 4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

I had an angel fish I have had many other

when I was a child. fish since then.

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 4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST
(a) They completed the game at 4:00.
specific time

PRESENT PERFECT
(b) They have already completed the game.

unspecified time

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 4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST
(c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old.
specific time

PRESENT PERFECT
(d) I have been to Nigeria three times.

unspecified time

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 4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST
(e) Jack camped in France for 9 days.

for activity began & ended in past

PRESENT PERFECT
since
(f) Eli has been camping for last Monday.
9 days.

for / since activity began & continues

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 4-5 LET’S PRACTICE

SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME ?

We have been to Tokyo
many times.
PRESENT
UNSPECIFIED
PERFECT

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 4-5 LET’S PRACTICE

SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME ?

Barry has never been to Tokyo.

PRESENT
UNSPECIFIED
PERFECT

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 4-5 LET’S PRACTICE

SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME ?

Gina went to Tokyo
last month.

SPECIFIED SIMPLE PAST

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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Dee has been working

for ten hours.

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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(a) Dee has been working since

6 o’clock.

(b) She has been working for

ten hours.

STATEMENT:
have/has + been + -ing

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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(c) How long has she been working?

QUESTION FORM:
have/has + subject + been + -ing

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 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(d) Mary is playing the piano right now.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
in progress right now
duration of time not mentioned

Mary has been playing the piano right now.

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 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(e) Mary has been playing since noon.

(f) Mary has been playing for an hour.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

began in past
in progress right now
time expressed

Mary is playing the piano since noon.

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 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy.

(h) INCORRECT: It is belonging to Amy.

(i) CORRECT: She has owned it

for one month.
(j) INCORRECT: She has been owning
it for one month.

non-action verbs progressive tenses

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 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
use
OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

is using the phone.

My sister _________

has been using it for three

She _____________
hours. I need to make a call.

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 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
OR dance
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

are dancing
Her parents __________.

have been dancing

They ________________
together for over thirty years.

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 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
OR go
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

going
Where are you _______for
the summer holiday?

going to the beach.

I am ______

have been going to the beach

I ______________
every summer since I was a child.
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 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT

Mike, Bob, and Lee are hiking.

They have been hiking for several days.

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 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(a) My cousin is hiking with his friends.
They have been hiking for several days.
duration of present activities,
action verbs

PRESENT PERFECT
(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
repeated activities
unspecified times in the past
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 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT

(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.

(c) INCORRECT: My cousin has been hiking
many mountains.

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 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT

(d) The guys have known each other for

ten years.

(e) INCORRECT: The guys have been knowing

each other for ten years.

duration of present activities,

non-action verbs

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 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT

(f) I have been studying medicine for one year.

OR

(g) I have studied medicine for one year.

same meaning

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 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT

(h) Rolf has been running every day since he

was a child.

OR

Rolf has run every day since he was a child.

usual, habitual activities

either tense okay

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 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT

(i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I

visited Mexico.
OR
I’ve studied Spanish ever since I visited
Mexico.

usual, habitual activities

either tense okay

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 4-7 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT
live
How long has
___ your family ______
lived here?

We __________
have lived here for ten years.

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 4-7 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

live
How long has been living here?
___ your family _________

have been living here for ten years.

We _____________

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 4-8 PAST PERFECT

When they arrived

at the store, it had
already closed.

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 4-8 PAST PERFECT

(a) When they arrived at the store, it had

already closed.

two events in the past

1st event - Past Perfect
2nd event – Simple Past

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 4-8 PAST PERFECT

(b) The store had already closed when

they arrived.

FORM: had + past participle

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 4-8 PAST PERFECT

(c) It’d closed.

She’d gone home.
He’d gone home.
They’d gone home.
We’d gone home.
You’d gone home.

CONTRACTION:
I / you / she / he / it / we / they + ’d

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 4-8 PAST PERFECT

(d) Andrea had finished dinner before Kris got home.

(e) Andrea finished dinner before Kris got home.

(f) Kris had gotten home after Andrea finished dinner.

(g) Kris got home after Andrea finished dinner.

before Clear time Perfect

and = relationship tense not
after necessary

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 4-8 PAST PERFECT

I had already gone to bed when it started

snowing.
a. it started snowing ____
2nd 1st
2nd
b. I went to bed ____
1st

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 4-8 PAST PERFECT

I tried to go shopping, but the store had

closed.
1st
2nd
a. store closed ____
1st

2nd
b. tried to go shopping ____

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 4-8 PAST PERFECT

A friend called to suggest a good movie.

She had seen it last Friday.

1st
2nd
a. the friend saw the movie ____
1st

b. the friend called ____

2nd

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Images used under license from:

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