1GLASS PACKAGES, 1

Advantages (cited by glass institute)

1. Inertness
a. No Pb in side seams
b. No organic polymer stabilized eg. Sn, An, Cd.
c. No plasticizers
d. No antioxidants
e. No colorants
f. No un-reacted monomers
2. Abrasion resistant
3. Impervious to fats or oils
4. Easy identification of product contents
5. Retains vacuum on positive pressure

Disadvantages
1. Breakage
2. Light penetration
3. Weight

TRENDS:
Changes in baby food containers:
1926 Introduced Some composite containers 1980's
1939 13% Glass All Glass in the 90's
1957 75% Ist foods now laminate, Juices PET copolymer
1960 80% 2004 2nd foods glass and laminates
1963 100% 3rd foods mostly glass

Composition: Soda - lime - Silica containing Glass noted as Flint Glass

SiO2 71.6% forms network

Na2O 13.5% fluxes silicon
CaO 10.3 increases durability decreases hydration
MgO 2.5
Al2O3 1.25 increases devitrification

BaO2 .35 increase durability

K2O .23 decreases devitrification, increases melt
temperature
Fe3O4 .04 Color complexes

O2 makes up 50% of Glass weight. SiO2 is fluxed with Na2CO3 and

heated to approximately 2700oF (1500oC). Na2CO3CO becomes Na2O. These two
components produce glass that is clear but it hydrates with H 2O. Dolomite is added to
prevent hydration of the glass which produces the CaO and MgO oxides. Al 2O3
improves the mechanical forming properties and break resistance.
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CHEMISTRY

structure: the main framwork is composed from "net work" formers which is a
tetrahedral structure having four oxygens. The most common network formers are silica
(SiO2), boric acid (B2O3), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), arsenious oxide (As2O3), and
germanium dioxide (GeO2).

Some oxides are "network modifiers" which also solidify without crystallization and
require more than four oxygens each. These include sodium, calcium and barium. A
third group are called intermediates. These compounds cannot form glass by
themselves but coordinate the effect of the network formers and modifiers. In general
the network formers are acedic oxides, the modifiers are basic and the
intermediates are amphoteric.

Glass exist as a lattice or micelle of oxygen atoms with a random distribution of

positively charged ions.

Theoretically Active to water:

1. Most active to extremely pure H2O at pH 7. Pure H2O extracts Na+ ions which are
replaced by H .
2. The depleted Na+ of the surface zone then inhibits further ionic diffusion of H+.
3. Acid solution (which most foods are) greatly reduce solublization rate.

U.S. Pharmacopoeia Standards

1. Double distilled H2O at 121oC for one hour. Alkali in H2O is back titrated with .5N
NaH2S04. Class III glass is < 8.5 ml titrant/50 ml H20. Test uses glass powder from a +50
to -20 sieve. The test run at 121oF at one hour represents one to two year of food
storage. A two hour test represent 3 to 4 years of storage.

Aqueous Extract % Solublized

SiO2 .28%
Na2O .52 Na+ + K+ most soluble
CaO .48
MgO .40
Al2O3 .06 Notes low mobility
BaO2 .08
K2O .87
Fe3O4 .50

Fe associate with silica sand - appears as a light surface stain on the grains
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Composition of common types of glass
Glass type SiO2 B2O3 Na2O CaO PbO K 2O Al2O3
Pure Silica 99.5 4
Silica 96 3
Soda-lime-Si 70 15 10
Pb-alkali-Si 30-70 5-20 18-65 5-20
Boro 60-80 10-25 1-4
Al 5-60 0-10 5-50 20-40
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LIGHT TRANSMISSION

Glass appears colorless and limpid when light is uniformly distributed. However, glass
becomes opaque below 290 nm and losses clarity above 800 nm.

Colorants
Fe2O3 absorbs light below 320 nm and completely at 280 nm.

FeO absorbs some light above 750 nm. 90% transmission is observed between 400
and 800 nm.
Amber Glass: produced when ferric iron is in tetrahedral coordination and one
of the oxygens have been replaced with sulfur. Carbon is also
observed in developing ionic color centers or complexes of Fe-S-C
1. Production from addition of iron sulfide and powdered
anthracite. Iron tightly complexes and S+C are not extracted.
2. Titanium add to complex when ilmenite or rutile is added to the
batch.
Amber glass has less than 10% transmission between 290 and
450 nm.

Other colors
Compound Color
Iron oxides Browns greens
Manganese oxides deep amber, amethyst, decolorizer
cobalt oxide Deep blue
gold chloride Ruby red
selenium compounds Reds
Carbon oxides Amber/brown
Antimony oxides White
uranium oxides Yellow/green (glows in the dark)
sulfur compounds amber/brown
copper compounds light blue red
tin compounds White
lead w/ antimony yellow
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THERMAL PROPERTIES: Has linear coefficient of thermal expansion- Measured as the
fraction of original length at OoC that a material ⇑ per degree Centigrade.
Soda-silicate glass has thermal expansion coefficient of 60 to 90 parts per 10
million. Borosilicates have coefficients around 32 part per 10 million and are the
basis of Pyrex brand glassware. Glass is generally a poor conductor of heat (because
there are few free electrons) and when exposed to sudden changes in temperature
develops stress due to temperature differences between the surface and interior of the
glassware, which often leads to fracture. In fact, sudden heating causes a compression
of the glass surface wheras sudden cooling causes tension. Glass bottles will with stand
heating rates twice a great as cooling rates.

MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
1. ingredients are fine ground, dried and blended.
2. as the mix is heated the ingredients react to become a sticky mass full of bubbles.
3. The molten mass is refined by heating to 1500 C to allow the gas to rise to the
surface and escape. The mass at this temperature is very thin and difficult to work.
4. The mass is then cooled to less than 1000 C to where it has sufficient viscosity to be
worked.
5. The glass is blown by one of three methods:
a. suction pulls the molten glob in to the form and shapes the solid glob. The glob is
placed into a second mold where it is blown into the final shape.
b. The glob is blown into a small mold to give the correct shape and then placed into
a larger mold and blown to its final shape.
c. The glob is shaped by pressing.
6. Lubrications burn off leaving a clean surface.
7. The glass enters an annealing lehr which evens out temperature differences and
seals stress fractures. They exit from the lehr at approximately 500 oC and gradually cool
down to 40oC within the next hour.

Coatings

Exterior
1. Cold vapor fogging
a. stearates very thin coatings ¼ mil
b. oleates invisible, lubricant
c. polyethylene lubricates
2. Hot surface Rx
a. Tin chloride Applied to hot glass coming from the annealing oven or
b. Titanium Chloride former, as a dry air containing vapors which harden the
surface.
- An oxide film then forms on surface.
-coating 80 μ thick
-thickness controlled to prevent iridescence
-oxide are harder than the glass
-tight bond with cold end coatings
-Mechanically protect and lubricate contact surface
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Testing:
1. visual
2. magnetic
3. electric eye
a. bubbles
b. discolorations
4. xray -fractures

Container Properties
1. increased thickness increased strength
2. 5X stronger than steel when compressed.
3. If microcracks are reduced then mechanically breakage is reduced.
Titanium, waxes and silicons are used to reduce microcrack initiation.

4. Temperature differential
Thin glass less stressless fracture
must be coated because strength is decreased
Shipping weight will also be less.
5. Glass will with stand twice the heating rate that it will in cooling.
Caps for glass

White Enamel--Epoxy-phenolic + Aluminum pigment

Sealing compounds
1. Cmpd A - Isobutylene-isoprene copolymer (grey)
2. Cmpd B - Polychloroprene + butadiene-styrene (red)
3. Cmpd C - Polychloropene + uncured isobutylene
4. Plastol (white)