PROJECT MANAGEMENT EXCELLENCE
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Cawangan Pengurusan Projek Kompleks
Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Document Ownership
Section No Section Amendment Summary
Ownership by Complex Project
Whole
Whole document Management Division (CPMD), JKR
document
Malaysia
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
PREFACE
This guideline is based on Project Management Book of Knowledge (PMBoK) and the
Practice Standard for Scheduling by the Project Management Institute (PMI), USA. It is
adapted to the introduction and development of Work Program particularly in Jabatan Kerja
Raya Malaysia.
This guideline is to serve project planner/scheduler in:-
• Developing a work scheduling used in conjunction with Microsoft Project.
• Evaluating the work program that has been submitted by the contractors/consultants.
This guide contains the:
• Steps involved in developing a work program;
• Format of work program during submission of accepted program.
• Microsoft Work program components and items that needs to be included in a work
program;
• Checklist for assessing work program submitted by contractors/consultant during planning,
progress and revision stage.
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
1.0 Introduction to Work Program Guideline 4
2.0 Overview on Work Program 5
3.0 Elements of Developing a Work program 5-7
4.0 Schedule Components 8
5.0 Guidelines on the Format of/ Work program for Submission 8
Accepted Work Program
6.0 Schedule Conformance Assessment
6.1 Assessing Work program – Planning Stage 9
6.2 Assessing Work program – Progress Stage 9
6.3 Assessing Work program – Revision Stage 9
Appendix A - Schedule Components 10 - 17
Appendix B - Checklist for Assessing Work program –
18 - 26
Planning Stage
Appendix C - Checklist for Assessing Work program –
27
Progress Stage
Appendix D – Checklist for Assessing Work program –
28
Revision Stage
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
1.0 Introduction to Work Program Guideline
Project management is one of JKR core business. In this aspect, JKR promised to deliver
the projects on time, within budget and with the specified quality. To achieve this, project
management best practices is being inculcated within JKR working environment.
Project time management is the core function of project management whereby any changes
in time will affect the success of the project. Project time management includes the
processes required to accomplish timely completion of the project. One of the tools being
used to achieve this objective is Work Program.
Work Program describes what the work is to be done, who will undertake the work
(resources) and when it should be done. The benefits of having a work program are:
• project planning and strategic analysis;
• encourages detailed thinking and planning force;
• improves communication;
• provides a goal;
• gives indication when you are off track;
• reduces delivery time;
• reduces cost;
• increases productivity;
• detects problems at early stage – to prevent, minimize and/or mitigate the impact of
schedule problems on the completion of the project and
• Enables project manager to control the project instead of the project having control of
them.
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
2.0 Overview on Work Program
The purpose of the work program is to provide a useful ‘road map’ that can be used by the
project manager and the project team to:
• Plan, monitor, and control the timely execution of the work, from the day the project
commences through each of its phases to successful completion;
• Track and monitor the progress of the project;
• Manage resources more smoothly;
• Identify and monitor dependencies and constraints between tasks to avert preventable
delays; and
• Communicate more frequently and effectively with stakeholders.
Establishing a realistic and achievable work program is one of the critical initial actions in
setting up a project.
The work program provides a graphical representation of predicted tasks, milestones,
dependencies, resource requirements, task duration and deadlines. The work program
should be detailed enough to show each Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) task to be
performed, the name of the person responsible for completing the task, the start and end
date of each task, and the expected duration of the task.
Failure to meet schedule goals is most often due to unrealistic deadlines, passive project
execution, unforeseen problems, or things overlooked in the plan.
3.0 Elements Of Developing Work Program
A Work program consists of a table of activities with their scheduled dates when activities
and milestones are to take place. In the project management profession, Work programs are
used to guide the execution of the project as well as to communicate to all participants and
contributors to the project when certain activities and events are expected to happen.
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
No. Process Description
1. Define the Project Scope Obtain a clear picture of what the scope,
Charter deliverables and tasks of the project.
2. Create WBS and Capture All Subdividing the major project
Deliverables deliverables and project work into
smaller and more manageable
components.
3. Define Activities Identifying the specific schedule
activities that need to be performed to
produce the various project deliverables
inclusive of risk mitigation measures. It
should have enough detail to reduce the
risk of forgetting important steps.
4. Define Sequence of Activities Put the tasks into order. Identify and
document the logical relationships
among schedule activities.
5. Estimate Resources for All Estimating the type and quantities of
Activities resources required to perform each
schedule activity.
6. Estimate Activity Duration Estimating the time needed to complete
individual schedule activities (based on
production rates and quantity or work).
7. Develop the Schedule Analyzing activity sequences, durations,
resource requirements, and schedule
constraints to create the work program.
8. Cost estimate and budget Estimating and distributing the cost to
WBS according to the BQ from project
contract sum.
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Successful completion of a project is heavily dependent on effective planning. A project plan
allows you to complete a project within a specified timeline and a specified budget. The work
program provides an outline structure to the project.
In short, a work program tells us how much time a project or any part of it will take.
The main steps in developing a work program are as below:
Define the Project Scope
Create a WBS & Compute All Deliverables
Define Activities
Define Sequence of Activities
Estimate Resources for all Activities
Estimate Activity Duration
Develop the Schedule
Table 1 : Description of Process
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
4.0 Schedule Components
The schedule component provides a detailed categorized list of the potential components of
a scheduling. Based on Microsoft Project, not all components are required for all projects.
Some guidance is given on those components that are required for JKR projects but the
project manager may add more components if the need arises, please refer to Appendix A.
5.0 Guidelines On The Format Of Work Program For Submission
Of Accepted Program
For all JKR projects, Work program submitted in Microsoft Project (soft and hard copy)
should consist of the followings items:
MS Project components Items To Be Included
Gantt Table ID, Indicators, WBS Code/ID, Task Name, Duration (days),
Start Date, Finish Date, Predecessor, Resource name, Cost,
Total Float
Gantt bar Bar, link, resource name, milestone
Identification of Critical Gantt Table
Activities
ID, Indicator, WBS, Task name, Duration, Start Date, Finish
(critical activities should be Date, Predecessor, Total Float/Slack
in red color)
Gantt Bar
Bar, Link, Resource name
Network Diagram
Critical activities, critical path, relationship.
Table 2: Format Of Work program Submission
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Work Program Guidelines
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6.0 Schedule Conformance Assessment
6.1 Assessing Work program – Planning Stage
Assessment of the work program during the planning stage is where the successful
contractor/consultant will submit the work program for approval.
Appendix B indicates the items that need to be assessed to ensure the work
program is complete and can be used to monitor the project later. Once approved,
the work program will be the baseline program on which the monitoring and control
of the project is based on.
Generation of the financial and physical S-curve for the project must be from the
approved baseline program.
6.2 Assessing Work program – Progress Stage
At this stage the contractor will submit the work program showing the progress of the
work.
Assessment by project manager is to verify the schedule submitted by the
contractor/consultant for progress report is correct and reasonable.
The guide is as in Appendix C.
6.3 Assessing Work program – Revision Stage
Many of projects managed by JKR experience change in scope or face constraints
that require Extension of Time (EOT). Once the changes in scope or constraint is
recognized and approved by the project manager, then the contractor/consultant
must revise the work program to reflect the changes.
Once approved, the work program will become the new baseline program on which
the monitoring and control of the project is based on.
Project manager then need to assess the revised work program to justify the
quantum of the EOT.
The guide is as in Appendix D.
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
APPENDIX A – SCHEDULING COMPONENTS
Category Components Required/Optional Remark
Calendar Activity Calendar Optional Project Calendar for
JKR project must be
Project Calendar Required
based on the
Resource Calendar Optional
Government working
days.
Constraint Expected Finish Optional
Finish Not Earlier Optional
Than
Finish Not Later Optional
Than
Finish On Optional
Mandatory Finish Optional
Date
Mandatory Start Optional Not allowed unless
Date with prior approval from
SO/PD. Constraint in
Project Start Optional
the program does not
Constraint
reflect the true situation
Project Finish Optional of the project.
Constraint
Start Not Earlier Optional
Than
Start Not Later Optional
Than
Start On Optional
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Work Program Guidelines
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Category Components Required/Optional Remark
Duration Activity Actual Required
Duration
Activity Baseline Required
Duration
Activity Remaining Optional
Duration
Project Actual Required Tasks shall be less
Duration than one month (20
Project Baseline Required working days) in
Duration duration.
Project Remaining Optional
Duration
Project Target Optional
Duration
Project Total Optional
Duration
Finish Date Activity Actual Required
Finish Date
Activity Baseline Required
Finish Date
Activity Early Finish Required
Date
Activity Late Finish Required
Date
Activity Resource Optional
Levelled Finish
Date
Activity Target Optional
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Category Components Required/Optional Remark
Finish Date
Project Actual Required
Finish Date
Project Baseline Required
Finish Date
Project Early Finish Required
Date
Project Late Finish Required
Date
Project Resource Optional
Leveled Finish Date
Project Target Optional
Finish Date
Percent Activity Duration Optional
Complete Percent Complete
Activity Physical Required
Percent Complete
Project Duration Optional
Percent Complete
Project Physical Required
Percent Complete
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Work Program Guidelines
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Category Components Required/Optional Remark
Relationship Finish to Finish Optional 1. Based on the
method statement
Finish to Start Required
and method of
Start to Finish Optional
construction
Start to Start Optional proposed.
2. There will be no
loose ends in the
scheduling logic
(every task and
milestone will have
a predecessor
except the project
start milestone;
every task and
milestone will have
a successor except
the project end
milestone.
Any of use of start-to-
start, start-to-finish, and
finish-to-finish
scheduling logic will be
accompanied by an
explanation; generally
this logic is
discouraged.
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Category Components Required/Optional Remark
Resource Driving Resources Required 1. For construction
scheduling, the
Resource Required
resources should
Assignment
be determined by
Resource Optional
the contractor, but
Availability
JKR project
Resource Optional managers must
Description check to ensure
resources are
Resource ID Optional
adequate to meet
Resource Lag Optional project
Resource Leveling Optional requirements.
Resource Optional
2. Resources, work
Library\Dictionary
and scheduling
Resource Optional
logic shall never be
Rates/Prices
associated with
Resource Type Optional summary elements
in the WBS; they
shall be tied to
tasks and
milestones only.
Start Date Activity Actual Start Required
Date
Activity Baseline Required
Start Date
Project Actual Start Required
Date
Project Baseline Required
Start Date
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Category Components Required/Optional Remark
Miscellaneous Activity Code Optional
Activity Cost Optional
Component
Activity Cost Optional
Estimate
Activity Effort Optional
Activity ID Required
Activity Label Optional
Activity Scope Optional
Definition
Assigned Quantity Optional
Baseline Data Date Optional
Critical Path Required
More than one critical
Custom Field Optional
path indicates that the
Data Date Optional work program needs to
be re-planned.
Earned Value Optional
Estimate at Optional
Completion (EAC)
Estimate to Optional
Complete (ETC)
Lag Optional
Lead Optional
Level Optional
Milestone Required
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Category Components Required/Optional Remark
Project Description Optional
Project Manager Optional
Project Name Required
Work program ID Optional
Project Version Optional The two required
Milestone for JKR is the
Summary Activity Optional
Start and Finish date as
Unit of Measure Required in Contract.
Update Cycle Required
WBS ID Required Duration unit to be
decided by SO/PD
Ensure the contractor
to update at least once
in every two weeks to
detect task slippage
early.
1. Every project
deliverable should
appear by name in
the Work
Breakdown
Structure (WBS).
2. The WBS will be
hierarchical, with
each level of the
hierarchy generally
containing between
three and seven
child items.
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Category Components Required/Optional Remark
3. The primary goal of
the WBS will be to
organize the work
so it is clear to
stakeholders and
completely defined,
not to sequence the
work; phases and
deliverables may be
overlapping in time.
Float / Slack Free Float / Slack Required Float /slack should be
used to check the
Total Float/Slack Required
critical activities.
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Appendix B
Checklist for Assessing Work program – Planning Stage
Project Elements What To Look For / best
Management practice
Process
Scope Definition Project Name The project name should be the
same name used in the contract
Project Start Date or Finish Date Start and finish date must be the
same as in the contract date.
Scheduling Pattern Check whether Forward or
Backward Scheduling – Ensure
forward scheduling is used. This
will determine the way of
scheduling and planning.
Project File Name, Folder Name, Project file name should contain
Revision No. Project Name for ease of
documentation and search.
Revision numbering to be agreed
between JKR and contractor and
should include date revised.
Type of Software and version to JKR projects usually use
run the file Microsoft Project Office - ensure
the version is compatible with the
version owned by project team
members.
Create WBS WBS List Deliverables should be broken
down to a minimum of Level 4
WBS Level
(task level).
Every single group of work
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Project Elements What To Look For / best
Management practice
Process
(summary task) will have different
level of WBS
WBS Coding System
WBS has been created completely
by expanding all sub-tasks
Work Package Acceptance Criteria for the lowest
level of each WBS must be
measurable and manageable, i.e.
duration, cost and resource can
be easily assigned to the work
package.
Work Attributes There are generally two
categories:
• Physical (Contribute to the
progress of works);
• Supporting or Level of Effort
(LOE) [Contribute financially,
but would not affect the
progress of works] e.g.
maintenance of site office,
inspection & testing, progress
report.
Total work package = Works Check this to ensure no work is
defined in the Contract Documents left out.
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Project Elements What To Look For / best
Management practice
Process
WBS Attributes can be classified Ensure:
as:
• Milestone has zero duration.
• Summary Tasks
• External dependencies such
• Sub-Tasks
as Relocation of services and
• Milestones (has zero
Land Acquisition to be
duration)
identified and can be created
• Recurring Tasks
as milestone.
• Tasks with the Split
• Identify Recurring tasks such
• Tasks with the Constraints
as monthly site meeting and
monthly progress report.
• Split task is not allowed for
JKR projects. If not,
justification is needed.
• Any constraints on task shall
not be allowed by JKR
Long Lead Items: JKR to decide whether
procurement components to be
• Proposal
included or not, depending on
• Approval
how it affect the progress of work.
• Design
This may apply to Equipment,
• Fabrication
Material, Tools, Machinery and
• Supply
etc.
• Testing (Factory Acceptance
Testing)
• Delivery/Installation
• Testing & Commissioning
• Preliminary, Provision Sum,
Design Elements – Identify the
WBS level
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Project Elements What To Look For / best
Management practice
Process
Activity Method Statement JKR to ensure all the documents
Sequencing are submitted. These documents
Method of Construction
indicate the contractors plan to
Shop Drawing
carry out the Project Works. It
Work Procedures should be the basis to check for
completeness and logic of activity
sequencing.
Predecessors Every task must have a
predecessor, except the Project
Successors
Start and recurring tasks. Every
task must have a successor,
except the Project Finish Date
and recurring tasks.
Link Type: Finish-Start (FS), Start- Check the logic of sequencing
Start (SS), Finish-Finish (FF), and realistic duration of lead/lag
Start-Finish (SF) time.
Task Constraints • Check for constraints imposed
on certain work (indicators
column).
• Query on constraints and take
appropriate action.
Network Diagram Check continuity of linkages from
Project Start to Project Finish to
ensure true Critical Paths.
Linking Pattern: sub-task to sub- Ensure there is NO linking to
task, sub-task to summary task, summary tasks. Ensure all links
sub-task to milestones and etc. pattern are logic.
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Work Program Guidelines
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Project Elements What To Look For / best
Management practice
Process
Activity Resource Resource List (Type, Group, Check contractor’s resource plan
Planning Maximum Numbers in project, job for adequacy of resource
functions) allocation, realistic productivity
rates, etc.
This is meant to check for Activity
Duration Estimate only.
Resource Allocation (Assign Use resource allocation to
resource to the task) estimate the duration of work, to
determine the resource’s
responsibility and cost estimation
for that particular work.
Only assign resource to task
(work package level)
Effort Driven Scheduling (EDS) To be agreed with the SO/PD.
EDS→Duration = Quantity /
Production Rate
Activity Duration Activity Duration Estimate (ADE) • Contractor/ consultant should
Estimate table: be able to explain the basis of
the estimate submitted.
a. Quantity of work
• Check quantity of work is as in
b. Risk identification at Work
Bill of Quantities.
Package level
• Risk includes time lapse
c. Duration entry only to Sub-
needed for test result etc.
Task level
• It is best to standardize unit of
d. In default, it means:
duration to ‘day’. Duration in
1 Day = 8 hours
‘weeks’ may result in different
1 week = 5 days
finish date due to different
1 month = 20 days interpretation of working days.
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Work Program Guidelines
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Project Elements What To Look For / best
Management practice
Process
Milestones • Check to ensure no tasks
other than milestones or
external dependencies is
assigned with ‘zero duration’.
Important to indicate dates
Duration for Summary Task will be Duration for summary task should
gathered from the sub-tasks not be ‘typed in’. It is
underneath. automatically calculated by the
program if the WBS level is done
correctly.
Length of Working Duration • Length of working duration
should not exceed one
reporting period (for
example, 30 days – for
monthly reporting).
• This rule may not be
applicable to the Supporting
Works such as Maintenance,
Supervision, Insurance
Coverage, etc.
Define Calendar • Working time should be the
standard working time.
a) Working Time (it can be
• Check to ensure contractor
Standard (8 hours working + 1
has allowed all public
hour lunch), Night shift, 24
holidays and other possible
hours working, or else
non-working days such as
determined by the Contractor)
floods seasons in the east
b) Working Day and Non-Working
coast.
Day including Public Holiday,
Monsoon season and etc.
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Project Elements What To Look For / best
Management practice
Process
(which was unable to work)
c) Assumption (calendar days in
distant years ahead)
Schedule a) Initial Work Program Ensure program contains the
Development required information as in
b) Accepted Work Program
Appendix A.
c) Updated Work Program
(tracking or forecasting)
Presentation Format – Gantt Chart Printed copy should include
information of project, such as:
(Gantt Table + Gantt Bar)
a) Project Name
b) Revision Number
c) Legend
d) File Name
e) Initial/Accepted/Updated
Program
Softcopy shall be submitted to SO
Information in Gantt Table area Ensure the table has the following
items:
ID; Indicator ; WBS Code ; Task
Name; Duration ; Start ; Finish ;
Predecessors; Cost / Contract
Sum ; Total Slack; Notes (Special
Remarks)
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Project Elements What To Look For / best
Management practice
Process
Information in Gantt Bar area Ensure the information in Gantt
Bar area are as follow:
Summary Task ; Sub-Task ;
Milestones; Critical / Non-Critical ;
Resource Name; Critical Activities
Summary (Program Filtered for
only Critical Tasks)
Working Logic Check that tasks must be
connected from Project Start to
Project Finish unless there is
external Dependency appeared in
the Project.
Supporting Details Check Total Float / Slack. Ensure
no negative float.
Negative Float in Work Program • Negative float means the
contractor does not have
enough time to finish the
works and therefore is NOT
accepted.
Program review • Review of Work Program
need to be carried out before
the approval.
Cost Budgeting Cost Estimating • Total cost estimate for the
whole project must equal to
project’s contract sum.
• Cost to be entered in fixed
cost column (not at total cost
column) at the task level.
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Project Elements What To Look For / best
Management practice
Process
• No cost estimation for
milestone and external
dependency.
Financial S-Curve (x axis time, • Ensure that the Financial S-
y axis cost (or converted to curve is generated from the
percentage) Accepted Program.
Study and analyze the Financial • 10% planned for the 1st half
S-Curve to ensure the followings at of the project, 90% at 2nd half
high level (Overall Management):
– is it logic/acceptable?
i. Logic
• Equipment installation at the
ii. Workability beginning of project to
increase the planned value
iii. Continuity (work contour)
– can claim more at the
iv. Manageable and track able
beginning of the project. Is it
workable?
• Work and Resources are
arranged appropriately and
logically (follow work
contour)
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Work Program Guidelines
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Appendix C
Checklist for Assessing Work program – Progress Stage
Project Elements What To Look For / best
Management practice
Process
Project Monitoring Baseline Check whether the baseline is as
per accepted baseline.
Status Date Check the status date whether it
is as per request.
Scheduled Progress (Financial, • Check the schedule progress
Physical, Work) based on the status date.
• Shall be updated based on
accepted baseline.
• Additional columns shall be
created to store schedule
data.
Actual Progress Tracking • Ensure actual start and finish
(Financial, Physical) dates are updated after
updating % complete.
• Shall be verified by the
Supervision Team.
Identify Variances (Financial, • Check cost variance
Physical, Finish) (financial)
• Check duration variance
(physical)
• Check finish variance
(Project finish date)
Gantt Chart view (all 6 columns are • Actual Start
mandatory for monitoring of • Actual Finish
progress) • Schedule %
• Actual %
• Schedule Cost
• Actual Cost
Appendix D
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Work Program Guidelines
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Checklist for Assessing Work program – Revision Stage
Project Elements What To Look For / best
Management practice
Process
Revision of Work Revision due to change in scope • Ensure correction,
Program improvement & re-planning
of schedule is carried out,
the process shall be
repeated as in Appendix C.
• Program to be saved as new
baseline.
Revision due to change in project • Contractors shall propose
duration. based upon approved EOT.
• Program to be saved as new
baseline.
Revision due to contractor’s delay • Check for schedule
(Recovery Plan). compression (fast tracking &
crashing) and overtime.
• Program to be saved as an
extension to the existing
baseline (eg. Baseline 1_1)
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