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Work, Power, and Energy Revision Notes

Work is defined as the dot product of force and displacement. Work is positive when force and displacement are in the same direction and negative when they are in opposite directions. Power is defined as the rate at which work is done and has units of joules per second or watts. Equilibrium conditions include stable equilibrium where potential energy is at a minimum and the second derivative is positive, and unstable equilibrium where potential energy is at a maximum and the second derivative is negative.

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159 views2 pages

Work, Power, and Energy Revision Notes

Work is defined as the dot product of force and displacement. Work is positive when force and displacement are in the same direction and negative when they are in opposite directions. Power is defined as the rate at which work is done and has units of joules per second or watts. Equilibrium conditions include stable equilibrium where potential energy is at a minimum and the second derivative is positive, and unstable equilibrium where potential energy is at a maximum and the second derivative is negative.

Uploaded by

smrutirekha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Revision Notes on Work, Power and Energy

 Work:- Work done W is defined as the dot product of force F and displacement s.

Here θ is the angle between and .


Work done by the force is positive if the angle between force and displacement is acute (0°<θ<90°) as
cos θ is positive. This signifies, when the force and displacement are in same direction, work done is
positive. This work is said to be done upon the body.
 When the force acts in a direction at right angle to the direction of displacement (cos90° = 0), no work is

done (zero work).


 Work done by the force is negative if the angle between force and displacement is obtuse (90 °<θ<180°) as
cosθ is negative. This signifies, when the force and displacement are in opposite direction, work done is
negative. This work is said to be done by the body.
 Work done by a variable force:-
If applied force F is not a constant force, then work done by this force in moving the body from
position A to B will be,

Here ds is the small displacement.


 Units: The unit of work done in S.I is joule (J) and in C.G.S system is erg.
1J = 1 N.m , 1 erg = 1 dyn.cm
 Relation between Joule and erg:- 1 J = 107 erg
 Power:-The rate at which work is done is called power and is defined as,
P = W/t = F.s/v = F.v
Here s is the distance and v is the speed.
 Instantaneous power in terms of mechanical energy:- P = dE/dt

 Units: The unit of power in S.I system is J/s (watt) and in C.G.S system is erg/s.
 Equilibrium Conditions:
(a) Condition for equilibrium, dU/dx = 0
(b) For stable equilibrium,
U(x) = minimum,
dU/dx = 0,
d2U/dx2 = +ve
(c) For unstable equilibrium,
U(x) = maximum
dU/dx = 0
d2U/dx2 = -ve
(d) For neutral equilibrium,
U(x) = constant
dU/dx = 0
d2U/dx2 = 0
collision

 Points to be Notice:-
(i) The maximum transfer energy occurs if m1= m2
(ii) If Ki is the initial kinetic energy and Kf is the final kinetic energy of mass m1, the
fractional decrease in kinetic energy is given by,
Ki – Kf / Ki = 1- v12/u21
Further, if m2 = nm1 and u2 = 0, then,
Ki – Kf / Ki = 4n/(1+n)2

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