SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

SYSTEM

 is an organized set of related components established a certain task.

 A computer system is a system that has a computer as one of its components

CLIENT AND USER

 Client – is the person or organization contracting to have the work done

 Users – are the people who will have contact with the system , usually employees and
customers

SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE

 is an organizational process of developing and maintaining systems.

 It helps in establishing a system project plan, because it gives overall list of processes and sub-
processes required developing a system.

 It was combination of various activities.

 In the System Analysis and Design terminology, the system development life cycle means
software development life cycle.

Different Phases of Software Development Cycle

 System study

 Feasibility study

 System analysis

 System design

 Coding

 Testing

 Implementation

 Maintenance
SYSTEM STUDY

 This gives a clear picture of what actually the physical system is? • In practice, the system study
is done in two phases. In the first phase, the preliminary survey of the system is done which
helps in identifying the scope of the system. The second phase of the system study is more
detailed and in-depth study in which the identification of user’s requirement and the limitations
and problems of the present system are studied.

 After completing the system study, a system proposal is prepared by the System Analyst (who
studies the system) and placed before the user.

 The proposed system contains the findings of the present system and recommendations to
overcome the limitations and problems of the present system in the light of the user’s
requirements.

SYSTEM STUDY PHASE

 problem identification and project initiation

 background analysis

 inference or findings

FEASIBILITY STUDY

 On the basis of result of the initial study, feasibility study takes place.

 The feasibility study is basically the test of the proposed system in the light of its workability,
meeting user’s requirements, effective use of resources and .of course, the cost effectiveness.

 The main goal of feasibility study is not to solve the problem but to achieve the scope.

 In the process of feasibility study, the cost and benefits are estimated with greater accuracy

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 Assuming that a new system is to be developed, the next phase is system analysis.

 Analysis involved a detailed study of the current system, leading to specifications of a new
system.

 Analysis is a detailed study of various operations performed by a system and their relationships
within and outside the system.

 During analysis, data are collected on the available files, decision points and transactions
handled by the present system.

 Interviews, on-site observation and questionnaire are the tools used for system analysis.
STEPS IN SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 Keeping in view the problems and new requirements

 Workout the pros and cons including new areas of the system

All procedures, requirements must be analyzed and documented in the form of detailed data flow
diagrams (DFDs), data dictionary, logical data structures and miniature specifications. System Analysis
also includes sub-dividing of complex process involving the entire system, identification of data store
and manual processes.

SYSTEM DESIGN

Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of a new system, the new system must be
designed. It is a most crucial phase in the development of a system. Normally, the design proceeds in
two stages

 preliminary or general design

 Structure or detailed design

PRELIMINARY OR GENERAL DESIGN:

 the features of the new system are specified.

 The costs of implementing these features and the benefits to be derived are estimated. If the
project is still considered to be feasible, we move to the detailed design stage

STRUCTURE OR DETAILED DESIGN

 computer oriented work begins in earnest.

 the design of the system becomes more structured.

 it is a blue print of a computer system solution to a given problem having the same components
and inter-relationship among the same components as the original problem.

 Input, output and processing specifications are drawn up in detail. The programming language
and the platform in which the new system will run are also decided.

SEVERAL TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED FOR DESIGNING:

 Flowchart  Data dictionary

 Data flow diagram (DFDs)  Structured English

 Decision table

 Decision tree
CODING

 After designing the new system, the whole system is required to be converted into computer
understanding language.

 It is an important stage where the defined procedure are transformed into control specifications
by the help of a computer language.

 This is also called the programming phase in which the programmer converts the program
specifications into computer instructions, which we refer as programs.

 The programs coordinate the data movements and control the entire process in a system.

 It is generally felt that the programs must be modular in nature. This helps in fast development,
maintenance and future change, if required.

TESTING

 Before actually implementing the new system into operations, a test run of the system is done
removing all the bugs, if any.

 It is an important phase of a successful system.

 After codifying the whole programs of the system, a test plan should be developed and run on a
given set of test data.

 The output of the test run should match the expected results

TYPE OF TESTING

 Unit test

 System test

UNIT TEST

 When the programs have been coded and compiled and brought to working conditions, they
must be individually tested with the prepared test data.

 Any undesirable happening must be noted and debugged (error corrections).

SYSTEM TEST

 After carrying out the unit test for each of the programs of the system and when errors are
removed, then system test is done.

 At this stage the test is done on actual data.

 The complete system is executed on the actual data.

 In such case, the errors in the particular programs are identified and are fixed and further tested
for the expected output.

When it is ensured that the system is running error-free, the users are called with their own actual
data so that the system could be shown running as per their requirements

IMPLEMENTATION

 After having the user acceptance of the new system developed, the implementation phase
begins.

 Implementation is the stage of a project during which theory is turned into practice.

 During this phase, all the programs of the system are loaded onto the user's computer.

 After loading the system, training of the users starts

TYPES OF TRAINING ARE:

 After having the user acceptance of the new system developed, the implementation phase
begins.

 Implementation is the stage of a project during which theory is turned into practice.

 During this phase, all the programs of the system are loaded onto the user's computer.

 After loading the system, training of the users starts

Two strategies are followed for running the system:

 Parallel run

 Pilot run

PARALLEL RUN

 In such run for a certain defined period, both the systems i.e. computerised and manual are
executed in parallel. This strategy is helpful because of the following:

 Manual results can be compared with the results of the computerised system.

 Failure of the computerised system at the early stage, does not affect the working of the
organization, because the manual system continues to work, as it used to do.
PILOT RUN

 In this type of run, the new system is installed in parts.

 Some part of the new system is installed first and executed successfully for considerable time
period.

 When the results are found satisfactory then only other parts are implemented.

 This strategy builds the confidence and the errors are traced easily.

MAINTENANCE

 is necessary to eliminate errors in the system during its working life and to tune the system to
any variations in its working environment.

 It has been seen that there are always some errors found in the system that must be noted and
corrected.

 It also means the review of the system from time to time.

THE REVIEW OF THE SYSTEM IS DONE FOR:

 knowing the full capabilities of the system

 knowing the required changes or the additional requirements

 studying the performance

If a major change to a system is needed, a new project may have to be set up to carry out the change.
The new project will then proceed through all the above life cycle phases.