*Special Thanks to Marianne Dunne of the Cambridge Public School District

Soil Microbes
Purpose

To understand that millions of microorganisms live in a handful of soil and these

Overview

Various types of organisms and microorganisms live in soil. Moles, groundhogs, prarie dogs, and
others of moderate size churn up the soil while making tunnels and burrows. Some
microorganisms also burrow and channel through soil, which improves soil structure and
aggregation, while other microorganisms have the ability to break down resistant organic
matter such as lignin, toxins, and pesticides. Microorganisms also have the ability to protect
plants from antagonistic pathogens and some can dissolve minerals, making nutrients available
to plants.

Earthworms are like "Nature's Tillers". They incorporate dead organic matter into soil, ingest
it, and excrete the nutrient rich casts on to and in soil. Earthworms improve aeration, water
infiltration, drainage, and they enhance nutrient availability and cycling. Dung Beetles and
Termites also incorporate dead organic matter into soil.

Fungi are able to break down resistant materials such as cellulose, gums, and lignin. They
dominate in acidic, sandy soils and in fresh organic matter.

Actinomycetes also are able to decompose resistant substances in soil. One type, Frankia,
help plants get nutrients needed from the air by breaking triple bonded nitrogen down into
ammonium that plants can use. Antibiotics are made from soil Actinomycetes.

Bacteria decompose a wider range of earth material than any other microbe group.
Heterotrophs gain their energy and Carbon from other organisms, while Autotrophs
synthesize their own energy from light or by chemical oxidation. Some bacteria can fix
nitrogen in to forms plants can use.

How quickly decomposition of dead organic matter occurs depends on soil temperature and
soil moisture.

Without the microorganisms, dead organic matter would pile high on Earth's surface.
*Special Thanks to Marianne Dunne of the Cambridge Public School District

Time

15-30 minutes to perform initial activity steps. Then 30 minutes, once each week for four
weeks, to observe changes, make comparisons, and write down observations.

Level

Beginner to Advanced

Key Concepts

Microorganisms live in soil and decompose organic matter and detritus in various ways.
Microorganisms differ in size and composition
Microorganisms improve soil structure
Microorganisms release nutrients from organic matter during decomposition, some dissolve
minerals to release nutrients, while other microorganisms bring subsurface soil, and
nutrients, to the surface for plants to use.
Some microorganisms form a symbiotic relationship with plants: they get sugars from plants
and they help plants get nutrients from organic matter.
Some protect plants from antagonistic pathogens
Some microorganisms can break down toxins and pesticides in soil, which prevents toxins and
pesticides from entering into the groundwater
Without microorganisms, the surface of earth would be piled high with dead organic matter
Skills

Identifying the different types of microorganisms and where microorganisms live in the
natural environment
Understanding that their ability to break down dead organic matter, minerals, and toxins
which results in the release of nutrients and the improvement of water quality
Understanding competition exists between microorganisms and as a result some form
symbiotic relationships with plants to get sugars, while providing a source of nutrients
for plant roots.
Applying this knowledge to what occurs in the natural environment (e.g. fallen leaves pile up,
but over time they become wet from rainfall, become compacted, and available for
microorganisms to decompose the organic matter).
Acknowledging the importance of microorganisms in the environment and what would happen
to Earth's surface and plant vitality without them
Materials and Tools

2 Handfuls of grass clippings

2 zip-closing plastic bags

Conduct a discussion about microbes, their composition, what they do, and where they are
found in the natural environment. Discuss the decomposition of dead organic matter, toxins
and pesticides. Discuss their relationship with plants, the importance of microorganisms, and
what would occur if they were not present in the food chain.

Background

The existence of soil is a primary component in the decompostion of dead organic matter. Soil
needs to be at a minimum temperature and moisture level for active decomposition to occur.
Air must be available for microorganisms to respire and decompose the dead organic matter.
Over time, dead organic matter is reduced in size and volume, continually keeping Earth's
surface clear of dead debris.

Composting is the process through which microbes in soil transform dead organic material,
such as dead plants and animals, into humus. Humus is an important source of soil nutrients.
Gardeners make compost piles by placing layers of kitchen scraps and dead plants in between
layers of garden soil. The soil provides a place for soil microbes to live and to decompose dead
organic matter. Earthworms contribute by helping to digest the dead organic matter and
excreting it as casts which are also rich in nutrients.

Preparation

Go out to a freshly mowed yard and gather grass clippings.

1. Place one handful of grass clippings in each of two plastic bags.

2. In one bag, add a cup of fresh potting soil and mix well. In the other, leave the clippings as
they are. Seal both bags.

3. With a pencil, carefully poke 5-10 air holes in each side of each plastic bag. Be careful not
to poke yourself.
*Special Thanks to Marianne Dunne of the Cambridge Public School District

4. Place the bags in a dark place. Once each week, open the bags and add a teaspoon of water.

5. After one week open the bags and look inside. Look closely at the grass. Aside from being
dirty in the soil bag, does the grass in either bag look like it has changed from when you
placed it in the bag initially? Write down your observations. Close the bags and put them back
into a dark place.

6. After one more week, open the bags and look closely again at the grass in each bag.
Compare what you see. Write down your observations. Close the bags and put them back into a
dark place.

7. Continue to observe the bags for the next few weeks. Write down your observations and
explain what you think is happening to the grass, and what is going on in the soil.

class investigation- What has happened to the grass that was initially placed in the soil? What
happened to the grass without soil? Over time, what is occuring to the grass in the soil? What
is occuring to grass that has no soil? What factor does air, water, and temperature play in
the decomposition process? If the air, water, and temperature levels are low what do you
think will happen or wont happen to the grass, soil, and microorganisms living in the soil?

Further Investigations

Study microorganisms in more detail. Get books from the library and search on the Internet
for interesting facts and information about microorganisms.

Make a school compost pile using appropriate lunch scraps (not including jello, cookies, etc!)

Plan a school garden and use the compost material you have "made" to fertilize your crops,
like farmers do.

Student Assessment

Students should know that soil is a key component in the decomposition of dead organic
matter, as soil is the microorganisms habitat and without soil organic matter
decomposition would not occur.
Students should be able to understand that soil air, soil moisture, and soil temperature
determine the ability of and rate of decomposition.
Students should be able to understand that microorganisms are part of the food chain, they
play a key role in the appearance of Earth's surface, they help protect plants from
pathogens and help plants obtain nutrients , and they are capable of breaking down
harmful toxins and pesticides. Some microorganisms help humans and animals fight off
*Special Thanks to Marianne Dunne of the Cambridge Public School District

diseases.

Acknowledgments:

Adapted from From Grass to Soil- Let Microbes Toil , WonderScience magazine on soil
science. Also adapted from L.J. Johnson. 1979. Introductory Soil Science: A Study Guide and
Laboratory Manual., MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., N.Y.