Shading devices are purpose built devices to protect from the sunlight, from natural light, or

screening them from view. Shading devices can form part of the facade or can be mounted inside
the building, they can be fixed or operable.

NOTE Also other building elements such as protruding slabs or balconies can act as shading devices. Those
elements however have another primary purpose and are defined as IfcSlab or by other subtypes of
IfcBuildingElement. The particular additional purpose as a shading device is provided by assigning the property set
Pset_ElementShading to those building elements.
Reduce building peak heat gain and cooling requirements and improve the natural lighting
quality of building interiors. They also improve user visual comfort by controlling glare and
reducing contrast ratios, which leads to increased user satisfaction and productivity.
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How To Design A Shading Device ?

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By Ishan Jain on February 22, 2017 Bachelors, Basic Questions, Basic Questions, General
Architecture

Shading devices are used in order to reduce heat gain in a building, moreover two common
strategies are adopted for the same namely, facade shading and fenestration [Link] shading
devices are any mechanical equipment or textiles that are used internally or externally or in both.
The primary objective is to create a soothing micro-climate which is cool in the summers and
warm in the winters.
  Facade Shading

It is always advisable to block direct heat gain in a building by means of external shading
devices or facade shading. If the critical surface of the facade can be shaded the cooling load can
be reduced drastically .It is observed in sun path analysis that maximum heat occurs through
roof, then walls to the west and east. Therefore, these facades need appropriate shading devices
that can cut incident radiation. The western and eastern walls of buildings are subjected to very
low angle solar radiation due to lower altitude position of [Link] vertical shading is
required in these [Link] are various types of facade shading techniques some of which are
as follows –

1. Roof Pergola
2. Space Frame
3. False Wall / Jaali
4. Green Wall
5. Window pergola
  Fenestration Shading

It is very important to shade the fenestrations in a building as it is a major source of heat gain in
a [Link] of external shading devices is a efficient way to prevent unwanted heat gain
during summers. However the shading device need to be optimized according to the sun path,
solar angle, so that it can keep the summer heat away and winter sunshine in .

There are many types of shading devices used for fenestration shading broadly classified as –

1. Vertical Type (V)

2. Horizontal Type (H)
3. Mixed (M)

 Method of Shading Design

Two methods for appropriate shading device for fenestration are –

1. Sun Path Analysis

2. Use Of Shading Norms
The design of any shading device, particularly horizontal shades, depends greatly on the exact
path of the Sun through the sky. Thus, shading device strategies need to be tailored to the
orientation of each window. Whilst some orientations are easy to shade, others are much more
difficult as the Sun can be almost direct-on at certain times of the day.

The table below indicates the appropriate types of shading device for use on each orientation of a
building.

ORIENTATION EFFECTIVE SHADING

Equator-facing Fixed Horizontal Device
East Vertical Device/Louvres (moveable)
Pole-facing Not required
West Vertical Device/Louvres (moveable)

 Sun Path Analysis

The main aim of sun path analysis is to find out critical window angles or shadow angles on
respective fenestrations in order to calculate the appropriate depth of shading devices, the angle
of incident radiation of sun i relation to building elevation must be [Link] angle of
incidence on the vertical surface is represented by following two components.

1. Horizontal Shadow Angle (HSA)

2. Vertical Shadow Angle (VSA)

The performance of shading devices is specified by these two angles, and both of these are
measured from a line perpendicular to elevation.
Horizontal Shading Angle (HSA) characterizes a vertical shading device. It is a angle between
the wall normal and the line joining the outer edge of the vertical shade to the center of the wall
normal. The horizontal shadow angle (HSA) is relevant for vertical shading devices such as fins.
It is easy to determine: It’s theangle between the normal of the window pane and the azimuth of
the sun.

The calculation is also performed only for a certain period during the day, typically near solar
noon since that is when it’s most important to increase solar gain in the winter and reduce gain in
the summer (because the sun is most intense then). In fact, it is not usually possible to design a
horizontal overhang that works in the early morning or late afternoon because the sun is low in
the sky in both the summer and winter.
Vertical Shading Angle (VSA) characterizes a horizontal shading device. It is the angle between
the wall normal with the line joining the outer edge of horizontal shade to the center of
[Link] vertical shadow angle (VSA) is a little bit more difficult. If we imagine a virtual
plane between the bottom left-hand and right-hand corners of the window and the sun, then the
VSA is the angle this plane formes with the ground plane. The VSA is required when designing
horizontal shading devices such as overhangs.

The vertical exterior louver and egg-crate solar shading devices, are primarily useful for east and
west exposures. These devices also improve the insulation value of glass in winter months by
acting as a windbreak.
  Shading Design with help of HSA and VSA

Once the required horizontal or vertical window angles are calculated, it is easy to determine the
size of shading [Link] the figure below , the required horizontal window angle H is shown. Ab
is the resulting vertical louver normal to wall. Ab can also be replaced by an inclined louver AC
without any effect on masking angle AB. The size of inclined louver AC is less than that of
normal louver AB.
 Use of Table

1. P- It denotes the outward projection of louver system perpendicular to wall. All other
dimensions are given in terms of P.
2. B _ It is the angle of inclination of louver away from normal to the wall. A value of B=0
signifies vertical or horizontal louver normal to wall.
3. Spacing- It is horizontal or vertical distance between corresponding points of adjacent
vertical or horizontal lovers [Link] the same value of P , it always increases
with increase in angle of inclination of louver.
4. The spacing between individual louvers is given in terms of their outward projection for
various angles of inclination, the net performance remains unaltered.