Raspberry

The raspberry is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant species in the genus Rubus
of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus Idaeobatus; the name also
applies to these plants themselves. Raspberries areperennial with woody stems.

Contents
Etymology
Red-fruited raspberries
Species
Cultivation
Major cultivars
Selected cultivars
Diseases and pests
Production
Uses
Fruit
Nutrients
Phytochemicals
Leaves
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Etymology
Raspberry derives its name from raspise, "a sweet rose-colored wine" (mid-15th century), from the Anglo-Latin vinum raspeys, or
from raspoie, meaning "thicket", of Germanic origin.[1] The name may have been influenced by its appearance as having a rough
surface related to Old Englishrasp or "rough berry".[1]

Species
Examples of raspberry species inRubus subgenus Idaeobatus include:

Rubus crataegifolius (Asian raspberry)

Rubus gunnianus (Tasmanian alpine raspberry)
Rubus idaeus (red raspberry or European raspberry)
Rubus leucodermis (Whitebark or Western raspberry, Blue raspberry, Black raspberry)
Rubus occidentalis (Black raspberry)
Rubus parvifolius (Australian native raspberry)
Rubus phoenicolasius (Wine raspberry or Wineberry)
Rubus rosifolius (Mauritius raspberry)
Rubus strigosus (American red raspberry) (syn.R. idaeus var. strigosus)
Rubus ellipticus (Yellow Himalayan Raspberry)
Several species of Rubus, also called raspberries, are classified in other subgenera, including:
 Rubus deliciosus (Boulder raspberry, subgenus
Anoplobatus)
Rubus odoratus (Flowering raspberry, subgenus
Anoplobatus)
Rubus nivalis (Snow raspberry, subgenus Chamaebatus)
Rubus arcticus (Arctic raspberry, subgenus Cyclactis)
Rubus sieboldii (Molucca raspberry, subgenus
Malachobatus)

Cultivation
Various kinds of raspberries can be cultivated from hardiness zones 3
to 9.[2] Raspberries are traditionally planted in the winter as dormant Fruit of four species of raspberry. Clockwise from
canes, although planting of tender, plug plants produced by tissue top left: Boulder raspberry, Korean raspberry,
Australian native raspberry, Mauritius raspberry
culture has become much more common. A specialized production
system called "long cane production" involves growing canes for a
year in a northern climate such as Scotland or Oregon or Washington, where the
chilling requirement for proper bud break is attained, or attained earlier than the
ultimate place of planting. These canes are then dug, roots and all, to be replanted in
warmer climates such as Spain, where they quickly flower and produce a very early
season crop. Plants are typically planted 2-6 per m in fertile, well drained soil;
raspberries are usually planted in raised beds/ridges, if there is any question about
root rot problems.

All cultivars of raspberries have perennial roots but, many do not have perennial Purple-fruited raspberry hybrids
shoots. In fact, most raspberries have shoots that are biennial (meaning shoots grow
in the first growing season and fruits grow off of those shoots during the second
growing season).[3] The flowers can be a major nectar source for honeybees and
other pollinators.

Raspberries are vigorous and can be locally invasive. They propagate using basal
shoots (also known as suckers), extended underground shoots that develop roots and
individual plants. They can sucker new canes some distance from the main plant.
For this reason, raspberries spread well, and can take over gardens if left unchecked.
Raspberries are often propagated using cuttings, and will root readily in moist soil
Flowering cultivated raspberry
conditions.

The fruit is harvested when it comes off the receptacle easily and has turned a deep
color (red, black, purple, or golden yellow,depending on the species and cultivar). This is when the fruits are ripest and sweetest.

High tunnel bramble production offers the opportunity to bridge gaps in availability during late fall and late spring.Furthermore, high
tunnels allow less hardy floricane-fruiting raspberries to overwinter in climates where they wouldn't otherwise survive. In the tunnel
[4]
plants are established at close spacing usually prior to tunnel construction.

Major cultivars
Raspberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world. Many of the most important
modern commercial red raspberry cultivars derive from hybrids between R. idaeus and R. strigosus.[2] Some botanists consider the
Eurasian and American red raspberries to belong to a single, circumboreal species, Rubus idaeus, with the European plants then
classified as either R. idaeus subsp. idaeus or R. idaeus var. idaeus, and the native North American red raspberries classified as either
R. idaeus subsp. strigosus, or R. idaeus var. strigosus. Recent breeding has resulted in cultivars that are thornless and more strongly
upright, not needing staking.
 The black raspberry, Rubus occidentalis, is also cultivated, providing both fresh and
frozen fruit, as well as jams, preserves, and other products, all with that species'
distinctive flavor.

Purple raspberries have been produced by horticultural hybridization of red and

black raspberries, and have also been found in the wild in a few places (for example,
in Vermont) where the American red and the black raspberries both grow naturally.
Commercial production of purple-fruited raspberries is rare.
Fruits of a golden or yellow raspberry
cultivar Blue raspberry is a local name used in Prince Edward County, Ontario, Canada[5]
for the cultivar 'Columbian', a hybrid (purple raspberry) of R. strigosus and R.
occidentalis.[6]

Fruits from such plants are called golden raspberries or yellow raspberries; despite their similar appearance, they retain the distinctive
flavor of their respective species (red or black). Most pale-fruited raspberries commercially sold in the eastern United States are
derivatives of red raspberries. Yellow-fruited variants of the black raspberry are sometimes grown in home gardens.

Red raspberries have also been crossed with various species in other subgenera of the genus Rubus, resulting in a number of hybrids,
the first of which was the loganberry. Later notable hybrids include boysenberry (a multi-generation hybrid), and tayberry.
Hybridization between the familiar cultivated red raspberries and a few Asiatic species of
Rubus has also been achieved.

Selected cultivars
Numerous raspberry cultivars have been selected.

Two types of raspberry are available for commercial and domestic cultivation; the
summer-bearing type produces an abundance of fruit on second-year canes
(floricanes) within a relatively short period in midsummer, and double or
"everbearing" plants, which also bear some fruit on first-year canes (primocanes) in
the late summer and fall, as well as the summer crop on second-year canes. Those
marked (AGM) have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden
Merit.

Red, early summer fruiting

Boyne
Fertödi Venus
Rubin Bulgarski
Cascade Dawn Fruits of Rubus 'Wyoming', a purple
Glen Clova raspberry cultivar
Glen Moy (AGM)[7]
Killarney
Malahat
Malling Exploit
Malling Jewel (AGM)[8]
Titan
Willamette

Red, midsummer

Cuthbert
Glen Ample (AGM)[9]
Glen Prosen (AGM)[10]
Lloyd George
 Meeker
Newburgh
Ripley
Skeena
Cowichan
Chemainus
Saanich

Red, late summer

Cascade Delight Young leaves of 'Glen Prosen', a red

Coho cultivar
Fertödi Rubina
Leo (AGM)[11]
Malling Admiral (AGM)[12]
Octavia
Schoenemann
Tulameen

Red, primocane, fall, autumn fruiting

Amity
Augusta
Autumn Bliss (AGM)[13]
Joan J. (Thornless)
Caroline
Fertödi Kétszertermö
'Schönemann'
Heritage
Imara
Josephine
Kwanza
Kweli
Mapema
Rafiki
Ripley
Summit
Zeva Herbsternte

Gold/Yellow, primocane, fall, autumn fruiting

Anne Golden Queen

Fallgold Honey Queen
Fertödi Aranyfürt Jambo
Goldenwest Kiwi Gold

Purple

Brandywine Royalty
Glencoe

Black

Black Hawk Munger

Bristol Ohio Everbearer
Cumberland Scepter
Jewel
Diseases and pests
Raspberries are sometimeseaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths). Botrytis cinerea, or gray mold, is
a common fungal infection of raspberries and other soft fruit under wet conditions. It is seen as a gray mold growing on the
raspberries, and particularly affects fruit which are bruised, as it provides an easy entrance point for the spores.

Raspberry plants should not be planted where potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, or bulbs have previously been grown, without
prior fumigation of the soil. These crops are hosts for the disease Verticillium wilt, a fungus that can stay in the soil for many years
and can infest the raspberry crop.

Production
In 2016, total world production of raspberries was 795,249 tonnes, with Russia supplying 21% (164,602 tonnes) (table). Other major
producers were the United States (17%),Poland (16%), and Mexico (14%) (table).[14]

Raspberry production – 2016

Production
Country (thousands
of tonnes)

Russia 165

United States 138

Poland 129

Mexico 113

Serbia 62

World 795
Worldwide raspberry yield
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[14]

Uses
Raspberries, raw
Fruit
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Raspberries are grown for the fresh fruit market and for commercial processing
Energy 220 kJ (53 kcal)
into individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or as dried fruit used in a
variety of grocery products such asraspberry pie. Traditionally, raspberries were a Carbohydrates 11.94 g
midsummer crop, but with new technology, cultivars, and transportation, they can Sugars 4.42 g
now be obtained year-round. Raspberries need ample sun and water for optimal
Dietary fiber 6.5 g
development. Raspberries thrive in well-drained soil with a pH between 6 and 7 Fat 0.65 g
with ample organic matter to assist in retaining water.[15] While moisture is Protein 1.2 g
essential, wet and heavy soils or excess irrigation can bring on Phytophthora root Vitamins Quantity%DV†
rot, which is one of the most serious pest problems facing the red raspberry. As a Thiamine (B1) 0.032 mg 3%
cultivated plant in moist, temperate regions, it is easy to grow and has a tendency Riboflavin (B2) 0.038 mg 3%
to spread unless pruned. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, Niacin (B3) 0.598 mg 4%
spread by seeds found in bird droppings. Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.329 mg 7%
Vitamin B6 0.055 mg 4%
An individual raspberry weighs 3–5 g (0.11–0.18 oz), and is made up of around
Folate (B9) 21 μg 5%
100 drupelets,[16] each of which consists of a juicy pulp and a single central seed.
Choline 12.3 mg 3%
A raspberry bush can yield several hundred berries a year. Unlike blackberries
Vitamin C 26.2 mg 32%
and dewberries, a raspberry has a hollow core once it is removed from the
Vitamin E 0.87 mg 6%
receptacle.
Vitamin K 7.8 μg 7%
Nutrients Vitamin K 7.8 μg 7%
Minerals Quantity%DV†
Raw raspberries are 86% water, 12% carbohydrates, and have about 1% each of
Calcium 25 mg 3%
protein and fat (table). In a 100 gram amount, raspberries supply 53 calories and
Iron 0.69 mg 5%
6.5 grams of dietary fiber.
Magnesium 22 mg 6%
The aggregate fruit structure contributes to raspberry's nutritional value, as it Manganese 0.67 mg 32%
increases the proportion of dietary fiber, which is among the highest known in Phosphorus 29 mg 4%
whole foods, up to 6% fiber per total weight.[17] Raspberries are a rich source Potassium 151 mg 3%
(20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C (32% DV), manganese (32% Zinc 0.42 mg 4%
DV) and dietary fiber (26% DV) (table). Raspberries are a low-glycemic index Other constituents Quantity
food, with total sugar content of only 4% and nostarch.[17] Water 85.8 g

Link to USDA Database entry

Phytochemicals
Units
Raspberries contain phytochemicals, such as anthocyanin pigments, ellagic acid, μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
ellagitannins, quercetin, gallic acid, cyanidins, pelargonidins, catechins, IU = International units
kaempferol and salicylic acid.[18][19] Yellow raspberries and others with pale- †Percentages are roughly approximated
colored fruits are lower in anthocyanin content.[18] Both yellow and red using US recommendations for adults.
raspberries contain carotenoids, mostly lutein esters, but these are masked by Source: USDA Nutrient Database
anthocyanins in red raspberries.[20]

af human health.[21]
Raspberry compounds are under preliminary research for their potential to fect

Leaves
Raspberry leaves can be used fresh or dried in herbal teas, providing an astringent flavor. In herbal and traditional medicine,
[22]
raspberry leaves are used for some remedies, although there is no scientifically valid evidence to support their medicinal use.

See also
Blue raspberry flavor
Chambord (liqueur)
Framboise
List of culinary fruits
Raspberry ketone
Raspberry juice
Red raspberry leaf (herb)
Raspberry pie

References
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Further reading
Funt, R.C. / Hall, H.K. (2012).Raspberries (Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI.ISBN 978-1-84593-791-
1

External links
Media related to Raspberry at Wikimedia Commons
"Raspberry" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). 1911.
Raspberries & More (University of Illinois Extension)

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