Siri e-Kuliah PPPJJ, USM
JUE 100
Preparatory English
Dr. George Teoh Boon Sai
Title: Grammar
Part 2
OBJECTIVE OF LESSON
We l e a d
• Provide you with further explanations on
Parts of Speech
IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS We l e a d
• child – children
• foot – feet
• goose – geese
• man – men
• woman – women
• mouse – mice
• tooth – teeth
• ox – oxen
EXERCISE :
CHANGE INTO PLURAL FORMS We l e a d
• 1. Aminah has one child.
• 2. My foot is hurting now after the long
walk.
• 3. The man in that office is hardworking.
• 4. The farmer has to rely on only an ox to
help him.
• 5. I am not sure if you can buy a goose at
the market here.
PLURAL FORMS We l e a d
• 1. Aminah has three children.
• 2. Both my feet are hurting now after the
long walk.
• 3. Both the men in that office are
hardworking.
• 4. The farmer has to rely on all three of his
oxen to help him.
• 5. I am not sure if you can buy a few
geese at the market here.
NOUNS WITH NO SPECIAL FORMS We l e a d
• deer – deer (I saw four deer.)
• sheep – sheep (He has two sheep.)
• fish – fish (I bought five fish for my aquarium)
• (However, please note that you do use ‘fishes’
when you are referring to many types or varieties -
Guppies, Angel Fish, Arowana)
• salmon – salmon (I cooked three salmon)
• elk – elk (large deer in Europe and Asia)
• furniture – furniture (We sold some furniture)
• equipment - equipment (Two pieces of equipment
or two machines)
EXERCISE:
We l e a d
• 1. Five elk ran into the forest.
• 2. That farmer has a hundred sheep.
• 3. Ali removed all the equipment from the
stage.
• 4. Jonathan needs five pieces of furniture
for his new office.
• 5. Ah Meng sold five salmon this morning.
NOUNS WITH NO SPECIAL FORM FOR
SINGULAR We l e a d
• 1. Corps (military organisation) – A cadet corps has
just been set up at USM.
• Various corps have been set up throughout Malaysia
to help the young people.
• 2. That river is a means of transportation for the
villagers.
• John does not have the financial means to buy up
that property.
• .
We l e a d
• 3. A series of events are to take place during
the Convocation.
• There are many popular television series
being shown today.
• 4. The scientists have just discovered a new
species of plants.
• Many species of flowers are being studied at
that centre.
COMPOUND NOUNS We l e a d
• Compound nouns normally form the plural
by making the most important word
plural.
• For example :
• father-in-law : fathers-in law
• mother-in-law : mothers-in-law
• passer-by : passers-by
• attorney-at-law : attorneys-at-law
• vice-president : vice-presidents
COLLECTIVE NOUNS We l e a d
Animate
• An army of soldiers.
• A group of musicians.
• A team of doctors.
• A nest of birds.
• A school of whales.
• A staff of servants.
• A troupe of dancers.
COLLECTIVE NOUNS We l e a d
Inanimate
• A bale of cotton.
• A bundle of rags.
• A collection of discs.
• A library of books.
• A pack of cards.
• A convoy of trucks.
• A set of china.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS We l e a d
• These nouns are uncountable because of
their nature.
• The nouns have no plural forms and are
not preceded by a/an.
• In the English language concrete things
made up of small particles, such as sand,
salt, wood, grass and milk are
uncountable.
• In order to make these nouns countable,
we add terms of quantity for weights and
measurements.
We l e a d
• For example :
• 1. The contractor needed a ton of sand.
• 2. I need two kilograms of sugar for that
cooking contest.
• 3. You have three acres of grass.
• 4. She needs five litres of milk for her
children.
• 5. The carpenter used up ten metres of
wood for his latest project.
2. THE VERB We l e a d
• Verbs are doing
words.
• For example :
• eat/drink/sleep/think/
• write/swim/run/answer
• Verbs sometimes
comprise one word,
and at times two
words or more .
EXAMPLES OF VERBS
We l e a d
• Dogs bark.
• Ali laughed.
• Mei Choo shouted.
• The aeroplane is landing.
• No food was eaten.
• My house is being renovated.
• You must have been joking.
EXERCISE :
Locate the verbs in the following examples. We l e a d
• 1. Snow fell heavily yesterday night.
• 2. The train is moving.
• 3. He smokes.
• 4. I cannot hear the lecturer.
• 5. Please move the books.
FORMS AND PARTS OF VERBS We l e a d
• The Infinitive –
• is the basic form from which most other
parts of the verbs are formed.
• For example :
• to bark
• to look
• to teach
• to inform
• to rectify
The Present and Past Participles
We l e a d
• The present participle is formed by adding ---ing
to the infinitive and is used with parts of the verb
to be to form continuous tenses.
• For example :
• We are looking. (look + ing)
• The past participle is usually formed by adding
--ed to the infinitive and is used with parts of the
verb to have to form perfect (completed actions)
tenses.
For example :
We have looked. ( look + ed)
We l e a d
• The present tense has the same form as the
infinitive except in the case of the verb to be.
• For example the verb, look.
• Infinitive – (to) look.
• Present tense – (I, they) look.
• When the subject is he, she or it or a noun,
then s or es is added.
• For example :
• He looks.
• It looks.
We l e a d
• For the future tense place shall or will in
front of the infinitive.
• For example :
• Future tense – I shall look/We shall look.
• Future tense – You will look.
• For the past tense of regular verbs, add –
ed to the infinitive.
• Past tense – I looked.
We l e a d
Please follow the next e-lecture
Thank you!
