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Charnockites, pyroxene granulites, and

garnet-cordierite gneisses at a boundary
between Early Svecofennian rocks and
Småland-Värmland granitoids, Karlskoga,
southern Sweden
Ulf B. Andersson , Lena Larsson & Anders Wikström
Published online: 06 Jan 2010.

To cite this article: Ulf B. Andersson , Lena Larsson & Anders Wikström (1992) Charnockites, pyroxene
granulites, and garnet-cordierite gneisses at a boundary between Early Svecofennian rocks and
Småland-Värmland granitoids, Karlskoga, southern Sweden, Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm
Förhandlingar, 114:1, 1-15, DOI: 10.1080/11035899209453457

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 Charnockites, pyroxene granulites, and garnet-cordierite
gneisses at a boundary between Early Svecofennian rocks
and Smiland-Varmland granitoids, Karlskoga, southern
Sweden
ULF B. ANDERSSON, LENA LARSSON and ANDERS WlKSTR~hl

Andersson, U.B.. Larsson, L. & Wikstrom, A., 199203 10: Charnockites, pyroxenegranulites,
and garnet-cordieritegneisses at a boundary between Early Svecofennianrocks and SmAland-
Varmland granitoids, Karlskoga, southern Sweden. Geologiska Foreningens iSfockholtnFor-
handlingar. Vol. 114, Pt. 1. pp. 1-15. Stockholm. ISSN 0016-786X.
A lobe of Early Svecofennianhigh-grade.metamorphicrocks surrounded and intruded by rocks
of the Smiland-Vilrmland batholith east of Karlskoga, central southern Sweden, has been
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 09:29 08 May 2015

studied. Application of geothcrmobarometry reveals that these rocks have suffered granulite
facies metamorphism at conditions constrained to 670-770°C, 4.0-4.5 kbar and aHp
0.1-0.3. The metamorphism has transformed biotite granite into charnockite. intermediate
volcanite into pyroxene granulite, and lower grade presumably semipelitic gneiss into garnet-
cordierite gneiss. Extensive partial melting accompanied the metamorphism in the garnet-
cordierite gneisses and granulites. but not in the charnockites. The metamorphism is attributed
to a local contact metamorphic peak, associated with the emplacement of the Smiland-VLrm-
land granitoids and related mafic plutonics, in the peneconternporaneous,amphibolite facies,
regional “serorogenic Svecofennian” episode. 0 Charnockife.high-grade (garnef-cordierife)
gneks, granulifefacies mefamorphism,rnigmafizafion.geofhermobaromefry.Smdland- Vdrm-
land granifoid, Svecofennian.
UljB. AnderssonandLena Larsson. InsfifufeofGeology, Depl. ofhfineralogyandPefrology.
Uppsala Universify,Box555, S-75122 Uppsala. Sweden. Anders Wikrfr&n.Geological Survey
of Sweden (SGU), Box 670, S-75128 Uppsala. Sweden. Manuscrip1 received 22 December 1958.
revised manuscripf received 12 September 1991. Revised and accepfed28 November 1991.

Granulite facies metamorphism and the formation flooding (e.g. Jiang et al. 1988, Edwards & Essene
of charnockites are intimately connected, as shown 1988, Lamb&Valley 1988).TheoriginoftheCO*.
by the worldwide association of pyroxene granu- mantle or crustal, is however not yet confirmed,
lites and other high-grade rocks together with char- although a mantle origin has recently gained in-
nockites and anatectic high alkali granites. Such a n creasing support for the south Indian terrains
association is also present in the occurrence here (Stahle et al. 1987, Jiang et al. 1988).
described. Others point t o the possible generation of COz-
A granulite facies dehydration metamorphism rich fluid inclusions by the preferential partitioning
of granitic to granodioritic plutonics is the present- of H 2 0 into a melt phase during migmatization,
ly most accepted hypothesis for charnockite for- thus depleting the fluid in HzO (c.g. Touret & Diet-
mation (e.g. Ashworth 1985, Gopalakrishna et al. worst 1983, Powell 1983, Lamb & Valley 1984,
1986), although there is still a controversy regard- Ashworth 1985, Touret &Olsen 1985). This discus-
ing theextent and importance of associated melting sion applies to all granulites, not only charnock-
(e.g. Ashworth 1985, Clemens & Vielzeuf 1987, ites. Still others maintain the existence of charnoc-
Frost &Frost 1987, Wickham 1988). Some workers kitic magmas as the explanation for the large mas-
emphasize a formation totally in the solid state by sive charnockites, such as those present in south
flushing of the rocks with C02-rich vapours, caus- India (e.g. Wickham 1988). It has also been sug-
ing dehydration, as evidenced mainly by COZ-rich gested that they represent residues after partial
fluid inclusions (e.g. Newton et al. 1980, Hansen et melting and removal of alkali granitic melts t o
al. 1984, Newton 1989). This process has been higher crustal levels (e.g. Fyfe 1973, Clernens &
advocated especially for the south Indian granulite Vielzeuf 1987, Hubbard 1988,1989). Other models
terrains (e.g. Gopalakrishnaet al. 1986. Jianget al. integrate COrstreaming with melts moving through
1988), whereas other terrains like the Adirondacks the crust (Frost & Frost 1987).
of New York lack evidence for pervasive C 0 2 Most granulite terrains have yielded P-T condi-

IGFF 111992
 2 UlJ0. Anderssori el at. GFF II4(1992)

tions in the order of 8 kbar and 750°C (e.g. Gopa-

lakrishna et al. 1986, Raase et al. 1986, Edwards &
Esscne 1988. Sandiford et al. 1988, Lamb & Valley
1958, Perrault & Martignole 1988). There are,
however, also areas exhibiting more shallow, low-
P high-T, dehydration metamorphism of 2-6
kbar and more than 700°C (e.g. Berg & Docka
1983, Korsman et al. 1984, Frost & Frost 1987,
Young et al. 1989, Harrison et al. 1989).
As far as the present authors know, the occur-
rences of charnockites and granulite facies rocks in
Sweden have until now only been recorded in the
SW Swedish Gneiss Region (Quensel1951, Larsson
1966, 1968, Hubbard 1975, Wikman & Bergstroni
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 09:29 08 May 2015

1987. Johansson et al. 1991). Recently, P-T condi-

tions of mafic granulites in this region have been
calculated to around 700-770°C and 8-10 kbar,
and dated by Sm/Nd mineral isochrons to late Sve-
conorwegian (c. 900 Ma, Lindh et al. 1990, Johans-
son et al. 1991). Rocks in this area have been attri-
buted to regional metarrnorphism with local granu-
litic peak dehydrations (Quensel 195 I , Larsson
1966, 1968) or such a process followed by melting,
due to heat influx supplied by mafic intrusions, ac-
companied by the accumulation of charnockitic
restite after removal of granitic melt (Hubbard
1988, 1989). Fig. 1. hlap of the investigated area. Preliminary results
In the Svecofennian terrain of southern Finland of SGU-mapping on the topographic map-sheet 10 E
Karlskoga SO and the special investigation of Fig. 2. hla-
several distinct granulite areas have been described jor map symbols as in Fig. 2, Additional symbols: Elon-
(e.g. Korsman et al. 1984, HolttS 1986, Schreurs & gated crosses= biotite granite, Ch=charnockite, Kv=
Westra 1985, 1986). The P-T calculations from quartz segregations. Legend of lower right insert figure:
these areas have suggested low-P high-T conditions hatched, area= SmAland-Varmland granites, SF =
Svecofennian province, SWSGR = southwest Swedish
of 3-6 kbar and 700--825°C. possibly resulting gneiss region, PZ= Protogine Zone.
from thermal domes (Schreurs & Westra 1986).
The rocks investigated here seem to be related to
the batholithic intrusion of the SmBIand-V&mland
granitoids and also yield low-P high-T conditions, Regional setting
indicating a formation by contact metamorphism.
In the Ketilidian of southern Greenland a situation The eastern contact of the Smiland-Virmland
very similar in age and setting has also produced granites (mostly the coarse porphyritic Filipstad-
granulite facies rocks (Bridgwater et al. 1974) with type) has a strongly variable character which has
P-T conditions of 7OO-8OO"C and 3-4 kbar (Har- been described elsewhere from the F i n s p h g area
rison et al. 1989). (Wikstrom 1987, 1991). Although sharply discor-
This paper provides a first description of the dant in areas in low to intermediate metamorphic
rocks present, attempts a tentative outline of the P- grade (e.g. south of Grythyttan, Lundstrom 1991),
T conditions, and proposes a possible geological other areas of high t o intermediate amphibolite fa-
history. The work largely constitutes parts of a cies, as those of the Finspjng map-sheets, show a
B.Sc.-thesis at Uppsala University (Larsson 1989). rangeof relationships from discordant to conform-
The area mapped in that work (Fig. 2) contains the able, marginally folded layers. These layers, which
pyroxene granulites and garnet-cordierite gneisses are structurally interpreted as gravitationally over-
on which geothermometry and barometry have turned and folded marginal facies of diapir intru-
been applied. The charnockites have been found sions, imply that the viscosity contrast between the
just south of that area (Fig. 1) by one of us (AW) intruding body and the country rocks cannot have
during the SGU-mapping on the Karlskoga SE been large (Ramberg 1981). For structural reasons
map-sheet. it is thus probable that the intrusion of the SmA-
land-Varmland granite magmas in that area took
 GFF I14 (1992) Ctiarnockifes,pyroxene granitlifes, arid garnet-cardierite gneisscs 3

place in connection with regional heating, mig- 1988). Such a shear zone coincides with the contact
matite formation and some melting in high amphi- to the investigated high-grade metamorphic rocks
bolite facies. The sharp, cross-cutting contacts, (Fig. 2). However, small satellite bodies of
e.g. in the Grythyttan area with much lower grade, Filipstad-type granite, in part hybridized with co-
also make it probable that this regional heat gene- magmatic norite, seem to have intrusive contacts to
ration is not directly linked to thegranite intrusion. the high-grade gneisses. The intrusive contact of
(Very local contact metamorphic facies rocks have the major lobe is therefore believed t o be not far
been described from western Bergslagen by Hel- away from these rocks. This type of relationship is
lingwerf 1985.) The common "Postorogenic-Sveco- also present further south in the charnockite area
fennian" label often attached to these granites has (Fig. 1).
therefore been questioned in the above mentioned The general coincidence in time (1.84-1.76 Ga)
papers from the Finspang area. of the granites of the Smdland-Varmland belt and
In the investigated area, part of a northeast- the late orogenic "Svecofennian" granites (Jo-
wards protruding lobe from the major batholith of hansson 1988), indicates a major heat input and
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 09:29 08 May 2015

Filipstad-type granite is found (Fig. 1, right). This crustal reworking at that time. This is also con-
granite is here, in general, structurally discordant sistent with conformable structures in plastically
to regional fold structures and shows intrusive con- deformed amphibolite facies Svecofennian count-
tacts. Some of the contacts are also coincident with ry rocks in zones adjacent to larger heat conducting
shear zones of Sveconorwegian age where the main plutonic bodies. The SmAland-Varmland granit-
component is dip-slip (Wahlgren & Ronnlund oids and the late orogenic granites should therefore

RED.FELSIC,HEltROGEKEOUS GR4NITE
PARTLY W l l H GARNET
~ ~ X ~ O R P H Y R IFILIPSIAO-IYPE
IIC

a YCRllE I l E F l l
HYPERSIHEKE I C N A L I I E I R I G H T I
% S I R O l G L Y M081LIZED HETCROGENEOUS
MlGF!AlIlE.~l:NtY CF SUFTIACRVSTALCR!GI!

W R I c R U S l A L R N K S IN G E H E R A L l L f F l l
G A R h E l - L A R I N G (RIGHT1

PYROXLEE G R A W L I I E
S T R C S L Y MCEILIZED GARILT-CORO!ERITE
GtiElSS
DARK (NIRT.Z-~OPXRITE

a MICA-SUPHIOE ROCK

EXTENSIVE GRAMTIC LEOSCME VElHlhO

POSl VISIIGSO S A U O S T O N L FAULT

I

---
.-- SHLARZCKE OF SVECOHORWLGIANAGE
IMAlKLY DIP SLIP1

- OOLLPUE DIKE

-6- DIKES OF FELSIL G A R N E T - B A R I N G

G R A NII E

@ SAMPLf YLWBLR
---- SMALL ROAD

Fig. 2. Specially investi-

gated area, containing the
garnet-cordierite gneisses
and pyroxene granulites.
For location, see Fig. I.
 4 U u B. Andersson el ol. GFF 114 (1992)

be considered a s formed by the same crustal event, gneisses but probably part of the same anatectic
although presumably in different tectonic regimes event. The mineralogy is dominated by potassium
(Johansson 1988). They also display different pro- feldspar and quartz with only small amounts of
portions of added mantle material (e.g. Patchett et garnet. The texture and grain-size change some-
at. 1987, Andersson & \VVikstr&jm 1989, Andersson what from place t o place and sometimes there is a
1991). resemblance with recrystallized acid voleanics.
South of this granite the Gt-Cd gneisses progres-
sively grade into lower grade gneisses. In the easfern
Field relations and petrography part of the gneiss area, the migmatitic gneisses
grade into a local, dark, sulphide-bearing variety.
The rocks of the area are very complex, consisting This is also affected by migmatization and carries
of highly migmatitic polymetamorphic supracru- orthopyroxene and cordierite.
stals associated with different granites, some of The garnet-eordierite gneisses contain the as-
them anatectic, and intrusive basites. Later Sveco-
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semblage: Gt-Cd-Bt-Pl-Kfs-Qz(-Sill). The garnets

norwegian overprinting, related to the Protogine are present in both the mobilized parts and in frag-
Zone, is also present, in the form of brittle-ductile ments of psammitic character (Fig, 3). In the latter
shear zones and faulting. they display large (c. 1 cm) white regular haloes
The bedrock of the area is composed off wo main depleted in biotite, whereas in the mobilized parts
unifs, (a) the coarse porphyritic Filipstad-type haloes are very weakly developed and irregular.
granites and associated mafic rocks, and (b) meta- This points to a synmigmatitic mineral growth.
morphic rocks including some plutonic rocks of Such textures have been described by Stuwe &
uncertain age. The rocks of unit (a) are unaffected Powell (1989), who relate them to melt reactions of
by the high-grade metamorphism that all the other the type Q z + B t + C d = G t + K f s + L , where the
rocks have suffered and thus have their igneous haloe is part of the reaction products, occurring at
textures preserved. In the centre of Fig. 1 the around 4.5 kbar and 750°C. The texture of the
norites and Filipstad granites occur together and mobilized parts is anatectic-blastic with a coarse
display definate signs of hybridization through intergrowth of large poikiloblastic garnets, cor-
magma mixing, e.g. diffuse contacts with feldspar dierites, biotites, feldspars, and quartz with small
xenocrysts mixed into a d a r k noritic matrix. There- amounts of sillimanite. Some retrogression is
fore the noritic rocks are considered part o f the observed where muscovite developes in the cracks
coeval suite of mafic rocks associated with the of garnet and cordierite marginally is transformed
Smiland-Varmland batholith. Some scattered un- to biotite-sillimanite intergrowths. The Sveco-
metamorphosed dolerite dikes of unknown age are norwegian tectonic overprinting is more intense in
also present. These rocks are not described any the western parts closer to the large fault zone. It is
further since the main theme of the paper concerns marked by shearing and breaking u p of the meta-
the metamorphic rocks. morphic minerals and retrogression, mainly of cor-
The metamorphic rocks (b) o f the area form a dierites. to micas and chlorites. The mineral com-
part of the supracrustals of the oldest Svecofenni-
an. In the central parts of Fig. 1, they consist of
strongly mobilized, fairly homogeneous garnet-
cordierite gneisses (Gt-Cd gneisses) of presumably
semipeliticorigin. In thecentreofthearea, dikesof
coarse garnet-bearing felsic granite sharply cut the
mafic and hybrid rocks of the Smiland-Varmland
generation. Thedike material is very similar to the
leucosome of the adjacent Gt-Cd gneisses and is
thus regarded as apophyses injected from the par-
tially melted gneiss. The areal extension of the Gt-
Cd gneisses (Fig. 2) is limited in the west by a NNE-
striking fault zone, and in the northeast by mig-
matized supracrustals of lower grade and varying
composition. Southeastwards the Gt-Cd gneisses
grade into less mobilized, orthopyroxene-bearing
rocks (see below).
In thesouthwest thereis adistinct massofgarne- Fig. 3. Strongly mobilized garnet-cordierite gneiss with
tiferous, red, felsie granite, separated from the a psammitic fragment in the lower right corner.
 GFF 114 (1992) Cirarnockites,pyroxene granulites. and garnel-cordieritegneisses 5

Table I . Average mineral chemical analyses. + /- denotes measured compositional ranges.

Sample 48 gmct-curdierite gneiss (n=3) Smplc 47 gamctcordicritc gnciss (n=3)

a & k & rd 5k g l 5 k h & rd &
0.01 0.03 9.21 0.6 0 0 9.33 0. I 0
0.01 0.04 0.05 0.2 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.10 0.007 0.08 0.01
0.96 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.73 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.04
3.57 0.9 9.15 4 6.69 0.3 4.39 0.5 9.48 0.2 7.40 0.3
0.74 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.64 0.06 0.02 0.08 0.04 0.2
36.37 1 19.72 4 10.75 0.5 35.41 0.6 19.45 0.3 9.72 0.2
0.03 0.05 3.45 0.2 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 3.92 0.3 0
20.97 3 17.16 0.5 32.23 0.6 21.27 0.4 17.21 0.3 32.46 1
37.20 0.2 34.66 0.5 41.25 0.3 35.68 0.2 35.35 0.3 47.92 1
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 09:29 08 May 2015

Tot 99.85 94.08 97.10 98.14 94.87 97.64

Smplc 24 gamctcordicrilc gnciss (n=3) Synplc 43 pymxcnc granulite (ngt,bt=3;nopx=8;npl'l)

5 5 5 ! x & rp & 5 5 5 L f f i !ax& g l d
0 9.68 0.2 0.01 0.02 0 9.40 0.2 0.01 0.007 0.28 0.1
0.01 0.04 0.11 0.1 0.04 0.09 0.02 0.006 0.03 0.003 0.02 0.02 9.12 0.6
1.14 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.82 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.02 3.83 0.2
4.12 0.5 8.95 0.9 7.63 0.4 4.20 2 11.40 0.3 13.88 0.2 0.58 0.3
1.14 0.3 0.01 0.01 0.11 0.08 2.25 0.3 0.09 0.06 0.84 0.06 0.01 0.1
34.80 0.4 20.51 2 9.22 0.6 34.40 3 18.96 0.6 32.97 0.4 0.04 0.4
0.02 0.08 4.10 0.2 0.02 0.009 0.01 0.04 3.99 0.4 0.12 0.02 0.01 0.01
21.14 0.5 17.41 I 32.25 0.6 21.37 0.3 15.23 0.5 2.97 0.08 22.41 0.4
37.47 0.08 31.60 0.8 48.32 0.8 37.30 1 36.43 0.9 48.88 0.4 63.58 0.8

Tot 99.83 95.40 97.61 100.38 95.54 99.77 99.86

Smplc 55 pyroxcnc p u l i t c (ngsbt=3: nopx=6;n -5) chmrrkitc (nbt: =3:nopx=l)

PI-
5 5 k k & Q E & p l i& h G QE
0.01 0.02 9.46 0.08 0 0.16 0.02 8.97 0.3 0
0.02 0.04 0.04 0.2 0.02 0.04 5.77 0.2 0.06 0.1 0.03
2.01 0.2 0.03 0.01 0.21 0.02 10.04 0.2 0.02 0.05 0.50
4.45 1 12.14 1 14.33 0.3 0.06 0.04 6.81 1 7.88
2.22 . 0.2 0.02 0.07 0.77 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.25 0.2 1.30
32.25 1 11.32 2 32.48 0.4 0.03 0.05 25.81 2 4 I .32
0.02 0.05 3.86 0.1 0.10 0.06 0.01 0.02 4.12 0.6 0.14
21.50 0.2 15.88 4 2.15 0.2 27.68 0.5 13.68 0.8 I .09
37.62 1.0 36.14 0.9 49.76 0.3 55.85 0.4 35.58 2.0 47.32

Tot 100.07 94.89 99.82 99.62 95.31 99.58

positions of the analyzed high-grade metamorphic dominates over the fine to medium-grained gra-
assemblages are very s,imilar in different parts of nitic Ieucosome material. Here the term pyroxene
the area (Table 1). indicating homogeneous meta- granulite has been applied, and this rock is best de-
morphic conditions. A more detailed account has veloped in the southern parts. To the east (around
been presented elsewhere (Larsson 1989). sample site 55, Fig. 2) the rocks become dominated
Southeastwards the Gt-Cd gneisses are gradually by the autochtonous migmatite granite ( >SO%)
succeeded by orfiiopyroxene-bearirlg rocks. These and have been termed granitoid with pyroxene gran-
are more typical migmatites separated into leuco- ulite fragments, but there is no sharp boundary.
some and mesosome material. In the parts closest The migmatitic nature of the pyroxene granulites is
to the Gt-Cd gneisses the mesosome material shown in Fig. 4.
(which contains the orthopyroxene assemblage) The more fine-grained mesosomes contain the
 6 U!f B. Andersson el al. GFF 114 (1992)

Fig. 4. Pyroxene granu-

lite. Hypersthene is also
present in the small veins.
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 09:29 08 May 2015

assemblage: Gt-Opx-Bt-PI-Kfs(-Qz), where the centimetres. This is easily recognized in fresh out-
garnets and orthopyroxenes have grown blastically crops but disguised in weathered ones. It is by n o
at the expense of biotite. K-feldspars are probably means a magmatic contact, but merely a sudden
orthoclase since no twinning is present. Antiperth- change in colour, representing a metamorphic
itic exsolution is not uncommon in the plagio- boundary mainly marked by the incoming of or-
clases. The amount of quartz is usually very low thopyroxene and the typical charnockitic dark
and the protolith is tentatively interpreted to be a colouring of the feldspars. So far, the charnockites
dacitic-latitic volcanite. Thin mobilized veins with have been followed along the contact to the
a coarser texture contain mesoperthite together Filipstad-type granite for about 5 km and about 2
with larger orthopyroxenes and some oxides. Bio- km away from the contact (Fig. 1).
tite and quartz are sparse in the veins and garnet is The fexfrrreof the charnockite is heterogranular
absent. Larger and coarser quartzofeldspathic xenoblastic with annealed quartz grains (Bard
veins also occur, containing K-feldspar with micro- 1986). Quartz is developed as small rounded xeno-
cline twinning, plagioclase, quartz with sutured morphic grains included in the fringes of large K-
grain boundaries, some biotite and traces of garnet feldspars or as coarser grains with faint polygonal
and cordierite. The quartz in these has presumably boundaries in the matrix associated with K-feld-
been released from the mesosome, now deficient in spar and plagioclase (Fig. 5). This texture indicates
quartz. Mineral analyses of the assemblage of the annealing during prograde metamorphism of myr-
mesosome from two localities (43 and 5 5 ) are listed mekites of quartz and plagioclaseexsolved from K-
in Table 1. A more thorough description of the feldspar, since plagioclase is always present to-
rocks in Fig. 2 is given by Larsson (1989). gether with the rounded quartz grains and also as
Charnockitic rocks are present about 5 km south more regular myrniekites. Large. probably prima-
of the high-grade gneisses and granulites (Fig. 1). ry, quartz grains have also been recrystallized
(Charnockites are also found both further to the showing lobate boundaries.
southwest and to the north (Wahlgren and Ste- K-feldspars have not been as strongly recrystal-
phens, pers. comm. 1991).) The protolith of the lized as quartz and consist of both large grains and
charnockites consists of greyish red, medium- matrix grains. They have, in addition to extensive
grained, slightly foliated biotite granite. The age of myrmekite exsolution also suffered microperthitic
this granite is unknown but is presently regarded as exsolution. The typical microcline twinning is ab-
the oldest granite variety of the SmAland-Varm- sent or only very faintly developed, pointing to a
land batholith. The greyish-green charnockites are structural state of'intermediate microcline-ortho-
found as irregular patches with diameters ranging clase.
from some decimetres to several hundred metres. The structural state of the K-feldspars have been
The contact zone between the two rocks is often further explored by X-ray diffraction. Grains were
transitional but can also be sharp within a few handpicked and ground for analysis. The spacing
 GFF I14 (1992) Charnockifes.pyroxene granulifes,and garnet-cordieritegneisses 7

Fig. 5. Typical quartz-

feldspar texture of char-
nockite.
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ofthepeaksofthereflectionsfromthe 131 and 1-31 der result. Fig. 6A shows a part of the diffracto-
lattice planes of the K-feldspar can be used to deter- gram of a K-feldspar from the charnockite, with
mine its crystallographic nature (e.g. Goldsmith 6: one distinct 13 I-peak, with a d-value of 2.9916,
Laves 1954). I f these reflections are distinct and and no 131 reflection. This indicates a monoclinic
well separated the feldspar is triclinic (low micro- symmetry suggesting the K-feldspar t o be ortho-
cline). Often, however, the peaks become broader clasewith very fine twin domains. Several different
and less well separated (intermediate microcline)
and also merge into one peak, indicative of mono-
clinic feldspar, at least with regard t o the resolution
of X-ray powder diffraction. Recent transmis-
sion electron microscopy (TEM) investigations
have shown this t o be related to the development
of submicroscopic triclinic twin domains (e.g.
Smith & Brown 1988, Bambauer et al. 1989, Brown
6: Parsons 1989). which also can be correlated
with the optical properties as observed under the
microscope. The coarseness and distribution of the
twin domains, determine the optical appearance.
Hence, the well developed cross-hatched twinning
and distinct triclinic X-ray pattern of low (regular)
microcline result from relatively large domains.
This is in contrast to orthoclase which appears
monoclinic under the microscope and in the X-ray
analysis as a result of an “averaging” over very
small twin domains (“t\veed”-orthocIase, Smith 6:
Brown 1988, Bambauer et al. 1989. Brown & Par-
sons 1989). Transitional varieties of these two, i.e.
intermediate o r irregular microcline, are char-
acterized by intermediate-sized domains and usual- 1
ly display transitions between areas of different- Fig. 6. X-ray diffractograms of K-feldspars from the
sized domains. This is usually found in optically charnockite (A) with a distinct peak, d-value 2.9916, for
inhomogeneous K-feldspars, showing areas of lattice plane 131, supportingamonoclinicsymmetry,and
(B) from the biotitegranite with a broad diffuse reflection
faint o r blurred cross-hatching. Theamount of dif- indicating the feldspar to be intermediate microcline. The
ferent size domains also determines the X-ray pow- peaks at d = 2.9 are K-feldspar 011.
 8 UrJB. Anderson et al. GFF 114 (1992)

grains have been analyzed with the same result, ites. Oxides of apparent primary origin are accesso-
supporting the optical interpretation. This is con- ry, together with some zircon and stubby apatite.
sistent with metamorphic heating, which increased The biofitegruniteshows the same development
the tetrahedral disorder and erased the coarse, low of exsolved and annealed myrmekites with round-
microcline twin domains of the biotite granite, ed quartz grains. T h e K-feldspars, on the other
followed by cooling, which was not slow enough hand, have more well developed microcline twin-
for these coarse domains to be developed again. ning. however with diffuse patches. This suggests a
Plagioclase occurs, except in myrmekitic exsolu- more ordered structural state with coarser twin do-
tions, also as large primary albite twinned grains. mains than in the charnockites, but not pure low
Large patches of antiperthitically exsolved K-feld- microcline.
spar are also observed. The X-ray diffractogram in Fig. 6B shows a typi-
The mafic minerals are represented by biotite cal result of a separated K-feldspar megacryst from
and orthopyroxene. Biotite and quartz are con- the biotite granite. There is one broad reflection
with no distinct d-spacing. This supports the opti-
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sumed by the prograde growth of orthopyroxene

(Fig. 7). whereas K-feldspar is released, according cal interpretation of intergrowths of triclinic twin
to: domains that are coarser compared to those in the
charnockite. Small, nonmegacrystic K-feldspars
bitotite + 3 quartz = 3 orthopyroxene + K-feld-
have X-ray characteristics intermediate between
spar + H 2 0
the megacrysts and those observed in charnockitic
(e.g. Loomis 1966). The composition of the biotite K-feldspars. These data suggest that the biotite
and orthopyroxene is presented in Table 1. The granite has suffered less metamorphic heating than
biotite is Fe-rich and contains appreciable amounts the charnockite.
of Ti. The corresponding formula is (normalized to The large plagioclases are primary with some se-
7 cations (IV + VI)): ricitic alteration. Biotite has been observed t o
break down to oxides, K-feldspar and probably
(Nao.olKo.~2)(Mgo.~~Mno.02Fe2+1.,JTio.~,Ab.lt)(Al~.~~ Mg-rich biotite, forming pseudomorphic aggre-
Si2.87)010.47(OH)I.53 gates of “pre”eulite. Amphiboles are not present.
(Fe/Fe+ Mg = 0.68). The pyroxene is therefore Accessories are as in the charnockites. The granite
also very Fe-rich and corresponds to eulite of the hence seems to be in a state of incipienfcharnockifi-
following formula (based on 4 cations): zation and indicate somewhat lower temperatures,
as suggested by the structural state of K-feldspar.
+ F ~ +o.oA.od(Ab.cusiI .%I
( C a o . o z ~ ~ . , g M n o . o ~I.40Fe3 The granite-charnockite transformation is iso-
0 6
chemical with respect to the analyzed major and
( = Fs,*). trace elements (Table 2). Although only two ana-
Amphibole has not been observed in the charnock- lyses have been performed so far, the results show

Fig. 7. Orthopyroxene
groath at the expense of
biotite. In charnockite.
 GFF I14 (1992) Charnockites, pyroxene granulites, and garnet-cordierite gneisses 9

Table 2. Whole-rock chemical analyses (wt To oxide) them. Therefore temperatures are also given at
and trace elements (ppm). Samples from 1 km NE of 61s- Xf,'pmax,which causes a considerable increase in
dalen (topographic map-sheet 10 E Karlskoga SO, co-
ordinates 657 1801142825). T (8-129O). depending on the difference between
Xf,'*+"and Xf,'g.,,,ax.The largest differences are re-
Granite Charnockite corded in sample 43. It is suggested that these val-
ues represent conditions closer t o the metamorphic
SiO, 68.6 68.4
Ti02 0.50 0.51 peak and that the average values are minimum val-
AIZO, 13.9 14.0 ues. The compositions of the cordierites. ortho-
Fez03 1.11 1.24 pyroxenes, plagioclases and biotites are more uni-
FeO 2.76 2.79 form. The average values have therefore been em-
hlnO 0.065 0.074
MgO 0.62 0.70 ployed. An exception is sample 48, where one
CaO 1.74 1.60 biotite is considerably richer in Fe. This value is
Na,O 2.94 2.93 combined with Xfig.,,,= to arrive at a maximum
K,O 5.60 5.58 garnet-biotite temperature (Table 3).
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Rb 210 200 The applied thermometers display some scatter of

Sr 110 110 temperatures. T h e values derived from the model
Y 50 50 by Indares & Martignole (1985) are consistently
Zr 390 390 lower than the others. This is probably due to over-
Nb 10 10
compensating for the minor constituents, Ca and
Mn in garnet and Ti and A1 in biotite (e.g. Schreurs
& Westra 1986, Chipera & Perkins 1988). The esti-
very close correlation. This is also valid for ele-
ments that are known to be depleted during char-
nockitizationelscwherc, e.g. K and Rb(e.g. Tarney Table 3. Geothermobarometry. Calcula~ionsarc made
& Windley 1977, Condie & Allen 1984). The ele- according to: F&S: Ferry& Spear 1978, P&L: Perchuk &
ments released during the transformation have Lavrenteva 1983, ]&hi: Indares & Martignole 1985,
thus been taken u p by newly formed minerals, e.g. BhlS: Bhattacharya et at. 1988, H: Harley 1984, S&B:
Sen & Bhattacharya 1984, P: Perchuk et at. 1985 (combi-
Rb and K by K-feldspar. Fluid removal of elements ned thermobarometer), P&C: Perkins & Chipera 1985.
(metasomatism) during metamorphism thus seems Temperatures are given at 4 kbar and pressures at 700°C.
t o be of very limited or no significance in this trans- The second values for each sample show temperatures at
formation. Xf& The third value of gt-bt of sample 48 represents
XRI,.,. and Xf:

Temperature ("C) Pressure (kbar)

F&S P&L I&hI DAIS H S&D P P k$'&CrI
Geothermobarometry
Sample 24
Geothermometry has been performed using gar- gt-bt 737 651 608
net-orthopyroxene models (Harley 1984, Sen & 154 659 620
Bhattacharya 1984, Perchuk et al. 1985) for thepy- gtcd 635 717 693 5.1
roxene granulites, garnet-cordierite models (Per- 643 736 701 5.1
Sample 47
chuk & Lavrenteva 1983, Uhattacharyaet al. 1988) gt-bt 708 661 565
for the garnet-cordierite gneisses and garnet-bio- . 733 619 581
tite models (Ferry & Spear 1978, Perchuk &L Lav- gtcd 673 735 135 5.5
renteva 1983, Indares&Martignole 1985) for both. 6S9 755 154 5.7
Sample 48
Barometry has been applied according to Perkins & gt-bt 626 614 525
Chipera (1985) on the pyroxene granulites (Gt- 659 648 558
Opx-PI-Qz) and according to Perchuk et al. (1985) 815 717 665
on the garnet-cordierite gneisses (Gt-Cd-Sill-Qz). gtcd 662 71 I 718 5.0
686 751 149 5.3
The average mineral chemical data of Table 1 have Sample 43
been used for the thermobarometric calculations gt-bt 616 613 519
presented in Table 3. 700 625 601
Since these high-grade gneisses arc believed to gt-opx 609 642 683 5.2 4.5
110 771 164
have equilibrated during peak o f metamorphism, Sample 55
the cores of the grains have been analyzed in order gt-bl 609 605 544
t o avoid retrogressive effects. There is, however, a 637 623 574
significant spread in Fe/Mg of the garnets, indi- gt-opx 655 725 163 6.0 4.2
701 763 785
cating that retrogression has affected some of
 10 Ulf B. Anderssorr et al. GFF 114 (1992)

mationsaccording to Perchuk& Lavrenteva (1983) garnet-cordierite temperatures are 70-200" and

are also a bit low when compared to Ferry 6:Spear 35-140" respectively, lower. than peak tempera-
(1978) (Gt-Bt) or Bhattacharya et al. (1988) and tures (Table 4). These readjusted temperatures lie
Perchuk et al. (1985) (Gt-Cd). The garnet-cordie- in the range 470--700°C. with an average of c.
rite temperatures of Bhattacharya et al. (1988) and 570°C (excluding Indares & hlartignole 1985), i.e.
Perchuk et al. (1985) for the garnet-cordierite about 100-150° lower than peak metamorphic
gneisses and the garnet-orthopyroxene tempera- temperatures.
tures for the pyroxene granulites show generally The pressure calculations according t o Perchuk
good agreement, whereas the garnet-biotite esti- et al. (1985) are derived by combining two equa-
mations are lower than the garnet-orthopyroxene tions of P and T a n d simultaneously solving for the
ones for the pyroxene granulites. The temperature assemblage Gt-Cd-Sill-Qz, present in the garnet-
calculations according t o garnet-biotite models are cordierite gneisses. This gives pressures o f 5 - 5 5
generally lower than those obtained from garnet- kbars, corresponding to at depth of 20 km. Pres-
cordierite and garnet-orthopyroxene pairs. This is sures have also been obtained from the models pre-
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an indication of the more ready readjustment of sented by Perkins & Chipera (1985). for the as-
biotite during cooling. The model of Ferry & Spear semblage Gt-Opx-PI-Qz (pyroxene granulites).
(1978) seems t o be most in agreement with the The latter lies in the range4.2-6.0 kbar (c. 15-22
garnet-cordierite and garnet-orthopyroxene ther- km) at 700°C. and are thus in good agreement with
mometers. The one unretrogressed (?) biotite of the result from the Gt-Cd gneiss above. The Gt-
sample 48 records temperatures in the order of the Opx pressuresare calculated according t o two inde-
other thermometers. The Mn-component of the pendent calibrations for the Fe and Mg end mem-
garnets in the pyroxene granulites is relatively high ber reactions. These should yield nearly identical
(Sp,). In the calculations according to Harley results. Discrepancies may be attributed to disequi-
(1984). Mn is combined with Ca, thereby raising librium of the phases or improperly calibrated
the temperatures by approx. 15". The other two models. At X r > O . 5 , larger differences were ob-
models d o not consider the Mn-component. served between the Fe and Mg end member models
Temperatures have been given a t 4 kbar. The ef- (Perkins 6: Chipera 1985). Xf{' values in our sam-
fect of pressure on the temperatures is low. in the ples are approx. 0.55, possibly explaining the dif-
order of 5--lO"/kbar, for all thermometers. If the ference of 0.7-1.8 kbar. The pressure of forma-
real pressure should depart from the one used, this tion for the peak metamorphic assemblages in the
would not significantly change the overall tempera- area is thus suggested to be in the range 4.2-6.0
ture estimates. In spite of the differences in the cal- kbar (15-22 km).
culated temperatures, the bulk of the data lie in the Pressures (Perchuk et al. 1985) have also been
range 650--77O"C, typical of the granulite facies. calculated for the contact grains mentioned above
Lower temperatures are recorded from analyses with the result of 4.0-4.8 kbar, which is about 1
of grains in contact with each other, from the Gt- kbar lower than the peak metamorphic pressures.
Cd gneisses. Margins of biotites, garnets and cor-
dierites have been analyzed close t o their mutual in-
terfaces and the calculated garnet-biotite and Discussion
In Fig. 8, the solid frame outlines the high-T and
Tuble 4. Geothermobarometry; contacts. Calculations low- to intermediate-P conditions derived in this
are made according to: F&S: Ferry & Spear 1978. PBL: study. It is superimposed on the stability data of
Perchuk & Lavrenteva 1983, I&hl: Indares RC hlartignole high-grade pelitic rocks presented by Holdaway &
19S5. BhTS: Bhattacharya et al. 1988, P: Perchuk et al.
1985 (combined thermobarometer). Temperatures are Lee (1977). The garnet-cordierite gneisses contain
given at 4 kbar. the appropriate assemblage for applying this dia-
gram. This rock has obviously reached the line of
Pressure the reaction Bt + Sill + Qz = Cd + Alm-Py + Kfs + V,
Temperature ("C) (kbar) since large amounts of garnet have formed. It is
F&S PBI, 1BhI BhiS P P
observed togrowat theexpenseofbiotite, andsilli-
Sample 1:gt-bt 543 579 438 manite has been almost totally consumed. The
23 2:gt-bt 553 586 445 analysed cordierites of the gneiss have compositions
Sample I:gt-cd 616 700 671 4.8 of Fe/Fe + Mg = 0.4-0.5, which further constrain
47 2:gt-cd 544 655 593 4.0 theassemblagein P-Tspace (shaded area). The P-T
Sample 1:gt-bt 516 517 4M conditions delineated in Fig. 8 are thus 670-770°C
48 2:gt-bt 412 541 383 and 4.0-4.5 kbar.
 GFF 114 (1992) Charnockites, pyroxene granulites, and garnet-cordierite gneisses 11

pyroxene in the pyroxene granulites indicates,

applying o u r P-T constraints, a value of aHZO in
the range 0.1-0.3 (Fig. 9).
The conditions thus determined arc characteris-
tic of granulite facies although shallower than
granulite areas in south India or the Adirondacks
(c. 8 kbar, e.g. Raaseet al. 1986, Edwards6:Essene
1988). Recent investigations (Johansson et al.
1991) in thesouthwest Swedish Gneiss Region have
demonstrated the existence of granulite facies
rocks over wider areas than previously known,
with 1'-T-conditions calculated at 700-77OoC and
I I 8-10 kbar. This medium to high pressure meta-
500 600 700 800 T"C
-- morphism is, however, much younger (c. 910 Ma)
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Fig. 8. Stabilityrelations i high-gradepeliticroclis(from than in the presently studied area and related to a
Holdaway 6: Lee 1977, fig. 7B) at P ~ 1 , ~ = 0P,,,.
. 4 Lines
labelled 20-80, denotes Fe/Fe+ hlg in cordierite. The late Sveconorwegian collisional and crustal thicken-
solid frame outlines the P-T conditions inferred in this ing event (Johansson et al. 1991). The P-T condi-
study. Further constraints are imposed by the composi- tions in the present area correspond, o n the other
tion of cordierite (shaded area). Frame of broken lines hand, with thelow-Pgranuliteareas investigated in
outlines P-l'areaofgrainsinmutualcontact. Arrowsug-
gest a tentative retrograde P-T path (near isobaric cool- the Svecofennian of Finland, which consists of
ing), consistent with metamorphism associated with mag- rocks of the same age and a similar geological set-
ma intrusions in the middle crust. ting (e.g. Korsman et al. 1984, 3461tta 1986,
Schreurs & Westra 1985, 1986). In those studies
are, however, the heat source for the metamor-
The curve of granite melting included (Kerrick phism unclear, and thermal domes have been in-
1972). clearly allows partial melting in these rocks. voked (Schreurs & Westra 1986). The high-grade
This is also concistent with Thompson (1982), who rocks in the present area aresuggested to be the re-
calculated dehydration melting in pelitic rocks t o sult of thermal metamorphism associated with the
start at about 700OC at 4 kbar. Garnet and cordie- intrusion of the Smdland-VPrmland granitoids and
rite occur abundantly in the mobilized gneiss, indi- related mafic rocks, presumably superimposed on
cating that these minerals formed together with a n early Svecofennian amphibolite facies rneta-
melt. h k l t was produced during prograde meta- morphism. This is supported by the relatively low-
morphism by several reactions, but the main re- P estimate ("shallow") and the spatial distribution
action in this case was probably the dehydration- of the high-grade rocks in a lobe surrounded and
melting reaction B t + S i l l + Q z = G t + C d + K f s + L , intruded by Smlland-Vrrmland plutonics.
occurring at around 75OOC (Thompson 1982,
Waters 1988), where almost all sillimanite was
consumed.
It is also possible to put some constraints on wa-
ter pressure. The assemblage garnet-cordierite-K- 6
feldpar-quartz requires PHZo< P,,, to form (Hol-
daway & Lee 1977). hloreover, the stability re- 5
lations at Pllz0 = p,,, are not consistent with the 4
P-T conditions derived for the rocks in this study L
(Holdaway 6: Lee 1977, fig. 7A). Fig. 8, which 23
-Y
shows stability relations at Pllz0 = O.4Pt,, is, how- a
ever, consistent with our P-T data. To further 2
constrain water activity the results of Lamb & Val-
1
ley (1988) have been applied (Fig. 9). Our deter-
mined P-T area has been superimposed on the re-
action curves of the reaction Phl+ Qz= En + Kfs + V 550 650 750 T"C
at different aHp. This is based o n experiments in Fig. 9. Equilibrium lines of the assemblage phlogopite-
the pure K20-h~g0-A1203-Si02-H20-system. Ex- quartz-enstatite-K-feldspar-vapour (Lamb & Valley
1988). Curve of granite melting at Xl120 = 0.5, after Ker-
periments in the Fe-rich system suggest somewhat rick (1972). Stability fields of A12SiO,-silicates from
higher ak,20,but this is not yet accurately modelled Holdaway (1971). Constrained P-T area of our study,
(Lamb 6: Valley 1988). The formation of ortho- from Pig. 8.
 12 U!fB Anderson el al. GFF 114 (1992)

The P-T recorded in contact grains suggest a in the mesosome. This is interpreted in terms of
lowering of pressure with c. 1 kbar and temperature prograde metamorphism. The coarse veins repre-
with 100-ISO”C. The tentativeretrograde P-Tpath sent the first stages of melting at higher alcp, as
indicated in Fig. 8 would not be inconsistent with a shown by their eutectic composition and content of
model of heat supplied by intruding magmas (near biotite. These veins are interconnected and collects
isobaric cooling, cf. Waters 1986, Bohlen 1991). to larger amounts of migmatite granite, especially
The mobilized and homogenized structure of the in theeastern parts. This may be related t o an earli-
garnet-cordierite gneisses is very similar t o the er stage in the migmatitic evolution, where con-
rocks mentioned by Ahlin & Lundqvist (1988) and siderable amounts of water-rich phases reacted t o
Lundqvist (1990), which have been characterized produce melts, leaving solid water-poor residues
as hornfelses in the contact zone to the Revsund (mesosomes). As the metamorphism proceeds the
granite in north-central Sweden. They are also very water becomes progressively partitioned into the
similar to homogenized garnet-cordierite gneisses melt phase (e.g. Powell 1983). The earlier stages of
in the contact zone of the NygArden norite pluton, melting thus removes much of the water vapour,
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which have been found to be mobilized and to lowering aHZO.T h e later stages of melting occur
back-vein the norite (Larsson 1935). Other garnet- undtr almost anhydrous conditions. The small
cordierite gneisses in the neighbourhood, further veins with increased growth of orthopyroxene and
east (Landergren 1934, Wikstrom 1991). could be non-eutectic, quartz deficient composition, repre-
explained by localised thermal domes connected to sent this later stage. The relevant reactions in-
the intrusion of ”late orogenic Svecofennian” volved in producing pyroxene granulites and melts
granites, which are generated penecontemporaneous- have been thoroughly discussed by Waters (1988).
ly with the SmAland-Varmland granites. who concluded that the dehydration - melting re-
Further east, all the way to the Baltic coast, the +
action Bt + PI Qz= Opx + Kfs + L is of major im-
paragenesis garnet-cordierite is ubiquitous in Sve- portance. In the present case this reaction is sug-
cofennian amphibolite facies, less mobilized, su- gested to be responsible for the formation of the
pracrustal gneisses. This regionally metamorphosed small veins with larger orthopyroxenes compared
assemblage cannot be related t o any granite intru- to the mesosome. This reaction occurs over a n
sions, but the boundary towards the more clearly interval between 700 and 80O0C, depending on the
contact metamorphic assemblages has not been es- Fe-Mg-partitioning between the phases (Waters
tablished. 1988), consistent with the determined temperatures
The migmatization of the here investigated above. The fine-grained mesosome contains the
gneisses appears to be contemporaneous with the assemblage garnet-orthopyroxene-biotite-plagio-
growth of the metamorphic minerals. This is evi- clase-K-feldspar(-quartz). where the growth of gar-
denced by the large, white, biotite depleted haloes net diminished and was succeeded by the growth of
around garnets growing in psammitic fragments, orthopyroxene as the temperature increased and
whereas garnets growing in the mobilized material allyo decreased, since garnet is not present in the
show weakly developed and irregular haloes. The small. high-temperature veins. A later subsolidus
latter are hence considered to have grown in a mo- metamorphic overprint o n an already formed mig-
bilized, partly melted environment. Furthermore. matite would not be expected to develop such in-
dikes of garnet-bearing felsic granites cut basites homogeneous mineral growth in closely associated
and hybrids belonging to the SmAland-Varmland mesosome and veins.
intrusions (Fig. 2). These are regarded as apophy- The described granulite nietamorphism is re-
ses of leucosome material generated during thepar- garded as the culmination of an event of large heat
tial melting of the neighbouring Gt-Cd-gneiss, input in the crust manifested by theextensive regio-
back-veining into rocks that supplied the heat for nal metamorphism and migmatization of the early
the same melting. This is because the composition Svecofennian rocks and the penecontemporaneous
of the latter made them crystallize at higher tem- generation and intrusion of the “late orogenie Sve-
peratures, while the gneiss leucosome was still cofennian” granites and the Smiland-Varmland
molten. This is evidence that the granulite-melting batholith. Thus, the occurrence described here is
event is connected to the intrusion of the S m i - regarded as a local granulitic contact metamorphic
land-Varmland plutonics (contemporaneous and peak in the overall amphibolite facies metamor-
younger). phism.
The pyroxene granulite contain different types The charnockites represent another form of gra-
of veins. Coarse-grained quartzofeldspathic, and nulite facies metamorphism spatially related to the
finer grained small ones. The latter contain meso- intrusion of the Smiland-Varmland granitoids.
perthitic feldspars and larger orthopyroxenes than They are also associated with high grade garnet-
 GFF 114 (1992) Charnockites, pyroxene granulites, and garner-cordierite gneisses 13

cordierite gneisses (Fig. I). The patchy develop- (3) The metamorphic conditions have been con-
ment of the charnockitic assemblage records tern- strained by geothermobarometry to approx. 670-
peraturemaximain the biotitegranite, asshown by 770°C. 4.0-4.5 kbar (=15 km) and
the growth of eulite at the expense of biotite, and = 0.1-0.3.
the structural state of K-feldspar. The lack of ap- (4) Extensive partial melting is associated with the
propriate P-T calibrations for the assemblage bio- metamorphism in the Gt-Cd gneisses. This is in-
tite-orthopyroxene has made such calculations im- dicated by the a) homogenized mobilized structure
possible. Melting appears not t o be connected with with remnants of unmelted, mainly psammitic
this transformation in contrast to the pyroxene fragments, b) the diffuse development of haloes
granulites. This poses the problem of a somewhat around garnets in the mobilizate compared t o the
different mechanism of metamorphism. The patchy regular ones in the fragments, c) the size and
inhomogcneous development resembles the am- amount of garnet which is greater in the mobili-
phibolite-granulite transition zone of south India zate, and d) the related generation of garnetiferous
which have been attributed to COz-streaming felsic granite. Melting is corroborated expcrimcn-
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 09:29 08 May 2015

along fracture zones in the protolith (e.g. Janar- tally for pelitic systems of the determined P-T con-
dhanet al. 1982, Condieet al. 1982, Gopalakrishna ditions (e.g. Thompson 1982, 1988, Waters 1988),
et al. 1986). Thiswould beconsistent with themod- and the reaction Bt + Sill + Qz= Gt + C d + Kfs + L
els of Waters (1988), who shows that with a high is suggested to have played a major role in the
content of.COz in a vapour phase, and accordingly development of the gneisses.
a low aHlO, the reaction Bt + Qz = Opx + Kfs + V Melting associated with the development of the
will proceed with rising temperature, until the melt- metamorphic assemblage also applies to the opx-
ing reaction Bt + Q z + PI = Opx + Kfs + L is reach- bearing parts of the area (pyroxene granulites).
ed. The latter has obviously not been achieved in Here the formation of a migmatite granite and dif-
the charnockite indicating somewhat lower temper- ferent generations of veins attest to melting, where
atures compared t o the pyroxenegranulite, but still garnet and cordierite occur sparsely in the granite
around 700°C. Regarding the origin of the pre- and larger veins. Orthopyroxene is mainly restrict-
sumed C 0 2 , a mantle source is unlikely due to the ed to the mesosome and thesmall veins, where they
shallower level (c. 15 km) recorded in the adjacent have grown larger in the latter. This suggests the
high-grade gneisses. A generation from the intrud- reaction B t + P I + Q z = O p x + K f s + L (cf. Waters
ing granitoids as envisaged by Frost &Frost (1987) 1988) to be important in the later stages of melting.
could be suggested. The transition has, however. The charnockites, on the other hand, are not as-
not caused any chemicaI depletion in the char- sociated with partial meIting, but result from a
nockites. Further work e.g. o n fluid inclusions, is pure metamorphic, isochemical, prograde trans-
needed to constrain the importance of C02. formation. This suggests the reaction Bt + Q z =
Sm/Nd-dating of the metamorphic mineral as- +
Opx Kfs + H20to be of major importance, and
semblages of the area would b e helpful in con- the solidus is not reached (cf. the pyroxene gran-
straining the timing of metamorphism. ulites), suggesting somewhat lower temperatures
and probably initally drier conditions in the biotite
granite compared to the gneisses.
( 5 ) The granulite metamorphism and related melt-
Conclusions ing is interpreted as resulting from the heat supp-
The main conclusions reached in this study encom- lied by the intruding Smiland-Varmland plutonics
passes: a t about 1.8 G a (Jar1 & Johansson 1988). This is
(I) Granulite facies metamorphism has been at- consistent with: a) the spatial arrangement of the
tained in a lobe of early Svecofennian supracrustals, rocks, and b) dikes of garnet-bearing granitic leu-
surrounded and intruded by SmAland-Varmland cosome material, emanating from the Gt-Cd-
granitoids and associa!cd mafic plutonics, east of gneisses, cutting basitcs and hybrids of the
Karlskoga, southern Sweden. SmAland-Varmland generation, and c) the relative-
(2) Themineral assemblages characterizing the me- ly low pressure (shallow level) type metamorphism.
tamorphism are garnet-cordierite-biotite-plagio- The later Svcconorwegian event is of low-grade, re-
clase-K-feldspar-quartz(-sillimanite)in the semi sulting in mineral retrogression and brittle-ductile
pelitic gneisses, garnet-orthopyroxene-biotite-pla- tectonism but no melting.
gioclase-K-feldspar(-quartz) in the pyroxene granu-
lites, and orthopyroxene-biotite-plagioc1ase-K-
feldspar-quartz in the charnockitized biotite gran-
ite.
 14 U!f B. Andersson et 01. GFF 114 (1992)

Acknowledgements. - We ackno\rledge the help from Carl- Gopalakrishna. D. Hansen, E.C., Janardhan. A.S. 6: Ne\rton,
Henric Wahlgrcn. SGU. who in thc first place suggcstcd a n in- R.C.. 1986: T h e southern high-grade margin of the Dhar\rar
\cstigation of the relationship between t h e garnet-cordierite as- craton. Journal of Geology 94,247-260.
semblage and ductile shear zones in the area, a u o r k Hhich later Hansen, E.C.. Newton. R.C.& Janardhan. A.S.. 1984: Fluidin-
developed into the present paper. Anna Sch)?t. Stockholm, \\ho clusionr in rocks from the amphibolite-facies gneiss to char-
working fortheSGUmadethefieldwork resultinginmost o f t h e nockitc progression in southcrn Karnataka. India: Direct evi-
map in Fig. I. Claes Alinder. SGU. for performing the micro- dence concerning the fluids of granulitc metamorphism. Jorrr-
probe analysts. Christina Wcrnstrdm. Geol. Inst., for drairing naf of hfetamorphic Grofogv2.219-264.
thc figurcs and Olle Wallner. Geol. inst.. for making the thin scc- lfansen. E.C.. Janardhan. A.S.. Newton. R.C.. Prame.
lions. The review of Fred Hubbard irnprovcd the manuscript W.K.D.N. & Rnvindra Kumar, G.R.. 1957: Arrested charnoc-
significantly. kite formation in southern India and Sri Lanka. Contributions
to hfinerology and Petrology 96, 225-244.
Harley. S.L.. 1981: An experimental study of the partitioning o f
Fe and hlg betwcen garnet and orthopgroxene. Contributions
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