Heat
PVB101 Physics of the Very Large
Darren Pearce
TCold THot
Energy Flow
Energy will flow from the hotter body to the
colder body
Energy Flow continues until thermal
equilibrium is reached
At thermal equilibrium both bodies will have
the same temperature
In your own words…
Define “Heat”
Heat
When two bodies at different temperatures
are in thermal contact, energy is allowed to
flow between them
The energy transferred between the bodies
is called HEAT
▫ Symbol - Q
▫ SI Unit- Joule
Heat Added Heat Removed
Q positive Q negative
value value
Increase T Decrease T
Change State Change State
– Melt (Fuse) – Freeze
– Boil (Vaporise) – Condense
– Sublimate – Deposit
To Change Temperature
Change temp of mass m by ∆T
Q ∝ ∆T
Q ∝ m
Q = mc∆T
▫ where c = Specific Heat Capacity
▫ ∆T = Tf - Ti
▫ Ti = Initial Temperature
▫ Tf = Final Temperature
Specific Heat Capacity
SI Unit - J kg-1 K-1 (or J kg-1 °C-1 )
Energy required to raise 1 kg by
1K
e.g. Water c = 4186 J kg-1 K-1 (at
15°C)
Value varies ± 1% between 0°C -100°C
4.186 J = 1 calorie (cal)
4186 J = 1 kcal
= 1 Calorie (dietary)
H2O
To Change State
Temperature remains constant despite
addition (or removal) of energy
Energy required to overcome bonding
between molecules
Q ∝ m
Q = mL
where L = “Latent Heat” (in J kg-1)
Latent Heat
To melt or freeze To vaporise or condense
LF LV
Latent Heat of Fusion Latent Heat of Vaporisation
Melting: Q +ve Boiling: Q +ve
Freezing: Q -ve Condensing: Q -ve
e.g. Water e.g. Water
LF = 3.33x105 J kg-1 ▫ LV = 2.26x106 J kg-1
Latent Heats
Insulated System
In an insulated system, no heat may
leave or enter the system i.e.
ΣQ = 0
or Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + ...... = 0
If every Q is known to be a loss or a gain,
this may alternatively be stated as
QGains = QLosses
Exercises
1. How much heat is required to change a
500 g block of ice at -5°C to water at
20°C? (cice = 2100 J kg-1 K-1 )
2. 200 g of water at 60°C is added to a 150 g
mug at 20°C. What is the final temperature
of the system? (Take cmug = 900 J kg-1 K-1 )
In your own words…
What is the difference between
“Temperature” and “Heat”
Strategy Tips
• Identify which energy changes result in
change of temperature, and which result in
change of state.
• When system is allowed to reach
equilibrium, estimate the final temperature
first.
• If you can assume an insulated system, use
the sign conventions described here to
calculate every energy change, then add
them to zero.
Heat Transfer
Mechanisms for Heat Transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Power
Rate of energy transfer
Energy E
P= =
time t
mks unit of Power is
Joules per second (J s-1) or Watts (W)
Conduction
Collisions between particles
High energy particle collides with low energy
particle
On average - high energy particle loses KE
- low energy particle gains KE
Conduction
Slab of material
P ∝ Area A
P ∝ Temperature
Difference ∆T
P 1
P ∝
T2 T1 L
Thermal
L Conductivity
=k
A(T2 − T1 )
P=k
L
Thermal
Conductivities
Good Conductors
Poor Conductors
Good Insulators
Density
m
ρ = density
m = mass ρ=
V = volume
V
ρ Liquid Water = 1000 kg m-3
If ρ Object < ρ Liquid Water
object will float
Convection
Movement of high energy particles from
one place to another in a fluid
One portion of the fluid becomes hot and
expands
Hot fluid becomes less dense than the rest
of the fluid and floats to the surface
Cool fluid sinks to the bottom
Convection Current
Convection Current
Central Heating
Radiation
Any object with a temperature above 0 K
will emit electromagnetic (or e-m) radiation
Collisions between particles excite electrons
to higher energy levels
Electrons return to lower energy levels by
releasing energy as e-m radiation
Radiation
Absorptivity a Emissivity e
radiation absorbed radiation re - emitted
a= e=
incident radiation radiation absorbed
Black Body: Black Body:
a =1 e =1
Perfect Reflector: Perfect Reflector:
a=0 e=0
e = a
Power Out T
A
POut ∝ A
POut ∝ e
POut ∝ (KE)4 ∝ T4 (T in KELVINS)
POut ∝ eAT4
POut = e σ A T4
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
= 5.67x10-8 W m-2 K-4
TS
Power In A
PIn ∝ a
PIn ∝ TS4
(TS = T of surroundings in KELVINS)
PIn = a σ A TS4
Net Power Output PNet = POut –Pin
PNet = e σ A T4 - a σ A TS4
but e = a
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Net Power Output of a body
P = eσA T − Ts ( 4 4
)
Example
1. A body executing light work must expel
about 200 W. A body with tissue ~2 cm
thick has inner temp 36.5 °C and surface
temp 34.5 °C (A~1.5 m2). Find the rate of
energy
▫ (a) conducted per second through the
tissue
▫ (b) radiated from the skin surface (e ~0.7)
▫ (c) lost via convection
