CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
This chapter includes the related literature, studies, articles and journals that
will help the researchers gather the information related to the topic The Effectiveness
of Durian Husk as Mosquito Insecticide. It provides an overview of ideas, summary
of findings of the research, generalizations and conclusions.
Related Literature
Insecticides
Insecticides are chemicals used to control insects by killing them or
preventing them from engaging in undesirable or destructive behaviors. They are
classified based on their structure and mode of action. Insecticides are commonly
used in agricultural, public health and industrial applications, as well as household
and commercial uses like for the control of roaches and termites (US Environmental
Protection Agency).
The variety of insecticides available today is much greater than it was 20
years ago. It includes some made from bacteria, insect-killing fungi or viruses;
products such as insecticidal soaps that kill by physical processes; and products like
some clay-based that don’t directly kill insects, but protect plants.
Most of the insecticides in common use today are toxic to people as well as
insects, although the degree of toxicity to people depends on the dose of the material
and the mechanism of action, among other factors.
Some toxicants affect the nervous system. Others affect water balance,
oxygen metabolism, an insect’s molting or maturation process, or other aspects of
physiology. Some of the newer insecticides have toxicity mechanisms that scientists
don’t fully understand. New materials are being synthesized and tested constantly.
(Dr. Eaton, 2002)
Mosquito
Mosquitoes are important single-group of insect because of its public health,
since they act as the vector for many tropical and subtropical disease such as Dengue
Fever, Yellow Fever, Malaria, Filariasis and Encephalitis of different types including
Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quingefasciatus that are major urban
vector of Malaria, Dengue, and Lymphatic Filariasis, particularly (Katrizky, Wang,
Slavov, Tsikolia, Dobchev, Akhmedor, 2008).
The control of mosquito-borne diseases approaches for interruption of diseases
by preventing mosquitoes from biting human beings. There are a lot of products that
can play the role of insecticide in the interruption of the transmission of mosquito-
borne disease in the individuals.
Mosquitoes are pesky insects that can bite and leave your skin with red, itchy
bumps. The majority of mosquito bites only cause minor skin irritation. However,
mosquitoes can spread serious viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. The most
effective way to prevent infections spread by mosquitoes is to prevent mosquito bites.
(Poison Control, 2015)
Durian
Durian, Durio zibethinus, is a tropical fruit popular among Southeast Asian
countries like Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines. It is referred to as the
"King of Fruits" and is known for its large size, strong odor and formidable thorn-
covered husk. Durian is made up of forty percent of flesh and sixty percent husk.
Usually, the durian husk is discarded and ends up in garbage dumps, or worse,
leaving it along the side of the street to rot. One of the reasons why the researchers
came up with this study, so that instead of discarding it why not transform it into
something more useful.
Durian also as an anti-inflamatory properties, antioxidant activity and it has
potential that its husk can be used as mosquito repellent (Kevat, 2014)
There are articles that state that Durian husks can be used as a mosquito
repellent. According to an article named Unique Facts and Benefits of Durian
(Agusfanani, 2014) from the Hub Pages, the durian husk can be used as repellent.
The same goes with the article that was posted in the website named The Worldwide
Fruits and was written and edited by Ho Dinh Hai from Vietnam. It was mentioned
that due to the pungent smell of Durian, its husk can be used as a mosquito repellent.
And since durian husks can be used as mosquito repellent, the researchers think that
it might be also effective if it is used as an insecticide for mosquitoes.
Related Studies
A study by Senerpida, Suralta, Dungog, Aying, Durano, Sabanal, Arellano,
Labayan, Tatud and Reusora (2013) entitled Natural Insecticides, was about using an
insecticide made from natural things. The researchers researched about other natural
remedies to substitute the synthetic insecticides that are sold in the markets. This
study added more information to the research topic, since using durian husk as an
alternative insecticide means making an insecticide out of things that are naturally
made.
Another study by Rabczenko, Gliniewicz, Kluge and Piekarski (2011) named
An Universal Tool for the Analysis of Insecticides was about the information and
background of insecticides. It is important in this study since it gave more knowledge
and more information to the researchers regarding insecticides.
Research made by Bodino, Belgado, Moya, Butial, Velasco, Bellen and
Arevalo (2012) entitled Chili and Orange Peel Extracts as Effective Organic
Insecticide was about making an alternative insecticide by using Chili and Orange
peels. The extracts of the both the chili and orange peel was used to kill insects.
Instead of using the extract of Chili and Orange peels, the researchers used durian
husk as an alternative insecticide
The study Amarillo and Ginger Extract as Mosquito-Killer by Hernandez ()
was about the effectiveness of amarillo and ginger extract in killing mosquitoes. The
extract was applied to the mosquitoes, and they wanted to determine the number
mosquitoes that would be killed by using it. Since in this paper amarillo and ginger
extract were used, the researchers used durian husk in killing mosquitoes
A study presented by Ferran, Diano and Mariano () entitled Oregano and
Garlic Extract as Mosquito Spray Repellent talks about making a spray repellent by
getting the extract of the oregano and garlic. Like this study, the researchers made an
insecticide in spray form by using the durian husk.
These studies gave the researchers more knowledge and understanding since
they are correlated to the main topic.
