Athalon™ Filters – Filter Maintenance Made Easy
So now let’s fit the element; lubricate the o-ring with clean system fluid and then place the element
open end down into the filter assembly. When in position push the element to engage the sill, now
take your cover check its free of any contamination and that sills are in good condition and replace
it, back on to the bowl. Hand-tighten it initially when it starts to give a little resistance use the torque
wrench to correctly seat the cover and apply the recommended torque (which in this case is 12
pound foot or 16 newton meters). Over tightening the cover does not improve the sealer. So before
putting the filter element into service, what we need to do is to undo the vent plug on the top of the
cover approximately one and a half turns. When you re-pressurize the system this will allow you to
bleed the filter of air, when you see the first sign of oil starts to show at the end plug, close the bleed
plug fully and tighten it to 12-pount foot or 16 newtons. That’s it your hydraulic system will now be
fully protected.
Vocabulary
Element - (ようそ)要素 - component; factor; item (e.g. in list)
New Vocabulary
Expedite – It is a term most frequently used by Air Traffic Control and is usually used to encourage a
pilot to hasten their actions. An example of where this might happen may be if you have to
‘Expedite’ the runway after landing, so as to move out of the way and vacate for the incoming traffic.
Jet Stream – Basically a flat, tubular expanse of air, which is characterized by great speeds and strong
gradients of speed at altitude. The world’s current longest flight in terms of distance, a route from
Delhi – San Francisco operated by Air India, is a service that takes advantage of such jet streams. By
flying east over the pacific, the airliner is able to fly with strong tailwinds in the jet stream (86 mph
on the date the record was set). This allows it to not only take two hours off the flight time, but also
allow the Boeing 777 to fly through 9,506 miles successfully without taking on board additional fuel.
An amazing feat in both meteorological and technical terms!
Mayday – This may be one of the easier concepts to understand, as it is a word that is used very
often in popular culture. The word ‘Mayday’ is used as a distress signal and informs the Air Traffic
frequency in use at the time that you are dealing with an emergency. Once the signal has been
triggered, Air Traffic will then give priority to the aircraft in distress and will make whatever
necessary arrangements they can to ensure a safe return or landing of the aircraft immediately.
Mean Sea Level (MSL) – It is a datum that is used, measured off an average level of the top of the
sea. This enables us to measure and calibrate an atmospheric altitude in which we fly in. At our
home in Brighton City Airport, we are positioned right on the South Coast of England, bordering the
Atlantic Ocean. This means that our elevation above sea level is only 7ft!
Overcast – This is a term that describes the level of cloud coverage in the sky. The classifications run
in different levels, with overcast being the densest and signifying complete coverage. We measure
cloud coverage in a series of ‘oktas’, which is basically one eighth of the sky coverage. OVERCAST
signifies up to 8 oktas coverage and the lowest description is FEW clouds, which is usually only 1-2
oktas. The best conditions are usually described as ‘CAVOK’ (Ceiling and Visibility OK). This
transcribes as there being no significant cloud below 5000ft and 10km or more visibility, which is
rather extensive!
Pan Pan – Again something that bears a similarity to ‘Mayday’, but on a different level of alert. A
‘Pan Pan’ would be used as a radiotelephony call to signal that there has been an event occurring
that requires urgent attention, however for the time being is not immediately life threatening. An
example of using this call would be, say, if you had an engine failure on a multi engine aircraft.
Whilst it is an emergency, a twin engine plane is designed and still perfectly capable to fly with one
engine safely, therefore there is a high chance that the crew and passengers will manage to land
safely and intact. However, if that second engine failed, then that would be the time to call a
‘Mayday’ as lives would then be more seriously endangered.
Say again – It virtually transcribes to exactly what you would expect it to mean. It is another way of
either the pilot or Air Traffic getting you to repeat what you have just stated.
Taxiway – This is the part of the aerodrome that aircraft usually use to make their way to the
beginning of the runway. At Brighton City Airport, these taxiways are either grass or asphalt
surfaces.
Tempo – When analysing the weather, pilots can access the weather through a coded set of
information that would look quite non-descript and confusing to the untrained eye. One of the
terms used to describe the length of time that some variables such as wind, temperature and cloud
cover last for is a ‘Tempo’. A tempo symbolises a condition that is meant to last temporarily between
the set amount of hours that it has been forecasted for periods not exceeding one hour and are due
to occur for less than half that time period in total.
Yaw – This refers to the movement of an aircraft on its vertical axis. The wind will quite often try to
push an aircraft out of balance left and right in flight, which is called the ‘Yawing effect’. This is
counteracted by pushing the rudder in the opposite direction to where the plane is wanting to move
and this keeps the aircraft balanced.
AML (Approved manufacturer list) A set of approved relationships between manufacturer parts and
a company’s internally defined parts. Each relationship links a manufacturer’s part number to an
internal part number and results from the R&D team’s identifying the third-party parts that can be
used to satisfy the manufacturing demand for the internal part. All approved AML parts for each
internal part can share a single inventory bin.
The relationship is usually represented this way:
manufacturer part number
APQP (Advanced product quality planning) A framework of procedures used to develop products in
the automotive industry.
AVL (Approved vendor list) A list of all the vendors or suppliers approved by a company as sources
from which to purchase materials.
BOM (Bill of materials) The list of parts or items that make up a product assembly. A complete
product BOM often includes subassemblies, which may represent different steps in the assembly
process. For instance, a lawn mower may include the following elements: a handle assembly, a metal
deck assembly, a control assembly, a motor and a blade assembly.
For more information see this article, Creating a Bill of Materials.
BOM Level (Bill of materials level) The place occupied by a part or assembly in the hierarchy of a
BOM.
CAD A system used to create physical designs, usually three-dimensional. Some examples of CAD
software are SolidWorks by Dassault Systemes, Pro/ENGINEER by PTC and AutoCAD by Autodesk.
CAPA (Corrective action/protective action) A good manufacturing practice (GMP) concept, in which
product failures are investigated in an attempt to correct their current occurrence (corrective action)
and/or prevent similar occurrences in the future (protective action).
CAR (Corrective action request) A change request documenting a critical problem with a product.
Change Management Process of creating, reviewing and gaining formal approval for engineering
change requests, change orders and change notifications.
Change Order See ECN (engineering change notice) and ECO (engineering change order).
Change Request Outlines a problem and proposes an action to address the problem. Some types of
change requests are: DCR (document change request), ECR (engineering change request), FFR (field
failure request), MCR (manufacturing change request) and SCAR (supplier corrective action request).
Child Item An item that appears in the BOM of another item is said to be a child of that item. For
example, a motor would be a child item in the lawn mower BOM example above (see BOM).
CM (Contract manufacturer) A firm hired by a company to manufacture or assemble its product or
part of its product.
Compliance The practice of tracking whether or not a product complies with government-imposed
regulations or a company’s self-imposed standards. Some types of compliance requirements are
environmental requirements (e.g. RoHS and WEEE) and medical device regulations (e.g. 21 CFR Part
11 and 21 CFR Part 820).
Compliance Mark A physical mark listed on a product or its packaging to show the product’s
compliance with a specific requirement (e.g. UL, CE, CCC, FCC and VCCI).
DCR (Document change request) A change request which details a problem with a document,
specification or SOP (standard operating procedure) and proposes a change to fix it.
DHF (Design history file) A collection of records that describes the design history of a finished
medical device. The design history file documents the design decisions made throughout the
development of the device including sign-off events, change information, meeting notes, test data
and reports and evidence that the device has been scrutinized carefully against design and
performance specifications. The design history file provides the chronology of the design, including
previous revision information and phase gate details. Source: 21 CFR Part 820 Sec 820.3
DHR (Device history record) A collection of records containg the production history of a medical
device. This includes the serial and lot numbers of the devices produced, and any complaints or
issues that are lodged against particular devices. In addition, it may include CAPA records describing
investigations, corrective and preventive actions and details about how any complaints were
addressed.
DMR (Device master record) A collection of records that contain the procedures and specifications
for a finished medical device. This includes the BOM for the device, product and material
specifications, packaging and assembly instructions. Post processing, cleaning and sterilization
requirements, hardware and software specifications and source code may be included too,
depending on the type of device. The DMR provides all information required to correctly build the
current production revision of the device. Source: 21 CFR Part 820 Sec 820.3 and 820.181
Document Control The function of managing and controlling product documentation. This includes
maintaining and properly distributing product files while following revision control procedures.
EBOM (Engineering bill of materials) A BOM organized according to CAD/EDA tool and engineers’
preferences and processes. The EBOM represents only the physical product being “engineered,” not
the packaging or manufacturing consumables. It often includes items for a single engineering
discipline only, summarizing or excluding items from other disciplines.
For more information see this article, Engineering Bill of Materials: The Ins and Outs.
ECAD Software (Electrical computer aided design software) Software used in the design and
development of electronic systems such as printed circuit boards (PCBs) and integrated circuits (ICs).
OrCAD by Cadence, Catia by Dassault Systemes and PADs by Mentor Graphics are examples of ECAD
tools.
ECN (Engineering change notice) An official notice that a change has been approved. Many
companies use a formal ECN to ensure their CMs (contract manufacturers) and other manufacturing
partners are building the right thing. For more information see this article, Engineering change
notice (ECN)—The start to an efficient change implementation.
ECO (Engineering change order) Documentation that outlines a proposed change to a design, lists
the product or part(s) that would be affected and requests review and approval from the individuals
who would be impacted or charged with implementing the change. ECOs are used to make
modifications to components, assemblies, associated documentation and other types of product
information.
ECR (Engineering change request) A change request listing proposed improvements or problems
with components or assemblies. An ECR may be a precursor to an ECO.
EDA (Electronic design automation) Software tools used to develop integrated circuits and systems.
Some examples of EDA software include Altium Designer by Altium, DxDatabook by Mentor Graphics
and OrCAD Capture CIS by Cadence.
ERP (Enterprise resource planning) Business strategy used to keep track of activities like purchasing,
inventory and order tracking. Some examples of ERP software systems include NetSuite and
Expandable.
FFR (Field failure request) A change request which details a problem with the product as observed in
the field.
FFF (Form, fit & function) A description of an item’s identifying characteristics. Form refers to the
shape, size, dimensions, mass, weight and other visual parameters that uniquely distinguish an item.
Fit is the ability of an item to physically interface with, interconnect with or become an integral part
of another item. Function is the action or actions that an item is designed to perform. Changes in an
item’s form, fit or function are typically considered significant enough to merit a new item number.
For more information see this article, Form Fit Function: Ensure that necessary part changes have a
minimal impact on your manufacturing process.
GMP (Good manufacturing practice) A set of guidelines for how to manage each aspect of
production and testing that can impact the quality of a product. GMPs are part of a quality system
covering the manufacture and testing of active pharmaceutical ingredients, diagnostics, foods,
pharmaceutical products and medical devices. Adapted from source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_manufacturing_practice
Item A part, process or document included in a manufacturer’s product record.
Item Master List of all components that a manufacturer buys, builds or assembles into its products.
The item master includes information like the size, shape, material, manufacturer, manufacturer
part number and vendor for each component.
ISO 9000 (International standards organization 9000) An international quality-process auditing
program. Manufacturers that adhere to specified quality processes receive certification for
complying with this standard.
ISO 13485 (International standards organization 13485) Quality system standards and guidelines for
the development of medical devices.
ISO 14000 (International standards organization 14000) Standards and guidelines for environmental
management systems.
ITAR (International traffic in arms regulations) A set of United States government import and export
regulations. Manufacturers in the aerospace and defense industry and others that provide products
to the U.S. military and government often have to comply with ITAR.
JIT (Just in time) A strategy used to monitor inventory levels with the goal of reducing inventory and
associated carrying costs.
Kanban A scheduling system that advises manufacturers what to produce, when to produce and how
much to produce. Devised by Toyota, the approach is based on demand creating a “pull.” Inventory
is replenished only when visual cues like an empty bin or cart show that it’s needed. This differs from
a “push” inventory system where deliveries are planned in advance based on a master schedule.
Adapted from source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanban
Made-to-Spec Describes an item that is made to a company’s specifications internally or by a
supplier.
MBOM (Manufacturing bill of materials) A BOM organized into subassemblies that reflect the
manufacturing process. The MBOM represents the physical product, packaging and included
documentation. It contains all components required to build the product — made-to-spec, off-the-
shelf, mechanical, electrical, software and firmware.
For more information see this article, Manufacturing BOM: Critical for Successfully Building a
Product
MCAD Software (Mechanical computer aided design software) Software used by mechanical
engineers to develop concepts and designs of mechanical systems. Some examples of MCAD
software include SolidWorks by Dassault Systemes, Pro/ENGINEER by PTC, Solid Edge by Siemens
and AutoCAD by Autodesk.
MCO (Manufacturing change order) A change order used to make a manufacturing change. This
typically does not involve a design change to the item. An example is a change to the approved
manufacturer list (AML) or a change in the manufacturing processes used to produce a part. If a
MCO does require a design change is it often accompanied by an ECO. For more information see this
article, Three tips for creating a manufacturing change process that works.
MCR (Manufacturing change request) A change request used to propose a manufacturing change
that does not require a design change to an item. An example is a change to the approved
manufacturer list (AML).
Manufacturing Deviation A temporary change in production or a manufacturing procedure. An
example is the use of a substitute part. Deviations may be planned or unplanned.
MES (Manufacturing execution system) A system that controls and manages production on the
factory floor with the goal of reducing the total time needed to produce an order.
Markup A document, such as a redlined drawing, that has annotations indicating recommended
changes to a file.
Multi-level BOM A BOM that captures how multiple sub-assemblies come together to produce a
final product. It can be visualized as a nested list whose parts or items are listed in two or more
levels of detail. For more information see this article, Managing Multi-Level BOMs.
In this example the “400000-00 Lawn Mower” shows the level 2 details of “100000-00 Assy Handle”:
Multi-level bill of material BOM
MWI (Manufacturing work instructions) Information and directions on how to perform a
manufacturing task.
NPD (New product development) The overall process of conceptualizing, designing, planning and
commercializing a new product. NPD is also frequently referred to as “product development.”
NPD process (New product development process) A disciplined and defined set of tasks and steps
that describe the normal means by which a company repetitively converts embryonic ideas into
salable products or services.
NPI (New product introduction) The market launch or commercialization of a new product. NPI takes
place at the end of a successful product development project.
O
OEM (Original equipment manufacturer) The original manufacturer of a product that may be sold or
marketed by another company.
Off-the-Shelf Describes an item that is procured from a supplier as-is, with no modifications.
Parent Item Describes an item that contains another item (i.e. a child item) in its bill of materials. An
assembly-component or assembly-subassembly relationship can be described as a parent-child
relationship.
Part Name A unique name assigned to a part.
Part Number A unique numerical value assigned to a part.For more information see the following
articles: Part Numbering Schemes—Intelligent vs. Non-Intelligent and Part number system: How to
get started.
PDM System (Product data management system) Also referred to as a “work in progress (WIP) vault”
or file repository. A PDM system is used to hold mechanical CAD files, including parts and assembly
models as well as drawing files.
PDX (Product data eXchange) An iNEMI (international electronics manufacturing initiative) standard.
PDX is an open XML (eXtensible markup language)-based standard allowing organizations to access
their data directly, even using their own XML-based applications/tools. PDX is commonly used
throughout the design chain and the supply chain to deliver the multi-level BOM, AML, recent
change history and supporting design files zipped in a single file. There are several free PDX viewers
on the market. Check out Arena PDXViewer - a cloud-based PDX Viewer. PDX standards information
can be found on the iNEMI site.
PLM (Product lifecycle management) The management of the product record, including bills of
materials, specifications, revisions and changes, from prototype through end-of-life.
Procurement Type Describes how a part is bought or made, typically OTS (off-the-shelf) or MTS
(made-to-specification). In some cases the part may be built in house or outsourced from a vendor.
Product Record A general term that describes all design, manufacturing, quality, sales and repair
information about a product.
Prototype An engineering-quality sample build of a product, typically intended to test high-risk
aspects of the design.
QMS (Quality management system) Documents all aspects of a company’s design and operational
controls, including monitoring, issue reporting, continuous improvements and training, in order to
ensure that product design and manufacturing have statistically in-control repeatable product
deliveries. It can also be a set of controls for other departments, such as human resources,
Finance/accounting and corporate reporting.
Redline is the marking of an assembly drawing or bill of materials (BOM) to indicate a modification.
Reference Designator An alphanumeric code (e.g., R17) that gives the physical location of a
component on a PCB (printed circuit board). A code for each part is listed on the bill of materials and
physically printed on the PCB so the manufacturer knows where to place all the components.
Requirement References the standards against which companies measure their products. A
requirement could be a government regulation regarding environmental or safety concerns, or any
internal standard.
Revision A snapshot of a product, part, process, program, design or document at any moment in its
development.
Revision Control The process of tracking and documenting changes to a product, part, process,
program, design or document.
RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment 2002/95/EC) An
initiative that was adopted by the European Union (EU) in February 2003 and put into effect July 1,
2006, to restrict the usage of six hazardous substances—lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent
chromium, polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers—in products sold within
the EU.
RMA (Return material authorization) A financial and work order tracking key to identify a returned
item’s origination. Used in a transaction in which a customer returns goods to a manufacturer, often
to have them repaired or replaced.
S
SCAR (Supplier corrective action request) A change request describing an issue with a part, process
or component from a supplier and asking for a resolution. A SCAR sometimes includes details about
how the complaint should be addressed.
Scrubbing Used in the phrase “scrubbing a BOM” to describe the process of confirming that all
aspects of a bill of materials (BOM) are documented accurately in the appropriate control systems
and verifying that the BOM represents a manufacturable assembly.
Single-Level BOM A bill of materials that lists all the parts or items in a product assembly one level
below the top-level assembly. In the example below, “400000-00 Lawn Mower” is the top-level
assembly and this is its single-level BOM:
400000-00, Lawn Mower
100000-00, Assy Handle
200000-00, Assy Metal deck
300000-00, Assy Controls
400000-00, Assy Motor
500000-00, Assy blade
SKU (Stock keeping unit) A unique sales stock identifier usually controlled by the business side of a
company. A SKU is generally disassociated from the engineering definition and engineering change
controls for a product.
SOP (Standard operating procedure) A written document or instruction detailing all steps and
activities included in a process or procedure. Adapted from source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure
Title 21 CFR Part 11 Code of Federal Regulations that deals with the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) guidelines on electronic records and electronic signatures in the United States. Defines the
criteria under which electronic records and electronic signatures are considered to be trustworthy,
reliable and equivalent to paper records. For more information on 21 CFR Part 11, visit the FDA
website.
Title 21 CFR Part 820 Quality system regulation set forth by the United States Food and Drug
Administration (FDA). The purpose is to ensure that quality systems involved in the manufacture of
pharmaceutical products and medical devices are appropriate for the specific items designed or
manufactured. For more information on 21 CFR Part820, visit the FDA website.
TTM (Time to market) The period of time from development of a product concept to availability of
the finished product. It starts when a development project has been agreed to and resources have
been committed and ends when the final product is shipped to customers. For more information,
please see this article: Improving Time to Market.
UOM (Unit of measure) Describes how manufacturers use or buy a part. The most common UOM is
“each,” but standard measures like feet, inches, pints, drops, box, etc. can also be used.
WEEE Directive (Waste electrical and electronic equipment directive) European Community directive
2002/96/EC where manufacturers are responsible for disposing of electrical and electronic
equipment waste.
Manufacturing Definitions and Jargon
A
Alloy: A metal formed by a mixture of two or more different metals.
Arbor Press: A hand-operated machine tool designed for applying high pressure for the purpose of
pressing together or removing parts.
Assembly: A unit of fitted parts that make up a mechanism or machine.
B
Bar stock: Metal bars of various lengths, made in flat, hexagon, octagon, round, and square shapes
from which parts are machined.
Bill of Materials (BOM): A list of raw materials, parts, components, hardware, and sub-assemblies
with corresponding quantities that belong to an assembly or end product.
Burr: The sharp edge left on metal after cutting or punching-, also, a rotary cutting tool designed to
be attached to a drill.
C
Computer-aided Design (CAD): Computer software is used to increase the productivity of the
designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to
create a database for manufacturing.
Caliper: A device used to measure inside or outside dimensions.
Chamfer: The bevel or angular surface cut on the edge or a corner of a machined part.
Chatter: The vibrations caused between the work and the cutting tool which leave distinctive tool
marks on the finished surface that are objectionable.
Cold Rolled Steel (CRS): Steel that has been rolled to accurate size and smooth finish when made.
Concentricity: Accurately centered or having a common center.
Counterbore: To enlarge the top part of a hole to a specific size, as for the head of a socket-head or
cap screw.
Countersink: To enlarge the top part of a hole at an angle for a flat-head screw.
Cross Section: A view showing an internal structure as it would be revealed by cutting through the
piece in any plane.
D
Deburr: To remove sharp edges.
Deviation: A difference in a part relative to its drawing, specifications, and/or work instructions.
Diameter: The distance across a circle through the center (double the radius).
Die: A tool used to form or stamp out metal parts.
Dimension: A physical measurement of a feature.
Drawing: As illustration of a part including all manufacturing details such as dimensions, material
type, material thickness, finish, hardware, assembly, etc. Also known as a print or blue print.
E
Export Administration Regulations: Export controlled items that are predominately for commercial
use.
F
Finished Goods: Parts that are completed and ready to ship to the customer.
First Article: A part or report that acts as proof of conformity to the requirements on a drawing.
Fixture: A device used to hold a part in place for machining duplicate parts.
Flange: A relatively thin rim around a part.
G
Gauge: Thickness of steel.
Galvanized: Zinc coating on steel.
H
Hot Rolled Steel: Steel that has been rolled to accurate size and rough, pitted surface and slag
inclusion.
I
International Standard Organization (ISO): International standards of manufacturing quality.
International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR): Export controlled defense items that are listed on
the United States Munitions List.
J
Jig: A devise used to locate a part and guide cutting tools.
Joggle: offset bending process in which the two opposite bends are each less than 90° and are
separated by a neutral web so that the offset is less than 5 material thicknesses.
Just in Time (J.I.T): A production strategy that relies on signals of when to make the next part.
K
Kanban: A scheduling system used for J.I.T production.
L
Lead time: The time allotted to manufacture a part from start to the day it ships.
Line bore: Two or more holes cut at the same time to create a precision alignment.
Lockout: When a machine is locked for maintenance or repair.
Lot: A manufacturing technique to control the number of parts made a time.
M
Mandrel: A precision-made tapered shaft to support work for machining between centers.
Material Safety Data Sheets: A document that contains information on the potential health effects
of exposure to chemicals, or other potentially dangerous substances, and on safe working
procedures when handling chemical products.
O
Outside Process (OP): Manufacturing processes that are not done in-house.
P
Pega: Punch area in the shop.
Pitch: The distance from any point on a thread to the corresponding point on the adjacent thread.
measured parallel to the axis. Also applies to spur gears and welds.
Plus or Minus (+/-): Referring to tolerance, the allowable excess or shortage from a standard size.
Prints: As illustration of a part including all manufacturing details such as dimensions, material type,
material thickness, finish, hardware, assembly, etc. Also known as a drawing or blue print.
Q
Quality Control (QC): An entity that reviews the quality of all factors involved in production relative
to the customers' specifications.
R
Radius: The distance from the center of a circle to its circumference (outside). Half the diameter.
Ready to Ship (RTS): Parts that are in finished goods that are ready to be shipped to the customer.
Ream: The process of reaming one or more holes to a precise diameter.
Reference Dimension: Dimensions on a print that are in parenthesis which is provided for
information purposes only.
Relief: A term for clearance or clearance angle.
Return Material Authorization (RMA): A manufacturer's authorization for the customer to return a
defective part for rework, replacement, or credit.
Router: A document with a set of instructions to fabricate a part by work center.
S
Set-up: The time allotted to set up a machine or work center to fabricate parts.
Shim: Very thin sheets of metal made in precise thickness and used between parts to obtain desired
fits.
Specification (Spec): Customer driven requirements, guidelines, clauses, or instructions to fabricate
a part.
T
Tap: A tool used to cut threads on the inside of a round hole.
Taper: A uniform increase or decrease in the size or diameter of a part.
Tolerance: The allowable deviation from a standard size.
Thousandths: Dimensions after a decimal point. Example .005 = "5 thousandths," .010 = "10
thousandths," .100 = "100 thousandths."
U, V
W
Work in Progress (WIP): Parts that are still being fabricated.
Work Order: A document with a set of instructions to fabricate a part by work center.
