ENGLISH TASK

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Group 2:
Alifa Pritian Nurtiara (1815041030)
Eva Mayanti (1815041024)
Fahmi Rahman Firdaus (1815041018)
Febrina Uli Lubis (1855041056)
Kristin F Suebu (1815041064)
M. Rifqi Fadhilah Irsa (1815041062)

Subject : English
Lecturer : Edwin Azwar, S.T., [Link]., Ph.D

Jurusan Teknik Kimia

Fakultas Teknik Universitas Lampung
Bandar Lampung
2019
 FOREWORD

Thank to the Almighty God for His bless and grace to the writer for accomplishing
the English paper assignment with the title “Chemical Engineering”.

The writer also wants to deliver his sincere thanks to all the people who has given
their hands to help him completing this paper. It is written to complete the final task
of English subject. It is the project to discuss how the figure of speech is used in a
novel or the other literature work.

The writer realize that it is still imperfect but he has a high expectation that his work
may help the reader to learn about the figure of speech.

Bandar Lampung, May 7th 2019

Author
 CHAPTER I
PREFACE

1.1. Chemical Engineering Background

Chemical Engineering is a profession where knowledge of mathematics and other
sciences obtained from studies, experiences and practices is applied with judgment to
develop economic ways for the use of materials and energy for the benefit of humans.
Basically the science and art of applying the process to produce useful goods
(Engineering of Process).

The branch of science overlaps with many sciences and other technical disciplines
related to physical sciences such as chemistry and physics. Chemical engineering
uses a lot of mathematics as a tool, because chemical engineering is basically
quantitative science that always deals with methods of methods to determine prices in
numbers.

1.2. Formulation of the problem

Problem formulation in writing this paper are:
[Link] is the meaning of Chemical Engineering?
2. What are the scope of chemical engineering?
3. What are the elements of Chemical Engineering?
4. What are the prospects of Chemical Engineering jobs?
 CHAPTER II
CONTENTS

2.1 Definition of Chemical Engineering

According to the language or the origin of the word, technique is the process or way
of making something, while chemistry is material that is both biological and physical
which is often used by humans in their daily lives. If you combine chemistry
according to language, it is the process / method of making something that is in the
form of substances that are both biological and physical, often found in everyday life.

According to General Views and lectures, Chemical Engineering or commonly called

Chemical Engineering is the engineering or engineering science that studies the
processing of raw materials into more useful items, can be finished goods or semi-
finished goods. Chemical engineering is applied primarily in the design and
maintenance of chemical processes, both on a small scale and in large scale such as
chemical-based companies. Chemical engineering engineers who are responsible for
designing and maintaining chemical processes on a factory scale are known as
"process engineer" (processengineer).

In addition, according to the author's own view, Chemical Engineering is a science of

engineering chemicals that processes raw materials into finished materials by
prioritizing economic elements and this science can also be said to be the parent of all
the knowledge found in everyday life.

Chemical engineers have been improving our well-being for more than a century.
From the development of smaller, faster computer chips to innovations in recycling,
treating disease, cleaning water, and generating energy, the processes and products
that chemical engineers have helped create touch every aspect of our lives. Browse
the pages below to learn about the many significant advancements that chemical
engineers have made to our world. You'll learn about chemical engineering’s great
achievements, bold innovators, and new frontiers in the fields of energy, the
environment, biomedicine, electronics, food production, and materials.

Chemical Engineering Touches Everything

It would take too long to list all the products that are impacted by chemical engineers,
but knowing what industries employ them may help you comprehend the scope of
their work. Chemical engineers work in manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, healthcare,
design and construction, pulp and paper, petrochemicals, food processing, specialty
chemicals, microelectronics, electronic and advanced materials, polymers, business
services, biotechnology, and environmental health and safety industries, among
others.

Math and Science Are Important

Within these industries, chemical engineers rely on their knowledge of mathematics

and science—particularly chemistry— to overcome technical problems safely and
economically. And, of course, they draw upon and apply their engineering knowledge
to solve any technical challenges they encounter. Don't make the mistake of thinking
that chemical engineers only “make things,” though. Their expertise is also applied in
the areas of law, education, publishing, finance, and medicine, as well as in many
other fields that require technical training.

This Chemical Engineering is very different from Basic Chemistry, not only in its
understanding but also in the lessons it teaches. For example, in terms of learning, in
Chemical Engineering we will not meet with the lesson of researching a substance or
discovering new substances commonly carried out by Basic [Link] we will be
more focused on applying and developing.
Indeed, indirectly chemical techniques do not find new things in the world of matter,
but in the context of production of finished materials, chemical techniques have an
important role in mastering the fields of production in everyday life. As for making
soap, there may be many people who think that soap is found by Basic Chemical
people, but actually people who process ingredients into soap at economic prices are
only done by Chemical Engineering people. So it is wrong to assume that all the
chemical techniques in the context are not far from looking for and finding chemicals.

Then in terms of the scale that they learn is also very different, the basic chemists
usually conduct experiments on a small scale, in contrast to those of Chemical
Engineering who are used to conducting large-scale conversations because they will
be applied to industrial fields. So it is clear that the notion of Chemical Engineering
and basic education is very much different both in terms of students and jobs that
they will face.

The progress of human life demands more and more diverse life lives, such as
clothing, food, medicine, housing, household appliances, vehicles and information.
These needs need to be provided in sufficient quantities and a short amount of time
and relatively cheap prices. To respond to these challenges, adequate process
technology is needed, so that the goal of providing these needs can be achieved. In
this process technology, the role of chemical engineering education is needed. The
chemical engineering field learns how to economically transform a material through
chemical or physical processes into other useful materials and has high economic
value.

The Department of Chemical Engineering is designed to produce graduates who

design, operate and maintain equipment the process is reliable, efficient and
productive. The field of application of chemical engineering is very broad, such as in
the petrochemical industry, oil and gas, textiles, limers, food and medicine, especially
in the design of process equipment, as well as production and operations. In addition
to the application field, graduates of Chemical Engineering can work in the field of
education and chemical engineering research, process marketing and chemical
materials, and as a consultant in the field of chemical engineering.

The rapid growth of the chemical industry and the limited graduates of chemical
engineering, provide bright prospects for chemical engineering graduates in the
future. With the support of an up-to-date curriculum date, teaching staff with doctoral
degrees and master of domestic and foreign graduates, complete laboratory facilities
(basic laboratory of basic sciences, introduction to chemical engineering, chemical
engineering operations, technology in making threads and fabrics, textile chemical
technology and textile evaluation) are expected to produce qualified chemical
engineers.

2.2 The scope of chemical engineering

The scope of chemical engineering is very broad, they are not only focusing on their
work to produce economical processes but also how to deal with the obstacles that
will be faced during the process. To achieve this goal, a chemical engineer can
simplify or reduce the flow of production processes to obtain an economical process.

In addition to designing the production process flow, a chemical engineer can also
produce eco-friendly processes by designing the operating conditions. Some chemical
reactions have a higher reaction rate at higher pressures or operating temperatures.
The ammonia production process is an example of high pressure utilization. For the
rapid ammonia formation rate, the reaction is carried out in a high-pressure reactor.

Chemical processes take place in process equipment. Process equipment is generally

one operating unit. The operating units are then coupled to perform various needs
from chemical synthesis or from separation processes. In some units, chemical
synthesis and separation processes occur [Link] combination of these two
can be seen from the reactive distillation process. All this can only be done by people
who master the field of chemical engineering.

The scope which is the basis of Chemical Engineering, among others :

Mass balance

Mass balance is a branch of science that studies mass equilibrium in a system. In the
mass balance, the system is something that is observed or examined. Mass balance is
a logical consequence of Mass Conservation Law which states that in this world the
total mass is eternal; cannot be destroyed or created. Examples of mass balance
utilization are to design chemical reactors, analyze various alternative chemical
production processes, and to model dispersing pollution. Mass entering a system must
leave the system or accumulate in the system. The logical consequence of mass
conservation law provides the basic equation of mass balance:
[incoming mass] = [mass out] + [mass accumulation]

with [incoming mass] representing the mass entering the system, [mass out] is the
mass that exits the system, and [mass accumulation] is the accumulation of mass in
the system. Mass accumulation can be negative or positive. In general, the mass
balance is built by calculating the total mass through a system. On a chemical
engineering count, a mass balance is also constructed by calculating the total mass of
the components of a chemical compound through a system (for example: water) or
the total mass of an element (sample: carbon). When the system is going through a
chemical reaction, then the mass balance equation is added to the variable
[production] so that the mass balance equation becomes:
[mass entry] + [production] = [mass out] + [mass accumulation]

the [production] variable in the modified mass balance equation is the rate of the
chemical reaction. The rate of chemical reaction can be either the formation reaction
rate or the reduction reaction rate. Therefore, the variable [production] can be positive
or negative

Types of Mass Balance: Mass balance can be an integral or differential type. An

integral mass balance uses a black box approach and focuses on the overall
characteristics of the system. Meanwhile, the differential mass balance focuses on the
details that occur in the system (which also affects overall characteristics). To make
an integral mass balance, system boundaries must be identified initially, how the
system is connected to the environment and how the environment affects the system.
In some systems, system boundaries can easily be identified. An example is a reactor
tank with a tank wall as a system boundary. In this reactor tank, the environment
affects the system through the tank inlet and tank outlet. For cases such as the study
of forest land, establishing vegetation as an external or internal system (defining
system boundaries) is very dependent on the method and purpose of the study
conducted. To make a differential mass balance, at first it is necessary to identify the
details in the system. The reactions that occur in the system and what chemical
compounds are involved in it need to be clearly known.

Energy Balance

is a branch to scientists who study energy equilibrium in a system. The energy

balance is based on the first law of thermodynamics. This first law states that
conservation of energy, ie energy cannot be destroyed or made, can only be changed
in shape. The formulation of the energy balance of a system is similar to the
formulation of a mass balance. However, there are several things that need to be
considered, namely a system can be a closed system but not isolated (mass transfer
cannot occur but heat transfer can occur) and there is only one energy balance for a
system (unlike mass balance which allows for multiple balance sheets) component).
An energy balance has an equation.
Unlike the mass balance which has a production variable, the energy balance does not
have a production variable. This is because energy cannot be produced, it can only be
changed in shape. However, if there is a type of energy ignored.
for example if the balance sheet is made by only calculating heat energy, then the
energy balance equation will become
Inlet heat + Production heat = Exit heat + Heat accumulated
with Heat production negative value if heat is consumed. Energy balance is widely
used in the fields of pure science such as physics, biology, chemistry and geography.

Events Of Mass Transfer Mass

Events Of Mass Transfer Massis the physical nature of an object, which can generally
be used to measure the amount of material contained in an object. Mass is the main
concept in classical mechanics and other related subjects. In the National
International System, SI, mass is measured in kilo grams. The tool used to measure
mass is usually a scale. Unlike weight, the mass in every place is always the same.
For example: our mass when on earth and on the same month, but we are on earth and
on different months.

2.3. Chemical Engineering Elements

Chemical Engineering elements consist of:
Observed facts (observed facts).
Basic Law.
theory.
Technique or skill (technique)
Tools.

1. Observed Facts
 A fact that really exists.
 Observed facts are the formation of data and careful description of events.
  A Chemical Engineering engineer (almost all stages of his profession) is
aware that "the problem he must solve has a basis in the form of observed
facts".
Example:
- Decreased catalyst activity in the lab, or
- Failure of a commercial distillation column or operating according to
specifications,
 The facts mentioned above are facts that are happening that he must explain,
looking for correlations or not justifying them.

2. Basic Law
Law is an expression of a rule or relationship of events that people have known that
are not different under certain conditions.
Some basic laws used in Chemical Engineering:
a. Mass Balance Material (material) and energy, among others:
 Immortality of the Mass (Lavoiser); and energy (Law I of Thermodynamics)
 Stoichiometry relationships
 Law of Thermodynamics (Hikum Hess)
b. Thermodynamics and kinetics are used, including:
 Three Laws of Thermodynamics.
 Equilibrium criteria (Law Gibbs-Duhem).
 Phases and Gibbs rules.
 Le Chatelier's Law; Vant Hoff.
c. Operations Unit, among others:
 Newton's Law Viskitas
 Newton's Law ekan Friction
 First Law of Fiction usi Diffusion
 Ohm's Law
 Kirchoff's Law
 Wien Law eran Shifting wavelengths of light
  Conservation of momentum, mass and energy.
 Equilibrium criteria.
 The principle of similarity.
 Hooke's Law astis Elasticity
 Newton's Law Gravity
 Fourier law panas Heat conduction.
 Law of Flank
 Lee Chatelier's law
Conclusion:
1) Only a few basic laws are often used in Chemical Engineering.
2) The basic law commonly used in Chemical Engineering is Physics and Chemistry
Law.

3. Theory
Theories - Hypotheses that have undergone verification (verification) and can be
applied in many similar events (phenomena).

Some theories used in Chemical Engineering:

- Theory of Adsorption (Langmuir, van der Waals, etc.)
- Kinetic Theory
- Theories about the appropriate conditions
- Theory of reaction speed (Eyring's theory)
- Theories about Transport phenomena, film, theory, penetration theory, boundary
layer theory, and others.
- Quantum theory.

4. Techniques of Chemical Engineering

The uniqueness of a used science lies in its proficiency. All these skills are based on
the classical scientific method.
Major chemical skills including:
- Discussion, based on analysis and synthesis.
- Concept Development.
- Discussion based on analog.
- Discussion based on generalization.
- Discussion based on hypothesis.
- Embarrassing experiment.
- Make decisions.
An engineer who knows about the types of skills and their specific uses, he is better
able to find solutions to problems without over-relying on experience.

A. Analysis and Synthesis

The success of solving a problem depends on identifying logically the relevant
facts, both those that have been known and those that must be determined.
The ability to analyze problems in the field of Chemical Engineering can be
obtained from conscious / incidental repetition of the analysis parts and determine the
facts of education and practice in practical work at the factory.
Analysis is to describe the problem into its parts and determine relevant facts and
theories.
Synthesis is combining the chart of the problem into an approach from a real
situation.

B. Concept Development
Many engineering problems can be solved by using the right concepts,
According to Northrup (1947), there are two main types of concepts:
Concepts based on intuition (feeling) These concepts are the result of inductive
procedures that are based on observation and description. Example: Concept of
Distillation, Filtration, and others.
Concept based on postulation (parable) upakan Is the result of deductive logic
(inductive inverse, general properties apply to special events) and is the starting point
of many calculations of chemical engineering design. Example: the concept of the
ideal stage in the process of separation.
(Note: Inductive methods are ways in which special provisions are considered to be
generally applicable).

C. Discussion Based on Analogy

Analogy is a form of proof (interference) based on the assumption, that if two or
more things have something in common about one or more aspects, maybe other
aspects of these things might also be the same.
This method of proof is often encountered in everyday life and can be a source of
ideas and hypotheses if carefully studied.
• Example: In an urgent situation, a chemical engineer is encouraged to compare
aspects of a problem that is not divided

2.4 Chemical Engineering job prospects

There are so many Chemical Engineering job prospects:
1. Chemical Process Industry
Humans always need resources that are constantly evolving in terms of number and
diversity. The ability of graduates of industrial chemical engineering in engineering is
one solution to the problem of resource availability. Engineering raw materials into
various forms of finished products can provide new alternatives for meeting human
needs. In this process industry we can see examples such as fertilizer, petroleum,
paper, polymer, gas, metal, food, medicine, etc.

2. Renewable Energy Industry

Increasingly complex environmental problems require many parties to improve their
behavior in interacting with nature, including those in chemical engineering
environments. Chemical engineering practitioners can play a role in improving
chemical processes to be more efficient and environmentally friendly. Thus, the
opportunities for industrial chemical engineering graduates are very large in the
Renewable Energy Industry field.

3. Agribusiness Industry
The agriculture and agribusiness industry is one of the biggest in Indonesia.
Agricultural products that are sold raw without effort to increase their selling power
are one of the causes of low income from this sector. Bachelor of chemical
engineering has a very important role in increasing the use value and selling value so
that it can produce greater profits.

4. Industrial / Waste Treatment Unit

The waste processing industry can be entered by Indonesian Chemical Engineering
graduates because indeed Chemical Engineering graduates have a relatively strong
foundation in waste treatment. Chemical Engineering graduates are often said to be
able to seize employment opportunities from Environmental Engineering graduates.
Chemical Engineering graduates can work in PPLI companies, or be supported by
various large companies' systems, for example in the waste treatment unit in the Oil
and Gas Industry.

5. Banking
Chemical Engineering graduates have relatively very good abilities in the feasibility
study analysis for industrial development projects, ranging from small industries to
large industries. So that industrial chemical engineering graduates can give
consideration when the bank will provide loans to entrepreneurs.

6. Researchers
Industrial chemical graduates who are interested in the field of research at the
Laboratory have the opportunity to join chemical research and chemical engineering
institutions, for example BPPT, LIPI, assistant lecturers / professors to assist with
their research.
7. Lecturer
Like other department graduates, industrial chemical engineering graduates also have
the opportunity to become lecturers. However, it should be noted that most tertiary
institutions only accept prospective lecturers who have masters degrees, unless the
graduates are indeed outstanding and are known by lecturers at their alma mater.

8. Entrepreneurs
With the ability of process engineering and industrial products, graduates of chemical
engineering majors should be able to become pioneers in building the industrial world
in Indonesia. Creativity is absolutely necessary in the development of the business.

9. In addition to the above employment opportunities, Chemical Engineering

graduates can also work in Government Agencies.
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

3.1. Conclusion
The conclusions that can be drawn from this paper are:
1. Chemical Engineering is a discipline that summarizes and coordinates the activities
of the chemical industry.
2. For Design and Construction or plant operations, chemical engineers must
understand the basic principles of the technique.
3. Chemical plants are the result of the synthesis of many technical disciplines (such
as machinery, civil, electricity, instruments, metallurgy and electronics).
4. Chemical Engineering is one of the very complex majors because it almost studies
all engineering fields.
5. A Chemical Engineering scholar also has great opportunities in the world of work.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hari. 2009. Perkenalan Teknik Kimia. Jakarta: From:

[Link]

Hariansyah. 2007. Teknik Kimia Membangun Negeri. Lampung: Scientific paper.

Rambe, Aan Rohima. 2016. Makalah Pengenalan Teknik Kimia. Sumatera Utara:
From: [Link]