Bhagavad Gita 1

Chapter 18

CHAPTER 18

CONCLUSION—THE PERFECTION OF RENUNCIATION

Connection between Chapter 17 and Chapter 18

 To emphasize the goal of surrender to Krishna, the essence of previous chapters is taught in the
final chapter
 Krishna begins his summary by reiterating his prescription that Arjuna renounce the fruit of
work, not work itself

BREAKDOWN OF CHAPTER

SECTION I (Text 1 – 12) – SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS 1-6: KARMA SECTION

 True sannyasi does not renounce his activities, but is detached from their fruits
 Krishna concludes that renounced order of life (sanyasa) and renunciation of the
fruits of action (tyaga) are the same.
 Work performed in this way is renunciation in the mode of goodness

SECTION II (Text 13 – 18) – JNANA SECTIONS

 Krishna cites Vedanta and analyzes activities as comprised of five factors to help us
perform activities without becoming bound
 Most prominent of these factors is the Supersoul
 Acting under the Supersoul’s direction, one is unaffected by reactions to his actions

SUMMARY OF THE YOGA LADDER (III-VIII)

KARMA

SECTION III (Text 19 –40) – THE MODES CONTROL ALL ACTIVITIES

 One’s work according to the five factors mentioned above is dictated by the three
modes of material nature
 This includes –
o One’s knowledge (19-22) o One’s action (23-26)
o One’s performance of action (27-28) o One’s understandings (29-32)
o One’s determination(33-35) o One’s happiness (36-39)
 All activities within the universe are thus controlled by the three modes

SAKAMA TO NISKAMA KARMA YOGA

SECTION IV (Text 41 –48) – FREEDOM FROM REACTION BY OCCUPATIONAL WORK

 All work is controlled by the modes, yet one can become free from the reactions of
work by acting as brahmana, ksatriya, vaisya or sudra in Niskama karma yoga while
worshipping the Lord through that work

FROM NISKAMA THROUGH LIBERATION TO DEVOTIONAL SERVICE

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SECTION V (Text 49 –55) – CONFIDENTIAL KNOWLEDGE: FROM REACTION-FREE WORK

THROUGH JNANA-WORK TO BRAHMAN PLATFORM & PURE DEVOTIONAL SERVICE
 One practicing niskama karma yoga, detached work, attains goodness and the
knowledge that he is not his body
 He finally attains the Brahman platform
 By serving Krishna on this platform, with devotion, one reaches the kingdom of God

SECTION VI (Text 56 – 60) – WORKING IN PURE DEVOTIONAL SERVICE

 One on the platform of devotion should work under the order of Lord, fully
depending on Him and being fully conscious of Him
 One will thus be free from the control of the modes of material nature

SECTION VII (Text 61 –63) – MORE CONFIDENTIAL KNOWLEDGE: SURRENDER TO THE

SUPERSOUL
 More confidential knowledge than the knowledge that one is spirit soul is knowledge
that one should surrender to the Supersoul

SECTION VIII (Text 64 – 66) – THE MOST CONFIDENTIAL KNOWLEDGE OF ALL: BECOME A
PURE DEVOTEE OF KRISHNA
 Always think of Krishna, become Krishna’s devotee, worship Krishna, offer all homage
unto Krishna and thus come to Krishna.
 Surrender to Krishna, do not fear sinful reactions

SECTION IX (Text 67 –71) – PREACHING AND STUDYING THE BHAGVAD GITA

 One who explains this knowledge of Bhagavat Gita to austere, nonenvious devotees,
pure devotional service is guaranteed
 Those who study Bhagavad Gita, worship Krishna with their intelligence, and faithful
and nonenvious hearers become free from sinful action

SECTION X (Text 72 –73) – ARJUNA IS FIRMLY FIXED

 After hearing Bhagavad Gita, Arjuna is fixed and determined to act according to
Krishna’s instructions

SECTION XI (Text 74 –78) – SANJAYA’S PREDICTIONS

 Sanjaya ecstatically thinks of the wondrous form of Krishna
 Predicts victory for Arjuna, the supreme archer, and Krishna, the master of all mystics

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SECTION I (Text 1 – 12)

SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS 1-6: KARMA SECTION

PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Acting with detachment is TRUE RENUNCIATION and brings freedom from
reaction

Text 1

THEME: Arjuna asks Krishna to distinguish between Tyaga and Sannyasa

FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.1

(a) Main emphasis of every chapter in Gita – Devotional service unto Supreme Personality
of Godhead is the ultimate goal of life
 First six chapters conclude in Text 6.47 – “yoginam api…” – Bhakti yoga is the
best
 Last six chapters recommend – “Do all acts in conjunction with the Lord” as
indicated by “OM TAT SAT” which indicates Vishnu the Supreme Person (BG
Chapter 17)
 Refutes Impersonalists who claim monopoly on Vedanta Sutra
o Chapter 13 – 17 establishes devotional service on the authority of
Vedanta Sutra (e.g. Chapter 13 and Chapter 15)
o Especially BG 15.5 says Vedanta Sutra is meant for understanding
devotional service
 Chapter 18 summarizes devotional service as the most confidential knowledge
(b) PURPOSE OF LIFE (As per Chapter 2 and Chapter 18) – Renunciation and attainment of
transcendental position above the three modes
(c) MEANING OF HRSIKESHA – Master of all senses
 One who helps to attain mental serenity
 Arjuna wants to know all clearly so that he can be equipoised
(d) MEANING OF KESI-NISUDANA – Killer of Kesi demon and now He is expected to kill the
doubts which are compared to demons

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Text 2 – 3

THEME:

 Krishna begins by citing great philosophers who say: (18.2)

 TYAGA – To renounce the results of all activities
 SANNYASA – To renounce the activities that are based on material desire; which implies
to renounce fruits and also the work itself
 Some even say that one should renounce religious duties in sannyasa (18.3) – There are
different opinions in abandoning activities
 Some say all fruitive activity are faulty
 Others maintain that acts of sacrifice, charity and penance should never be abandoned
o e.g. Animal killing in sacrifice is a subject of contention

FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.2 – 18.3

(a) INSTRUCTION OF BHAGAVAD GITA (18.2)

 Activities for advanced spiritual activities are not to be given up, but
o E.g. sacrifices for purification of one’s heart
 Performance of activities for results has to be given up
o E.g. Sacrifices to attain a good son or elevation to higher planets

Text 4

THEME: But Krishna’s opinion is that there are three kinds of renunciation

 Lord’s opinion stands above all Vedas (After all the Vedas are different laws given by God)
 His words should be taken as final

Text 5

THEME: Krishna’s opinion is that – Religious duties as opposed to worldly duties purify the heart

 SACRIFICE, CHARITY AND PENANCE should never be given up – they PURIFY EVEN THE GREAT
SOULS
 Suggestion to yogis / advanced souls / sannyasis – They must perform acts for
advancement of human society
 E.g. of such purificatory processes
o Marriage ceremony (Vivaha-yajna)
 Purpose: To regulate the human mind so that it becomes peaceful for
spiritual advancement

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 Attitude of sannyasi: Should never discourage one in the lower stages of

life e.g. a young man to practice this yajna
o Charity – Is for purification of heart especially if given to suitable person

Text 6

THEME: ATTITUDE to perform sacrifice, charity and penance

 WITHOUT ATTACHEMENT OR ANY EXPECTATION OF RESULT

 All sacrifices meant for material advancement should be given up
 ONLY AS A MATTER OF DUTY FOR THE PURPOSE OF PURIFICATION SOULS
 Everything leads to Krishna consciousness must be encouraged
o Ref. SB 1.2.6 “sa vai pumsam…” – Highest criteria of religion is anything which
leads to devotional service

Text 7 – 9

THEME: THREE types of renunciation

 RENUNCIATION IN THE MODE OF IGNORANCE

 Prescribed duties should never be renounced
 Giving up Prescribed duties because of illusion is in the mode of ignorance
o Activities which promotes one to spiritual activity are recommended e.g.
cooking and offering to the Lord; For a sannyasi, cooking for oneself is
prohibited, but cooking for Supreme Lord is not prohibited
o Sannyasi may perform marriage ceremony for his disciple to help him advance
in Krishna consciousness
 RENUNCIATION IN THE MODE OF PASSION
 Giving up prescribed duties as troublesome or out of fear of bodily discomfort
o E.g. In KC, giving up earning money out of fear that it is fruitive activity
o Rising early in the morning may be troublesome
 Result of passionate work is always miserable – One does not elevate in renunciation
 RENUNCIATION IN THE MODE OF GOODNESS
 Performing prescribed duty because it is OUGHT TO BE DONE
 Renouncing all material associations and all attachment to the fruit
o E.g. A man working in KC in a factory, does not associate himself with the work
of the factory nor with the workers of the factory – Simply works for Krishna and
gives the result to Krishna; thus situated on transcendental platform

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Text 10

THEME: Defines “INTELLIGENT RENOUNCER”

 One who is in the mode of goodness

 Neither hateful of inauspicious work nor attached to auspicious work
 One does not hate anyone or anything that troubles his body
 Works in proper place at proper time
 Without fearing the troublesome effects
 Has no doubts about work
 Renounces the fruits of his action

Text 11

THEME:

1. True renunciation is to perform only religious duties without attachment to their fruits
 E.g. Many members of ISKCON work very hard in their office and whatever they earn
they give to the society. Such highly elevated souls are actual sannyasis
 It is IMPOSSIBLE for an embodied being to give up all activities
 Prescribed duties should never be renounced

Text 12

THEME: This verse answers the question “What about the reaction which comes from the work as
prescribed in 18.9 – 18.11”

2. Although various good and bad reactions result from religious duties, one who works without
desires for these fruits is not subject to them
3. He becomes liberated from all the reactions
 KRISHNA CONSCIOUS PERSON IS ALWAYS LIBERATED – Because a person in Krishna
consciousness is acting in knowledge of relationship with Krishna

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SECTION II (Text 13 – 18)

SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS 13 – 17 (18.13 – 18.44): JNANA SECTION
MAIN THEME: To more precisely explain the consciousness of one not bound by fruits of his action,
Krishna refers to Vedanta Sutra

Text 13 – 14

THEME: Krishna describes FIVE FACTORS as the responsible causes for accomplishment of all action
(right or wrong)

MATERIAL CAUSES

1. ADHISTAN – Place of action (Body)

2. KARTA – The doer (That is the consciousness reflected in false ego)
a. Refers to the soul because he is acting to bring about the results of his activity
b. Ref. For soul as the knower and doer
i. Prasna Upanishad
ii. Vedanta Sutra
3. KARANA – Senses (Instruments of action)
4. CESTA – Endeavour (Effort, exerted by life airs to move the body)

ULTIMATE CAUSE

5. DAIVAM – Super-cause (All our activities depend on the will of the Supersoul

Practical Application of 18.14: Because Supreme Lord is the ultimate cause, therefore acting in Krishna
consciousness under the direction of Supersoul within the heart is:

a) Naturally not bound by any activity

b) Those in complete Krishna consciousness are not ultimately responsible for their actions

Text 15

THEME: These five co-operatively perform every action, both religious (right and irreligious (wrong)
performed by body, mind or speech)

 RIGHT WORK – Work done in terms of prescribed scriptural directions

 WRONG WORK – Work done against principles of scriptural injunctions

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Text 16

THEME:

 NON-INTELLIGENT SEER DEFINED – Does not consider the final doer, the Supreme Lord
 It is not intelligent to consider oneself as independent doer of one’s actions

Text 17

THEME:

 INTELLIGENT SEER DEFINED

 One who does not foolishly think himself as the sole cause, does not get enamored by
the fruits
 Not motivated by false ego
 Intelligence is not entangled

FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.17

(a) WHO IS PERFECT at doing everything and is never in illusion – One who knows the
instruments of work, himself as the worker and the Supreme Lord as the supreme
sanctioner is perfect in doing everything
(b) PERSONAL ACTIVITY and RESPONSIBILITY arise from false ego and godlessness, or a
lack of Krishna consciousness
(c) ACTION IN KRISHNA CONSCIOUSNESS under Supersoul’s direction is NON-REACTIVE
 ANALOGY: e.g. Soldier killing under the command of a superior officer

Text 18

THEME:

 Action is motivated by knower knowing the known, in other words activity is motivated by a
person (knower) perceiving a desirable object/goal. Being thus inspired action is carried out by
senses with effort (work), exerted by KARTA (doer)
 Thus explains
 Three motivators of action – KNOWLEDGE, OBJECT OF KNOWLEDGE and the KNOWER
 Three Constituents of action – SENSES, WORK and the DOER

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FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.18

(a) INSPIRATION – Before one acts, there is some impetus which is called inspiration
(b) WORK – Any solution arrived at before work is actualized is a subtle form of work. Then
work takes the form of action
(c) IMPETUS – First one has to undergo the psychological process of thinking, feeling and
willing and that is called impetus
(d) GURU or SASTRA – Inspiration to work is the same if it comes from scripture or from
instruction of spiritual master
(e) ACCUMULATION OF WORK – That is the sum total of all constituents of an activity

Text 19

THEME: Three kinds of knowledge, action and performer are explained henceforth

Text 20 – 28

KNOWLEDGE IN GOODNESS (18.20): That knowledge by which that undivided spiritual nature is seen in
all the living entities, though they are divided into innumerable forms

KNOWLEDGE IN PASSION (18.21): That knowledge by which one sees that in every different body there
is different type of living entity. E.g:

 The concept that the material body is the living entity and with the destruction of the body,
consciousness is also destroyed
 CAUSE OF DIFFERENT BODIES - They say bodies differ from one another because of
development of different types of consciousness
 No separate soul – Body itself is the soul. Consciousness is temporary

KNOWLEDGE IN IGNORANCE (18.22): That knowledge by which one is attached to one type of work as
all in all, without knowledge of the truth and which is very meager. E.g:

 Knowledge of common man

 Knowledge limited to body, because not developed through authorities or scriptural injuctions
 For him God is money and knowledge implies satisfaction of bodily demands
o No connection with Absolute Truth
o Like knowledge of ordinary animals

ACTION IN THE MODE OF GOODNESS (18.23): Action which is

 Regulated by sastra

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 Performed without attachment, without love or hatred

 Without fruitive desires

ACTION IN THE MODE OF PASSION (18.24):

 Action with great effort by one seeking to gratify his desires

 Enacted from a sense of false ego

ACTION IN THE MODE OF IGNORANCE (18.25):

 Action performed in illusion

 In disregard of scriptural injuction
 Without concern for future bondage
 Or for violence or distress to others

WORKER IN GOODNESS (18.26):

 Performs his duty without association with the modes of material nature and without false ego
 With great determination and enthusiasm
 Without wavering in success or failure

WORKER IN PASSION (18.27):

 Attached to work and fruits of work, desiring to enjoy those fruits

 Who is greedy
 Always envious, impure and moved by joy and sorrow
o E.g. Too much attached to a certain kind of work or result because too much attached
for materialism or hearth and home, wife and children
o Has no desire for higher elevation in life

WORKER IN IGNORANCE (18.28):

 Works against the injunctions of scriptures

 Materialistic
 Obstinate
 Cheating and expert in insulting others
 Lazy, always morose and procrastinating (Anything which can be done in an hour, they drag on
for years)

Text 29

THEME: Three kinds of understanding and determination are explained henceforth

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Text 30 – 35

UNDERSTANDING IN GOODNESS (18.30):

 One knows what ought to be done and what ought not to be done
 What is to be feared and what is not to be feared
 What is binding and what is liberating
o Performing actions in terms of scriptural directions is called “PRAVRITTI”
o Not doing such actions leads to entanglement

UNDERSTANDING IN PASSION (18.31):

 That which cannot distinguish between religion and irreligion

 Between action that should be done and action that should not be done

UNDERSTANDING IN IGNORANCE (18.32):

 Considers irreligion to be religion and religion to be irreligion. E.g.

o Considers a great soul to be a common man and a common man to be a great soul
o Truth to be untruth and untruth to be truth
 Under the spell of illusion and darkness
 Strives always in the wrong direction

DETERMINATION IN GOODNESS (18.33):

 Determination which is unbreakable

 Sustained with steadfastness by yoga practice
 Controls the activities of the mind, life and senses
o Significance of the word “AVYABHICARINYA” – It indicates that persons who are
engaged in Krishna consciousness are never deviated by any other activity

DETERMINATION IN PASSION (18.34):

 One holds fast to fruitive results in religion, economic development and sense gratification

DETERMINATION IN IGNORANCE (18.35):

 One cannot beyond dreaming

o Here dreaming means too much sleep and always dreaming of lording over material
world
o DREAMING IS NATURAL: Dreaming is always present either in goodness, passion and
ignorance
 Cannot go beyond fearfulness, lamentation, moroseness and illusion

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Text 36 – 39

MAIN THEME: HAPPINESS IN THREE MODES

 Conditioned soul trying to enjoy material happiness again and again

 ANALOGY: Chewing the chewed
 Relief from such entanglement (repetitive so-called happiness)
o Only by association of great souls
o When awakened to real Krishna consciousness

HAPPINESS IN GOODNESS (18.37):

 Like poison in the beginning and nectar in the end

o Many rules and regulations to control mind and senses may appear bitter like poison
o Successful transcendental realisation is like nectar
 Awakens one to self-realisation

HAPPINESS IN PASSION (18.38):

 Derived from contact of senses with the sense objects

 Like nectar at first but poison at the end
o E.g. Young woman and young man meet and senses drive one to see, touch and have
sexual intercourse (like nectar) – at the end there may be separation, divorce,
lamentation etc. (like poison)

HAPPINESS IN IGNORANCE (18.39):

 Blind to self realisation

 Delusion from beginning to end
 Arise from sleep, laziness, illusion
o ILLUSION – No idea how to act and how not to act
 Difference between passion and ignorance – In the mode of passion there might be some kind
of ephemeral happiness in the beginning and at the end distress, but for one in ignorance there
is only distress both in the beginning and at the end

Text 40

THEME: No-one, either here or among the demigods, is freed from these three modes

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SECTION IV (Text 41 – 48)

FREEDOM FROM REACTION BY OCCUPATIONAL WORK:
(PURIFICATION THROUGH KARMA YOGA)

MAIN THEME: All work is controlled by the modes, yet one can become free from the reactions of
work by acting as brahmana, ksatriya, vaisya or sudra in Niskama karma yoga while worshipping the
Lord through that work

Text 41 – 44

MAIN THEME: QUALITIES OF FOUR VARNAS

BRAHMANAS (18.42): Nine qualities – Peacefulness, self-control, austerity, purity, tolerance, honesty,
knowledge, wisdom and religiousness

KSATRIYAS (18.43): Seven qualities – Heroism, power, determination, resourcefulness, courage in

battle, generosity and leadership

VAISYAS (18.44): Three qualities – Farming, cow-protection and business

SUDRAS (18.44): One qualities – Labor and service to others

Text 45 – 48

MAIN THEME: PURIFICATION THROUGH KARMA-YOGA

Text 45: Anyone can become perfect by following the duties of his work. That is explained in 18.46

Text 46

THEME: One can become perfect by doing all the duties of his varna for “LORD’S PLEASURE”

 By worship of the Lord, who is the source of all beings and who is all pervading

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FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.46

(a) SUPREME LORD IS THE BEGINNING OF ALL LIVING ENTITIES

 Ref. BG 15.7 – Living entities as fragmental parts and parcels
 Vedanta Sutra – “janmady asya yatah…”
 BG CHAPTER 7 – Lord is all pervading by His external and internal energies
(b) RESULT OF KNOWING THE LORD AS THE SOURCE – “WORSHIP OF HIM”
 Worship Supreme Lord with His energies
 How Vaishnavas worship – Worship Lord especially with His internal energy
 But what about external energy?
o His external energy is a perverted reflection of internal energy
o The external energy is a background, but the Supreme Lord by the
expansion as Paramatma is situated everywhere, in all the demigods,
human beings, animals etc.
o THEREFORE RECOMMENDATION GIVEN - perform your duty to render
service unto Him: Senses to be engaged in service of Hrsikesa, the
master of the senses
(c) RECEPROCATION OF THE LORD (Ref. BG 12.7) – Supreme Lord Himself takes charge of
delivering such a devotee
 Whatever occupation one may be engaged if he serves the Lord, he will achieve
the highest perfection

Text 47

THEME: As one should not take medicine prescribed to someone else, one should stick to his own
prescribed duties and not try to take someone else’s

 Better to engage in one’s own occupation, even though imperfectly, than to accept another’s
occupation and perform it perfectly
 RESULT – Duties prescribed according to one’s own nature are never affected by sinful reaction

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FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.47

(a) BASIS OF PRESCRIBING OCCUPATIONAL DUTIES FOR DIFFERENT VARNAS

 Based on different modes of nature
(b) EXAMPLE OF ABOMINABLE NATURES (Due to contamination by modes) OF
OCCUPATIONAL DUTIES
 For a Brahamana – Has to kill animals in sacrifices
 For a Ksatriya – Has to be violent to kill his enemies or tell lies for diplomacy
 For a Vaishya – However pious he may be, sometimes has to hide his profit to
stay in business or sometimes black-marketing
 For a Sudra – Serving a bad master
(c) HOW TO AVOID ABOMINABLE NATURE of different kinds of work and thus purify all
the defects of a particular Varna
 No work (Any of the four varnas) is abominable, if performed in the service of
the Supreme Lord
 E.g. of action for the satisfaction of the Lord – Arjuna fighting on the battlefield
o No fear of degradation in such action
(d) CONCLUSION (Supporting Ref. BG 3.9)
 Everyone should be engaged according to the particular mode of nature he has
acquired
 Decide to work only to serve the Supreme cause of the Supreme Lord

Text 48

THEME: One must stick to his occupational duty at any cost, even if one’s own duty appears difficult or
defective:

 ANALOGY – Every endeavor is covered by some fault, just as fire is covered by smoke

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FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.48

(a) Analogy of fire covered by smoke – Smoke does not make fire impure
 E.g. In winter time when one takes a stone from the fire, sometimes smoke
disturbs the eyes but still one makes use of the fire anyway
 Therefore do not give up the duty due to unpleasant disturbances
 Be determined to serve the Lord by occupational duty
(b) How one, in any Varna, can become perfect in self realisation
 Results of work are purified when they are connected with devotional service
 One becomes perfect in seeing the self within and that is self-realisation

SECTION V (Text 49 – 55)

CONFIDENTIAL KNOWLEDGE: FROM REACTION-FREE WORK THROUGH
JNANA-WORK TO BRAHMAN PLATFORM & PURE DEVOTIONAL SERVICE
(PURIFICATION THROUGH JNANA YOGA)

Text 49

THEME: One who is self-controlled and completely unattached, can engage in Jnana yoga and can obtain
highest perfect stage of freedom from reaction

 Thus explains, who can practice renunciation and attain highest perfect stage of freedom from
reaction (As per Jnana yoga)

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FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.49

(a) Krishna conscious person is a real renunciant (sannyasi)

 Real renunciation means to think oneself part and parcel of the Supreme Lord
 Therefore one has no rights to enjoy the results of his work
 Results must be enjoyed by the Supreme Lord
(b) Krishna conscious mentality gives real satisfaction because
 He is actually acting for the Supreme
 He is not attached to anything material and becomes accustomed to not taking
pleasure in anything beyond the transcendental happiness of serving the Lord
 It automatically gives freedom from all reaction without accepting renounced
order
 Ref. BG 3.17 and Yoga-rudha stage

Text 50

THEME: Lord proclaims to explain, how one can achieve Supreme perfectional stage, Brahman (Highest
knowledge)

 Highest perfection of knowledge is attaining Krishna consciousness – explained in 18.51 – 18.54

Text 51 – 53

THEME: One achieves supreme perfection – BRAHMA BHUTA platform and PEACEFULNESS by:

1. Controlling the mind with determination

2. Purified by intelligence
3. Giving up sense objects
4. Freedom from attachment and hatred
5. Living in a secluded place
6. Eats little and controls his body, mind and power of speech
7. Freedom from all bad qualities – False ego, false strength, false pride, lust, anger and
acceptance of material things and false proprietorship
8. Always in trance and detached

 Analogy for peace: Ref. 2.70 – Rivers flowing into ocean are compared to incessant flow of
desires

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Text 54

THEME: Then he can realize Brahman and may finally achieve devotion to Krishna

 BRAHMA BHUTA stage (Three criteria):

1. Fully joyful
2. Never laments or desires
3. Equally disposed towards every living entity
 Then attains pure devotional service unto me

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FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.54

(a) Difference between ultimate realisations

 IMPERSONALIST – BRAHMA BHUTA means becoming one with the Absolute
 PERSONALIST – BRAHMA BHUTA means to become engaged in pure devotional
service
(b) Pure devotional service includes BRAHMA BHUTA stage (Stage of liberation or
oneness with the Absolute)
 Without being one with the Supreme, one cannot render service unto Him
 In the Absolute conception there is no difference between served and servitor,
yet the distinction is there in a higher spiritual sense
(c) Pure devotional service fulfils all criteria of BRAHMA BHUTA stage
 JOYFUL
o Since God is full, a living-entity in God’s service also becomes full in
himself
o He is just like a river cleansed of all dirty water
o Has no thought other than Krishna
 NEVER LAMENTS OR DESIRES
o Does not lament for any material loss or gain because he is full in the
service of the Lord
o No desire for material enjoyment because he knows his own
constitution as fragmental part and parcel and an eternal servant of the
Lord
 EQUALLY DISPOSED TOWARDS EVERY LIVING ENTITY
o Does not see someone as higher or lower
o Higher and lower positions are ephemeral
o Stone and gold are of equal value
(d) Attitude of pure devotee towards other positions
 Idea of becoming one with the Supreme Brahman and annihilating one’s
individuality – HELLISH
 Idea of attaining heavenly kingdom – PHANTASMAGORIA
 Senses are like – SERPENTS TEETH THAT ARE BROKEN
 The highest personality in this material universe – is no more significant than an
ant
 For a devotee the entire world is as good as Vaikunta or spiritual sky
(e) How to achieve such an attitude – by the mercy of Lord Caitanya, who preached pure
devotional service

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Text 55

THEME: Krishna proclaims: “Pure Bhakti Yoga is the only way to understand Krishna and enter His
abode”

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FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.55

(a) ELIGIBILITY TO UNDERSTAND ABSOLUTE TRUTH

 Krishna and His plenary portions cannot be understood – By mental speculation
or by non-devotees
 Only way to know Krishna
o Pure devotional service
o Under the guidance of a pure devotee
 Without devotional service, Absolute Truth is always hidden – Ref. BG 7.25
o Erudite scholarship or mental speculation or university degrees fail to
reveal Absolute Truth
(b) ELIGIBILITY TO ENTER LORD’S ABODE
 One who is full conversant with the science of Krishna
(c) REFUTATION OF MAYAVADA
 Becoming Brahman does not mean losing identity
o Devotional service means God, devotee, the process of devotional
service
o Such knowledge is never vanquished even after liberation; same
distinction is maintained
o Liberation involves getting free from material concept of life, but the
individuality continues
o Importance of word “VISATE” – “Enters into Me”
 It implies to enter into the abode of the Lord in one’s
individuality to render service
 ANALOGY: Green bird enters a green tree, not to become one,
but to enjoy the fruits of the tree
 ANALOGY: Impersonalists give the example of a river flowing
into the ocean and happiness of merging, but personalists keep
his personal individuality like an aquatic in the ocean
(d) HOW ONE’S DEVOTIONAL BEGIN AFTER ACHIEVING BRAHMA BHUTA STAGE
 By hearing from the Lord
 Effect of hearing
o BRAHMA BHUTA stage develops
o Material contamination decreases
o One can understand the Supreme Lord
(e) OTHER REFERENCES ON “DEVOTIONAL SERVICE CONTINUES AFTER LIBERATION”
 Vedanta Sutra [Link]
 SB defines “REAL DEVOTIONAL LIBERATION” as reinstatement of living entity in
one’s own constitution position as fragmental part and parcel, and eternal
servant of the Lord.

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SECTION VI (Text 56 – 60)

WORKING IN PURE DEVOTIONAL SERVICE

Text 56

THEME: “I personally protect my devotee from all reactions and lead him directly to my Supreme
abode”

 Though engaged in all kinds of activities, my pure devotee is always under my protection and
 He reaches the eternal abode by my grace
 MAD-VYAPASRAYAH – Means under the protection of the Lord
o How protection comes – A pure devotee acts under the direction Supreme Lord
or His representative
 Nature or quality of service
o No time limitation for a pure devotee
o Always, 24 hours engaged in the service of the Lord
o Nature of the abode – Unchangeable eternal, imperishable and full of
knowledge

Text 57

THEME: Therefore perform your duties in full dependence on my protection

 In all activities just depend on Me

 Work always under my protection and be fully conscious of Me

FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.57

(a) Mood of servant

 Act fully under the DIRECTION of Supreme Lord
 NO INDIVIDUAL INDEPENDENCE
 UNAFFECTED BY PROFIT AND LOSS – Acts only on behalf of the master
 Discharges his duty faithfully
(b) How to exhibit that mood towards Krishna in His absence
 Act according to Bhagavad Gita (Krishna’s direction)
 Act under guidance of Krishna’s representative
(c) MAT-PARAH – One has no goal save and except acting to satisfy Krishna
(d) Misuse of “CONCEPT OF DEVOTIONAL SERVICE” – Doing something whimsical and
offering the results to Krishna
 Act only according to order to Krishna which comes through disciplic succession
 Prime duty of life – Spiritual masters order

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Text 57

THEME: Therefore perform your duties in full dependence on my protection

 In all activities just depend on Me

 Work always under my protection and be fully conscious of Me

FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.57

(e) Mood of servant

 Act fully under the DIRECTION of Supreme Lord
 NO INDIVIDUAL INDEPENDENCE
 UNAFFECTED BY PROFIT AND LOSS – Acts only on behalf of the master
 Discharges his duty faithfully
(f) How to exhibit that mood towards Krishna in His absence
 Act according to Bhagavad Gita (Krishna’s direction)
 Act under guidance of Krishna’s representative
(g) MAT-PARAH – One has no goal save and except acting to satisfy Krishna
(h) Misuse of “CONCEPT OF DEVOTIONAL SERVICE” – Doing something whimsical and
offering the results to Krishna
 Act only according to order to Krishna which comes through disciplic succession
 Prime duty of life – Spiritual masters order

Text 58

THEME: If you work as per 18.57, you will pass all obstacles; otherwise you will be bound

 Krishna consciousness is free from all anxieties

 Not unduly anxious about executing the duties of his existence
 Krishna becomes his friend and looks after his comfort
 Krishna conscious person is liberated and free to act
 Because everything is prompted by Krishna from within and confirmed by spiritual
master
 Otherwise conditioned soul is always under strict material laws

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Text 59

THEME: Your duty is to fight and even if you try to abandon, the modes will force you to do it

 E.g of acting according to nature – Arjuna as a ksatriya has natural duty to fight
 Refusal to fight was under false ego – because he was fearing that by killing his relatives he
would incur sinful reactions
 Forgetfulness of conditioned soul – Forget the relationship with Supreme Personality of
Godhead and considering himself master of his actions
 CONCLUSION – Unhesitatingly execute the order of Supreme Personality of Godhead – That will
keep one safe under all circumstances

Text 60

THEME: “If you do not follow My orders, you will follow orders of lower nature like puppet”

 RESULT OF FOLLOWING -
 Anyone who voluntarily engages himself under the direction of the Supreme Lord
becomes glorious
 Anyone who refuses to act so – He gets compelled to act by the modes

SECTION VII (Text 61 – 63)

MORE CONFIDENTIAL KNOWLEDGE:
SURRENDER TO THE SUPERSOUL

Text 61

THEME: Supreme Lord is the master and puppeteer

 He is situated in everyone’s heart

 Directing the wanderings of all living entities, who are seated on a machine (made of material
energy)
 This verse points out limited discretion of Arjuna
o Arjuna is not the supreme knower
o Supreme Personality of Godhead is directed according to past deeds
o Living entities in one body has to work under the spell of modes
o ANALOGY: Person seated in a high speed motor car goes faster than one in a
slower car, though the drivers may be the same
 Our duty is to surrender because
o Living entity is not independent and always under the Lord’s control

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Text 62

THEME: Therefore surrender unto Him utterly

 RESULT – By His grace you will attain transcendental peace and the supreme and eternal abode
 Solution to relief of all miseries and achieving supreme abode – SURRENDER unto the
Supreme Godhead situated in everyone’s heart
 Transcendental world - Ref. Vedic literatures
o “PARAMAM PADAM” – Specifically refers to the eternal abode /
 Surrender to Supersoul implies surrender to Krishna
o Ref. BG 15.15; BG 10.12 – 10.13

Text 63

THEME: More confidential knowledge is explained in 18.61 – 18.63

 Krishna gives choice to Arjuna – “Deliberate on this fully and do what you wish to do”

FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.63

(a) Importance of words “YATHECCHASI TATHA KURU” – Krishna gives the choice
 Indicates that God does not interfere with the little independence of the living
entity
(b) BG explains “How to elevate one’s living condition”
 Best advice given to Arjuna in interest of all living entities – SURRENDER unto
the Supersoul in the heart
(c) Best way to accept Lord’s instruction
 Before surrendering one is free to deliberate on this subject as far as the
intelligence goes
 Such instructions also come through the spiritual master

SECTION VIII (Text 64 – 66)

THE MOST CONFIDENTIAL KNOWLEDGE OF ALL:
BECOME A PURE DEVOTEE OF KRISHNA

Text 64

THEME: Krishna will reveal the supreme instruction

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FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.64

(a) What is most confidential knowledge

 CONFIDENTIAL – Knowledge of Brahmin
 MORE CONFIDENTIAL – Knowledge of Supersoul
 MOST CONFIDENTIAL – Just surrender unto the Supreme Personality of
Godhead
(b) Why “MAN MANA…” is repeated twice (BG 9.34; BG 18.65)
 To stress the essence of the teachings of Bhagavad Gita
(c) Who can understand this essence – Only by one who is actually very dear to Krishna and
not by a common man
 This knowledge is not only for Arjuna but for all living entities

Text 65

THEME: Always think of Me, become My devotee, worship Me, offer obeisances to Me and thus you
will come to Me

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FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.65

(a) LORD’S ADVICE

 DO NOT BECOME OFFICIAL MEDIATOR – Mold your life and all daily acts in
relation to Krishna
o Become a pure devotee of Krishna
o Always thinking and working for Him
 PROMISE OF THE LORD
o Anyone who is in such pure Krishna consciousness will certainly return
to the abode of Krishna
o To engage in the association of Krishna face to face
(b) Why this knowledge is spoken to Arjuna
 Because He is a dear friend to Krishna
(c) How can we obtain the same perfection as Arjuna
 Anyone who follows the path of Arjuna can become a dear friend to Krishna and
obtain the same perfection
(d) Which form should be concentrated on as per 18.65
 Concentrate mind upon Krishna as per Brahma Samhita’s description – that
constitutes the most confidential part of knowledge
 Not even divert one’s attention to other forms of the Lord like Vishnu,
Narayana, Rama etc.

Text 66

THEME: If one simply thinks of Krishna at all times, what will happen to his duties. So Krishna says
that:

 Give up those duties and all varieties of religion

 Our only duty is to exclusively surrender unto Him
 Thus material reaction will not touch you – Do not hesitate or fear

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FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.66

(a) What Krishna means by seeing “Abandon all varieties of religion”

 Lord has described various kinds of knowledge and processes of religion
 Now he recommends to give up all that and simple surrender
(b) How surrender will save
 Lord personally promises to protect from all kinds of sinful reaction
(c) No need of strenuous effort to free oneself from sinful reaction –
 Just “process of surrender” will automatically free; although BG 7.28 demands
freedom from all sin to understand Krishna
(d) PROCESS OF SURRENDER: Ref. Hari-bhakti Vilasa (6 points)
1. Simply accept such religious principles that are favorable to devotional service
2. Avoid anything unfavorable to devotional service
3. Confidence of Krishna’s protection in all circumstances
4. No need of thinking how to keep body and soul together. Krishna will see to that
5. Always think oneself helpless
6. Consider Krishna as the only basis of one’s progress in life
(e) No need of other purificatory and religious processes
 Importance of “MA SUCAH” – Indicates “do not fear or hesitate”
 One may be perplexed as to how one can give up all kinds of religious forms and
simply surrender onto Krishna, but such worry is useless

SUMMARY OF 18.54 – 18.66

 Confidential knowledge: Knowledge of Brahman (18.54)

 BRAHMA-BHUTA platform: Joyful, never laments or desires to have anything,
equally disposed to all living entities and attains pure devotional service
 More confidential knowledge: Knowledge of Paramatma (18.61)
 Supreme Lord in everyone’s heart
o Body is a machine or a vehicle
o Living entity is seated in a machine
o Paramatma directs the wanderings
 Surrender to Him
o Thus attin transcendental peace in this life
o Attain eternal abode in the next life
 Most confidential knowledge: Devotional service to Bhagavan, Krishna
 The process (18.65)
o Always think of Me
o Become My devotee
o Worship Me

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o Offer homage unto Me

 Essence of all religion: Surrender unto Krishna (18.66)
 He will deliver one from all sinful reactions (18.66)

SECTION IX (Text 67 –71)

PREACHING AND STUDYING THE BHAGVAD GITA

Text 67

THEME: Do not teach Bhagavad Gita to one who is:

 Not austere
 Not devoted to Krishna’s service
 Envious of Krishna

FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.67

(a) PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Various categories of persons who cannot understand

Bhagavad Gita
 Professional commentators – who are envious and explain Bhagavad Gita to
make a business
 To those who are sensuous
 Even if not sensuous but strictly following the Vedic scriptural disciplines, but if
he is not a devotee, he cannot understand Krishna
 Even if one poses himself as a devotee, but not engaged in Krishna conscious
activities, he cannot understand Krishna
(b) Why different people envy Krishna
 Because He is the Supreme and nothing above or equal to Him
(c) Who should not try to comment on Bhagavad Gita – envious, faithless and without
understanding Krishna from authority of a pure devotee

Text 68

THEME: One who teaches Krishna to Krishna devotees gets “pure devotional service” and returns to
Krishna

 Amongst whom Bhagavad Gita discussion is generally recommended

 Only devotees
 Not for philosophical speculators

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Text 69

THEME: No one is a more dear servant to Me than he (18.68), nor will there ever be one more dear

Text 70

THEME: Benediction for the student

 “One who studies this sacred conversion of ours, worships Me by his intelligence”

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Text 71

THEME: If one hears with faith and without envy –

 He becomes free from sinful reaction

 He attains to the auspicious planets where the pious dwells

FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.71

(a) Why a devotee holds open classes if 18.67 recommends that ones should not preach
to the envious
 Although everyone is not a devotee still many men are non-envious
 They have faith in him as Supreme Personality of Godhead
 RESULT - Hearing from a bona-fide devotee will free them from sinful reactions
and they will attain to the planets of righteous persons
 Even a person who does not try to be a pure devotee attains the results of
righteous activities
(b) Importance of “PUNYA-KARMANAM”
 It refers to the performance of great sacrifices like Asvamedha-yajna
 Those righteous in performing devotional service but not pure, can attain the
planetary system of Pole-Star or Dhruvaloka

Summary of 18.67–18.71
What to do with the knowledge given in Bhagavad Gita

 Distribute it
 Then pure devotional service is guaranteed
 Will go to Krishna
 Study it
 This is worship with one’s intelligence
 Hear it with faith and without envy. It results in:
 Freedom from sinful reactions
 Attain to the auspicious planets where the pious dwell.

SECTION X (Text 72 –73)

ARJUNA IS FIRMLY FIXED

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Text 72

THEME: Krishna asks if, Bhagavad Gita has freed Arjuna from ignorance and illusion

 Why Krishna asks this question as spiritual master

 As spiritual master it was His duty to know, if Arjuna understood Bhagavad Gita in
proper perspective
 Expected result of hearing
 Ignorance and illusion dispelled
 Bhagavad Gita is not an ordinary book – So what is expected
 Any person fortunate to hear from a bona-fide representative is sure to become
liberated and get out of the darkness of ignorance

Text 73

THEME: Arjuna’s realisations (4 points):

1. My illusion is now gone

2. Regained my memory by Your mercy
3. I am now firm and free from doubt
4. Prepared to act according to Your instructions

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FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.73

(a) Constitutional position of living entity (Arjuna represents living entity)

 Has to act according to the order of the Supreme Lord
 Meant for self-discipline
 Eternal servant of the Supreme Lord
(b) Forgetfulness is the cause of conditioning by material nature
(c) Service is the constitution of the living entity
 Normal condition – Serves the Supreme Lord
 Illusory condition – Serves the external energy and bound by lust and desires
(d) What is the illusion – Bound by lust and desire, one thinks himself to be the master of
this world and serves the external energy
 The last snare of Maya – the proposition that he is no longer a conditioned soul
but he is God
o Our refutation: If he would be God, how could he be in doubt
 What it means to be free from illusion
o Voluntary surrender
o Agrees to act in Krishna consciousness
(e) Significance of the word “MOHA” – Refers to that which is opposed to knowledge
 Real knowledge is “living entity is the servant of God”
(f) How to overcome illusion – By mercy of Lord and His pure devotee
(g) What is Krishna consciousness – To act according to Krishna’s order
 Why a conditioned soul acts under illusion – Because lacking knowledge of
Krishna’s position as Supreme proprietor, enjoyer, controlled and friend of
everyone and full of all six opulences
(h) Role of Bhagavad Gita
 One understands Krishna factually e.g. Arjuna understood Him not only as a
friend but also as Supreme Personality of Godhead
 Understands Krishna’s plan e.g. Arjuna understood Krishna’s plan to reduce the
unnecessary population

SECTION XI (Text 74 –78)

SANJAYA’S PREDICTIONS AND REALISATIONS

Text 74

THEME: Sanjaya relates his experience of the whole conversation: “Hairs standing on end”

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 What was so wonderful about the message

 Supreme Personality of Godhead was speaking about Himself and His energies to the
living entity, Arjuna (a great devotee of the Lord)
 Important conversation between two great souls had never taken place before and
would not take place again
 How to make our life happy and successful
 Follow in the footsteps of Arjuna to understand Krishna

Text 75

THEME: Sanjaya acknowledges the mercy of Vyasa, by whose mercy he could hear the master of
mysticism, Krishna

FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.75

(a) Import of this verse

 One has to understand Krishna not directly, but through the medium of the
spiritual master
 Spiritual master is the transparent via medium and experience is still direct
(b) Krishna as the master of all mysticism
 Many mystics and yogis all over the world, but Krishna is the master of all yoga
systems
 Topmost yogi according to Krishna’s instruction: one who surrenders unto
Krishna (BG 6.47)
(c) Vyasadeva is as bona-fide as Arjuna
 Because he comes in the disciplic succession and Sanjaya is the direct disciple of
Vyasa
 Vyasa is a disciple of Narada Muni who is a direct disciple of Krishna
(d) Sanjaya could see and hear Krishna directly because
 He is a direct disciple of Vyasa
 Also senses are purified
(e) Disciplic succession is must
 Without disciplic succession one cannot hear Krishna and his knowledge
(especially regarding Bhagavad Gita) is always imperfect
(f) Spiritual master is the representative of Vyasadeva
 Therefore birthday of spiritual master is celebrated as Vyasa-puja

Text 76

THEME: Sanjaya recalls and finds thrilling pleasure at every moment by remembering Bhagavad Gita
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 Transcendental position of spiritual life

 Understanding of Bhagavad Gita is so transcendental that anyone who becomes
conversant with the topics of Gita becomes righteous and cannot forget such talks
 Such understanding comes from hearing from the right source and leads to full Krishna
consciousness
 Result of Krishna consciousness
o One becomes increasingly enlightened
o Enjoys life with a thrill, not only for some time, but at every moment

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Text 77

THEME: Further experiences of Sanjaya: Remembering the wonderful form of Krishna he becomes
struck with wonder more and more and rejoices again and again

 It appears that Sanjaya also saw the universal form

 Some great devotees could also see the Universal Form when it was shown to Arjuna
 And Vyasa is one of them who disclosed this to Sanjaya

Text 78

THEME: Bhagavad Gita begins with Dhrtarasrta’s asking about the battlefield, so Sanjaya answers that
Krishna and Arjuna cannot be defeated and “you” have no hope for victory

 Wherever there is Krishna, the master of all mystics, and Arjuna, the supreme archer, there will
certainly be opulence, victory, extraordinary power and morality

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FOCUS OF LEARNING: PURPORT 18.78

(a) Krishna exhibits opulence of “Renunciation” on battlefield

 Krishna’s accepting the post of charioteer for Arjuna
(b) What was predicted about Maharaja Yudhisthira’s life:
 Because Krishna and Arjuna were on the side of Yudhisthira, his victory was
certain
 After victory, his kingdom would flourish more and more because not only was
he righteous and pious but also a strict moralist; never spoke a lie to anyone in
his life
(c) ARGUMENT: Krishna inciting Arjuna to fight is immoral
 RESPONSE: Bhagavad Gita is the supreme instruction on morality: i.e. BG 9.34
(One must become a devotee of Krishna)
o ESSENCE OF ALL RELIGION (BG 18.66): Surrender unto Him
o All other processes may be purifying and may lead to this process, but
the last instruction of “SURRENDER” is the last word in all morality and
all religion
(d) Essence of Chapter 18 and Bhagavad Gita
 Path of regulative principles according to social orders and different courses of
religion maybe confidential path
 To realize oneself by philosophical speculation and meditation is more
confidential
 Surrender unto Krishna is most confidential
(e) Important subjects discussed in Bhagavad Gita
 Actual truth is the Supreme Personality of Godhead, and living entities and
material nature are His two energies
 Five principle subject matters have been discussed: Isvara, Jiva, Prakriti, Kala
and Karma;
o Isvara, Jiva, Prakriti and Kala appear to be different superficially, but
nothing is different from the Supreme (Isvara)
o This is according to Lord Caitanya’s philosophy: “Inconceivable oneness
and difference”
 Living entities are the marginal energy of Krishna and have a particle of
independence
o By proper use of that independence one attains his normal condition in
the pleasure giving potency

************** END OF CHAPTER 18 **************

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