Industrial Radiography and its
Hazards
Presentation By
[Link],
ASNT-Level II ( RT,UT,MT and PT)
Manager – FQA
NTPC - Kudgi
Radiation
Radiation means the emission of energy as electromagnetic
waves
Non- ionizing radiation : nonionizing radiation refers to types of radiation
that do not carry enough energy to ionize atoms.
ionizing radiation : ionizing radiation refers to types of radiation
where the radiation carries enough energy to ionize atoms
Types of Radiation wave length
Types of Industrial Radiography
1. Gamma Rays
a) Radium ( HLP is 1600 Yrs,Rarely used in Industry was used in . .
. medicine to produce radon gas which in turn was used as
a cancer treatment )
b) Iridium -192 ( HLP is 74.3 Days,Mostly used upto 75 mmThk )
c) Cobalt – 60 ( HLP is 5.3 Yrs, Heavy thicknes 50 mm to 200 mm )
d) Selenium – 75 ( Half Life period is 120 days, it has low radiation
energy, close proximity)
e) Thulium-170 (Half Life period is 130 days, thin metals 1.3 cm jobs)
f) Cesium -137 (Half Life period is 30 yrs, widely used for gauges )
X-Ray ( Artifical Emitting rays )
X-radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation ,X-ray
wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and
typically longer than those of gamma rays, X-rays have
a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers
Industrial X-Ray Unit
High Electrical Supply
High Electrical Potential
X-Ray Equipments
Electrons
+ -
X-ray Generator or
Radioactive Source Creates
Radiation
Radiation
Penetrate
the Sample
Exposure Recording Device
Film Radiography
The part is placed between the radiation
source and a piece of film. The part will
stop some of the radiation. Thicker and
more dense area will stop more of the
radiation.
The film darkness
(density) will vary with the
amount of radiation
X-ray film reaching the film through
the test object.
= less exposure
= more exposure
Top view of developed film
Medical X-Ray Unit
X-Ray Demo with
XRF - Analyzer
Gamma Rays Camera
Guide Tube
Cranking Cable
Gamma Rays Camera
Source Size
Time,Distance and Shielding
Basic principles in reducing external exposure to
ionizing radiation
Time
Distance
Inverse Square La
RADIATION ZONE SAFE WORKING DISTANCE
Safe working distance for Radiography calculation (panoramic radiation -360 deg)
Safe distance =Sqr. root [(Ci x RHM x W x T) / P]
where
Ci - Curie strength
RHM - Roentgen/Hour/Meter (for Ir192-0.48, Co60-1.3)
W - Work Load (No. of exposures x duration of exposure in minutes)
T - Occupancy factor (full occupancy -1 ; partial occupancy - 1/4 ; rare occupancy - 1/16)
P- Permissible does (permissible dose for public in your country)
this formula will help to calculate safe working distance from radiation zone.
50 mSv as per AERB guidance
For General Public (Rare Occupancy = 1 mSv)
SD= [Link] [{9.31X0.48 X 1 Exposure X 2 Minutes/Exposure X 1 }/ 1mSv ]
SD=8.9 Mtrs Min (Radiation Barricading)
Thumb Rule
1Curie=1 meter
But in NTPC Kudgi
1 Curie =1.5 Meters safe distance
Sheilding
Sheilding may reduce intensity of ionizing radiation
exposed to workers and surrounding peoples
Lead Bricks
Establishment of Radiographic Boundary
Safety Officer-1
Radiation Monitoring Safety Devices for Operator
Dosi meter
TLD Badge
Lead Gloves
Survey meter
Radiation Monitoring Safety Devices
Source Pit Room
Jeet Inspection
Source Pit Room
Locking Mechanism
Lock and Key
Mechanism
Few examples of Radioactive Source Missing
Dirty Bomb
Besides the risk of a dirty bomb, the radioactive
material could cause harm simply by being left exposed
in a public place for several days
1. In 1986 C0-60, stolen and BARC Recovered from
garbage located 200 m from hospital patient ward
2. In 1986 Co-60 Stolen and BARC Recovered from the
service lift
Source Pit Room
Survey Meter Detecting more then 5 mR/hr
Radiation near Camera inside barricade
Survey Meter showing 1.3mR/hr
Radiation outside barricade
Gamma Ray Demo Video
Radiation Hazards
Radiation Effects on Human Body
Comparison of Administrative, Regulatory and Biological Effect
Doses
Whole Body Exposure
Rad or Rem
Molecular Death (> 100,000 rad)
Ulcers on the Skin
Skin Reddening
Gastrointestinal Syndrome
Cataract Formation 50% of People Die (450 – 500 )
Permanent Infertility Nausea & Vomiting (10% of People)
Loss of Hair Decreased White Blood Cell Count
No Clinical Symptoms Seen Below 10 rem
Whole Body Regulatory Limit (5 rem/yr)
AERB Limit : 5 rem/Yr
symptoms of radiation poisoning
Skin Reddening and Cataracts700 rem
Radiation Burns
Above 1000 rem
Loss of Hair above 100 rem
EFFECTS OF CELL DEATH
Before Radiation
exposure
After Radiation
exposure
Tests and diagnosis for Radiation dose
When a person has experienced known or probable exposure to a high
dose of radiation from an accident or attack, medical personnel take a
number of steps to determine the absorbed radiation dose.
Information important for determining an absorbed dose includes:
[Link] exposure
2. Blood tests. Frequent blood tests over several days enable medical personnel to look for
drops in disease-fighting white blood cells and abnormal changes in the DNA of blood cells.
3. Dosimeter.
4. Survey meter. A device such as a Geiger counter can be used to survey people to
determine the body location of radioactive particles.
Treatments and drugs
Decontamination
Decontamination is the removal of as much external radioactive particles as possible. Removing
clothing and shoes eliminates about 90 percent of external contamination. Gently washing with
water and soap removes additional radiation particles from the skin.
Treatment for damaged bone marrow
Bone marrow is the flexible tissue in the interior of bones. In
humans, red blood cells are produced by cores of bone
marrow in the heads of long bones
A protein which promotes the growth of white blood cells,
may counter the effect of radiation
sickness on bone marrow. Treatment with this protein-
based medication,
If you have severe damage to bone marrow, you may also
receive transfusions of red blood cells or blood platelets.
Supportive treatment
If you have radiation sickness, you may receive additional medications or interventions to treat:
Bacterial infections
Headache
Fever
Diarrhea
Nausea and vomiting
Dehydration
Burns
