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Introduction To The Theory of Ferromagnetism: Classification of Phase Transitions

This document discusses phase transitions, including the ferromagnetic phase transition. It defines a phase transition as a transformation between different states of matter, such as between solid, liquid, and gas. There are two categories of phase transitions - first-order and second-order. The ferromagnetic transition is a second-order transition that occurs below the Curie temperature, at which the magnetic moments of atoms align, resulting in non-zero magnetization below this temperature even without an external magnetic field. Factors like interparticle interaction and entropy influence the critical temperature at which a phase transition takes place.

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69 views7 pages

Introduction To The Theory of Ferromagnetism: Classification of Phase Transitions

This document discusses phase transitions, including the ferromagnetic phase transition. It defines a phase transition as a transformation between different states of matter, such as between solid, liquid, and gas. There are two categories of phase transitions - first-order and second-order. The ferromagnetic transition is a second-order transition that occurs below the Curie temperature, at which the magnetic moments of atoms align, resulting in non-zero magnetization below this temperature even without an external magnetic field. Factors like interparticle interaction and entropy influence the critical temperature at which a phase transition takes place.

Uploaded by

juulgaza
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Introduction to the Theory

of Ferromagnetism

Classification of phase transitions

Opening lecture. Classification of phase


transitions
What is phase transition?
A phase transition (PT) is the transformation of a
thermodynamic system from one phase (or state) of matter
to another one.

Examples of phase transitions


 The transitions between the solid, liquid, and gaseous
phases of a single component
 The transition between the ferromagnetic and
paramagnetic phases of magnetic materials at the Curie
temperature
 Changes in the crystallographic structure such as
between ferrite and austenite of iron
 The emergence of superconductivity in certain metals
and ceramics when cooled below a critical temperature
 etc.
Two categories of PT

 First-order phase transition

Second-order phase transition


Temperature of PT. Free energy
Temperature of phase transition or critical temperature TC is
the temperature at which the phase transition occurs.

F  E  TS
E – internal energy
S – entropy
T – temperature

The criterion on the critical temperature


FA TC   FB TC 
Factors influencing the PT
There are two main competitive factors influencing on
phase transition:
A. interparticle interaction (it defines the internal
energy E);
B. statistics (it defines the entropy S).

Ordered phase Disordered phase


Internal energy EO ED
Entropy SO SD
Free energy FO = EO – TSO FD = ED – TSD

ED  EO
FO TC   FD TC   TC 
S D  SO
Experimental appearing of PT
Phase transitions are appearing on the experiment in different
ways.
A. The liquid turns to solid when cooled below critical
temperature

B. C.
Summary
 There are two types of phase transitions: the first-
order phase transition and the second-order phase
transition
 Ferromagnetic phase transition is the second-order
phase transition
 Ferromagnetic phase occurs below the critical
temperature that is called Curie temperature
 In ferromagnetic materials the magnetic moments
of the atoms are parallel to each other, i.e. they are
all pointing in the same direction
 Magnetization of ferromagnetic material is not
equal to zero in the absence of magnetic field
below the Curie temperature

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