REASEARCH METHOD

This chapter discusses the research method in this study. It covers discussion
about research design, subject of the study, data and data source, data
collecting technique and instrument, technique of data verification, and data
analysis.
A. Reasearch Design
Before we know the research design, it’s better to know what the meaning
of research is briefly defined. As stated by Ary [Link] (1985: 21) “Research may be
defined as the application of the scientific approach to the study of a problem”.
Problem is something which has to be solved. Thus, research is required to look
for the answer relate with problem which want to be solved. In research, the
researcher must have design to make easy in analyzing the data. A research design
is a plan or strategy for conducting the research. It is required to get dependable
and useful information. To know what design which should be taken by the
researcher, the first the researcher has to look at the problem of research.
As stated in problems of the research, this research is conducted to
describe vocabulary learning strategies that are used by students. Thus, in this
study, the researcher uses descriptive research. Ary [Link] (1985: 322) explained
“Descriptive research method is used to obtain information about existing
conditions and have been widely used in educational research. The aim of
descriptive research is to describe “what exist” with respect to
variables or conditions in a situation”. Then, Mack [Link] (2005: 3) added that
descriptive research is used to explore the phenomena by conducting interview,
focus group and participant observation, shortly this study is more flexible. In
other word, in descriptive research, the information is obtained by in-depth
interview with the participants.

B. Subject of the Study

Subjects in a study are required to get the needed information. Lodico [Link] (2006:
266) revealed “Depending on the types of questions asked, the researcher will
want to select the subjects so that they will be able to provide the key information
essential for the study”. It means that in qualitative research, the researchers select
their subject based on the subjects’ knowledge which is capable to answer the
question.
In this research, the researcher chooses the subjects by applying selection.
For selecting the proper subjects, the researcher has observed the subjects’ by
finding out their academic background and experiences. From the observation, the
subjects are *UNDONE*
The considerations that make the subjects
chosen are:
1. *UNDONE*
The second subjects are documents from trusted sources. documents that we
use as subjects are books, scientific journals, e-books, and websites with clear
sources. so that the data obtained for this study can be justified and valid.

C. Data and Data Source

The aim of the research is to get data. The data is the important tools in the
research which are in the form of phenomenon in the field and number. From the
data, the researcher will know the result of the research. Collecting the data must
be relevant with the problem of research. The data in this research will be in the
form of descriptive qualitative data and use qualitative data procedure for the data
analysis.
Data in this research will be obtained from conducting interview with the
Participants (about automation, about automation in ATC, about human
workloads in ATC, ….. *UNDONE*) which is supported by document to get
validity in the data….
In taking data, the researcher needs sources to get the available data. Data
source is the subject of the research from where the data can be obtained. Data
sources are the important thing in conducting research. Thus, data source is the
substance where the researcher will get information that is required. Ary [Link]
(1985: 332) argued that in qualitative research, there are two sources that can be
used to get the data. Those are:
 1. Primary source
Sugiyono (2008: 225) stated that primary source is source which can give
valuable information directly. In other word, the primary source is to give
prominent data relate to problems of the research. For the primary source, the
researcher uses the result of interview. In qualitative research, the result of
interview can be used as the strongest source to get the information.
2. Secondary source
Secondary source is additional source to get the data. Given (2008: 803)
argued “Secondary data source is preexisting source that have been collected
for a different purpose or by someone other than the researcher”. In other
word, secondary source has function to collecting data for different purpose
when conducting research. Here, the secondary source which is used is
document. The documents are books about ……, scientific jurnals about …..,
*UNDONE*

D. Data Collecting Technique and Instrument

Instrument is tools that are required to get information. Gay and Airasian
(2000: 145) stated that instrument is a tool that is used in collecting data. While,
Arikunto (2000: 134) revealed that instrument in collecting data is a tool that is
used by researchers to help them in collecting data in order to make it more
systematic and easy. Here, the instrument is researcher herself. Sugiyono (2008:
222) stated that in qualitative research, the instrument is the researcher
themselves. Hence, the researcher should be validated by themselves about their
ability in conducting research.
Data is information that has been collected by conducting research. To get
the reliable data, the researcher has to do some techniques for collecting those
data. Data collecting technique is an important step in research, because the aim of
the research is to get the data. Collecting data can be done in any settings, any
sources, and any ways. In qualitative research, collecting the data mostly is done
in depth interview and documentation. In this research,the researcher uses
depth interview and documentation.
1. Interview
Interview is activity that involves interviewer and interviewee where the
interviewer will give some questions to be answered by interviewee. Ary [Link]
(1985: 342) stated “In an interview, data are collected through face-to-face or
telephone interaction between the interviewer and the respondent”. Thus, in
this case, the researcher are collecting data with doing interaction or
communication directly and indirectly (via chat on social media).
the researcher uses one-on-one interview and chat using social media to
get the data. one-on-one interview is data collection process in which the
researcher asks questions and records answers from only one participant in the
study at a time. The researcher prepares eight questions *UNDONE* relate
to…... To collecting data of interview, the researcher makes some procedures.
Those are (1) preparing the concept of questions that want to be asked to
subject and (2) the researcher transcripts the result of interview. The same
procedures for collecting data by chatting on social media.
2. Documentation
A valuable source of information in qualitative research can be
documentation. Sugiyono (2008: 240) stated that documentation can be
written and picture by someone that can be used to obtain information. In
conducting documentation method, the researcher can provide magazines,
books, documents, etc. The function of documentation method is to make
credible the result of observation or interview. In this research, the
documentation guide is from ATC books …… *UNDONE*

E. Technique of Data Verification

In qualitative research, data can be categorized good data if the data are
valid. In this research, the researcher uses triangulation technique. Cohen
(2000: 112) stated “Triangulation may be defined as the use of two or more
methods of data collection in the study of some aspect of human behavior”.
Thus, triangulation technique means the researcher uses two or more
techniques in collecting the data to get validity. The purpose of triangulation is
to increase the credibility and validity of the findings. Further, Denzin (in
Patton, 2009) stated that there are four techniques in triangulation. Those are:
(1) source triangulation, (2) investigator triangulation, (3) methodological
triangulation, (4) theoretical triangulation.
1. Source triangulation
In source triangulation, the researcher uses many sources or participants to
get the accuracy of data.
2. Investigator triangulation
Investigator triangulation means technique that uses more than one
researcher in collecting and analyzing data. From some researcher’s view in
interpreting information and collecting the data, the validity of data can be
increased.
3. Methodological triangulation
Methodological triangulation refers to researcher uses more than one
method in the research. Cohen (2000: 113) explained “Methodological
triangulation is using the same method on different occasions or different
methods on the same object of study”. Thus, methodological triangulation is
making different method to get validity of data.
4. Theoretical triangulation
Theoretical triangulation means the researcher compares the data finding
with perspective theory that is relevant. Here, the researcher is demanded to
have expert judgment to compare the finding of research with the certain
theory.
From those types of triangulation, the researcher uses methodological
triangulation to get validity of data. Besides, the researcher collects the data by
using interview guide which is supported by documentation which can give
evidence if the participants are people that is proper to be used as subject of
research.
F. Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the researcher analyzes the data. Wiersma (1991:
85) stated “Data analysis in qualitative research is a process of categorization,
description, and synthesis. Data reduction is necessary for the description and
interpretation of the phenomenon under study”. In short, data analysis is
systematically process to analyze data which have been collected.
To analyze the data, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative to analyze
data. According to Sugiyono (2008: 245), there are three activities to analyze
data in descriptive qualitative research. Those activities are data reduction,
data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. Based on those statements,
the researcher divides the activity in analyzing data into three activities, they
are data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing.
Data reduction means the process of selecting, identifying, classifying and
coding the data that are considered important. In conducting research, the
researcher will get much data. Hence, the researcher must select data that will
give valuable information in research. Thus, at first the researcher has to do
reduction to analyze the data. Based on the concept of data reduction, reducing
the data in this researcher is chosen by summarizing and finding the main
point of the transcript and the document.
Data display means the process to simply the data in the form of sentence,
narrative, or table. Data display refers to show data that have been reduced in
the form of patterns. It benefits to help the researcher in understanding the
data. In displaying data, the researcher describes data that have been reduced
into sentence form. Sugiyono (2008: 249) stated that in qualitative research,
the most frequent form of display data is narrative text. Hence, the researcher
arranges the data in good sequence of narrative text in order to be easier to
understand.
For the last process is conclusion and verification. In qualitative research,
the characteristic of conclusion is temporary. It can change if the researcher
doesn’t discover strong evidence to support the next collecting data. However,
if the conclusion in the previous data can be evidenced by validity and
consistency when the researcher is going back to the field, so the conclusion is
credible. In this research, the researcher makes conclusion from the data
display.
In short, the steps in analyzing the data are: (1) the researcher collects the
data through interview and documentation. Then, the researcher selects,
identify, and focuses on the data by referring to formulation of the research
problem. (2) After selecting the data, the researcher displays those data into
good sentences. (3) After displaying data, the conclusion is drawn.