MATHEMATICS 101
TUTORIAL 2 (SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS)
Total marks: 40
MODULE 5 – LINEAR AND MATRIX ALGEBRA 1
Exercise 13.3 (page 848)
The dot product
Question 14 [2 marks]
A street vendor sells a hamburgers, b hot dogs and c soft drinks on a given day. He charges $2
for a hamburger, $1.50 for a hot dog and $1 for a soft drink. If A = a, b, c and P =
2, 1.5, 1 , what is the meaning of the dot product A • P?
Solution
If A = a, b, c and P = 2, 1.5, 1 , then A • P = a, b, c • 2, 1.5, 1 = 2a + 1.5b + c is
the total cost of hamburgers, hot dogs and soft drinks.
[2]
Courtesy Mr. Rajesh Gunesh
Question 22 [10 marks]
Find, correct to the nearest degree, the three angles of the triangle with the following vertices:
D(0, 1, 1), E(–2, 4, 3) and F(1, 2, –1).
Solution
DE = OE − OD = − 2, 4, 3 – 0, 1, 1 = − 2, 3, 2
FE = OE − OF = − 2, 4, 3 – 1, 2, − 1 = − 3, 2, 4
DE • FE = − 2, 3, 2 • − 3, 2, 4 = ( −2)( −3) + (3)( 2) + ( 2)( 4) = 6 + 6 + 8 = 20 .
Also, DE = (−2) 2 + (3) 2 + (2) 2 = 17 and FE = (−3) 2 + (2) 2 + (4) 2 = 29 .
DE • FE
From the dot-product equation cos FEˆ D = , we have
DE FE
DE • FE 20 ⎛ 20 ⎞
cos FEˆ D = = so that FEˆ D = cos −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 26 o .
DE FE 17 29 ⎝ 17 29 ⎠
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Similarly,
DF = OF − OD = 1, 2, − 1 – 0, 1, 1 = 1, 1, − 2
EF = − FE = – − 3, 2, 4 = 3, − 2, − 4
DF • EF = 1, 1, − 2 • 3, − 2, − 4 = (1)(3) + (1)( −2) + ( −2)( −4) = 3 − 2 + 8 = 9 .
Also, DF = (1) 2 + (1) 2 + (−2) 2 = 6 and EF = (3) 2 + (−2) 2 + (−4) 2 = 29 .
DF • EF
From the dot-product equation cos DFˆE = , we have
DF EF
DF • EF 9 ⎛ 9 ⎞
cos DFˆE = = so that DFˆE = cos −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 47 o .
DF EF 6 29 ⎝ 6 29 ⎠
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Therefore, FDˆ E = 180 o − (26 o + 47 o ) = 107 o .
Thus, the three angles are Dˆ = 107 o , Eˆ = 26 o and Fˆ = 47 o .
[1]
Courtesy Mr. Rajesh Gunesh
Question 30 [6 marks]
Find the direction cosines and direction angles of the vector 1, − 2, − 1 . (Give the direction
angles to the nearest degree.)
Solution
Let a = a1 , a 2 , a3 = 1, − 2, − 1 so that I direction angles are α (angle between a and I), β
(angle between a and j) and γ (angle between a and k) respectively.
The direction cosines of a are therefore given by
a1 1 1
cos α = = =
a (1) 2 + (−2) 2 + (−1) 2 6
a2 −2 2
cos β = = =−
a (1) + (−2) + (−1)
2 2 2
6
a −1 1
cos γ = 3 = =−
a (1) 2 + (−2) 2 + (−1) 2 6
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The direction angles are
⎛ 1 ⎞
α = cos −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 66 o
⎝ 6⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
β = cos −1 ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = 145 o
⎝ 6⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
α = cos −1 ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = 114 o
⎝ 6⎠
[3]
Note
Always verify whether cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1
Courtesy Mr. Rajesh Gunesh
MODULE 2 – INTRODUCTORY CALCULUS
Exercise 1.3 (page 47)
The composite function
Question 40 [10 marks]
Find the functions f D g , g D f , f D f and g D g with their domains given that f ( x ) = 2 x + 3
and that g ( x) = x 2 + 1 .
Solution
It can be easily verified that
(ii) Df is {x | x ≥ − 32 } and f ( x) ≥ 0
(ii) Dg = R and g ( x) ≥ 1
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(a) f D g (x) = f [g ( x)] = 2( x 2 + 1) + 3 = 2 x 2 + 4
From definition, D f D g = {x | x ∈ Dg and g (x ) ∈ Df }
= {x | x ∈ R} and { x | g ( x ) ≥ 1 }
= {x | x ∈ R}
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(b) g D f (x) = g [ f ( x)] = ( )2
2x + 3 + 1 = 2x + 4
From definition, D g D f = {x | x ∈ Df and f (x ) ∈ Dg }
= {x | x ≥ − 32 } and { x | f ( x ) ≥ 0 }
= {x | x ≥ − 32 }
[2]
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(c) f D f (x) = f [ f ( x )] = 2 2 x + 3 + 3
From definition, D f D f = {x | x ∈ Df and f (x ) ∈ Df }
= {x | x ≥ − 32 } and { x | f ( x ) ≥ 0 }
= {x | x ≥ − 32 }
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(d) g D g (x) = g [g ( x)] = ( x 2 + 1) 2 + 1
From definition, D gD g = {x | x ∈ Dg and g (x ) ∈ Dg }
= {x | x ∈ R} and { x | g ( x ) ≥ 1 }
= {x | x ∈ R}
[2]
Courtesy Mr. Rajesh Gunesh
Exercise 2.3 (page 90)
Calculating limits using the limit laws
Question 32 [12 marks]
3+ x − 3
(a) Use a graph of f ( x) = to estimate lim f ( x) to two decimal places.
x x→0
(b) Use a table of values of f (x ) to estimate the limit to four decimal places.
(c) Use the Limit Laws to find the exact value of the limit.
Solution
(a) [Attempt this part only if you have a graphics calculator.]
3+ x − 3
(b) Consider the function f ( x) = . f (0) is undefined. The following tables
x
show the value of f (x ) as x ‘approaches’ 0 from the right and from the left.
Table 1 (from the right) Table 2 (from the left)
3+ x − 3 3+ x − 3
x x
x x
1.0 0.26795 –1.0 0.31784
0.9 0.26977 –0.9 0.31435
0.8 0.27164 –0.8 0.31101
0.7 0.27355 –0.7 0.30782
0.6 0.27553 –0.6 0.30476
0.5 0.27756 –0.5 0.30182
0.4 0.27965 –0.4 0.29900
0.3 0.28180 –0.3 0.29628
0.2 0.28402 –0.2 0.29365
0.1 0.28631 –0.1 0.29112
0.01 0.28843 –0.01 0.28892
0.001 0.28865 –0.001 0.28870
3+ x − 3
It can be observed that, to four decimal places, lim = 0.2887
x→ 0 x
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3+ x − 3 ( 3 + x − 3 )( 3 + x + 3 )
(c) lim = lim
x→0 x x→0
x( 3 + x + 3 )
(rationalisation of numerator)
( 3 + x ) 2 − ( 3) 2 (3 + x) − 3 x
= lim = lim = lim
x→0
x( 3 + x + 3 ) x→0
x( 3 + x + 3 ) x→0
x( 3 + x + 3 )
1
= lim since x → 0, x ≠ 0
x→0
( 3 + x + 3)
1 1
= = .
( 3 + 0 + 3) 2 3
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