Chapter 1: Introduction
A. Background of the study
W ater is fundamental for the sustenance of life here on Earth. It is
the compound that separates our habitat from all other celestial bodies
found within our galaxy. It is vital for the survival of most liv ing things
including us humans. Most of our planet is covered with it, about 71%
to be exact but from that number only 2.5% is freshwater. W e humans
commonly use it for drinking, bath ing and other domestic purposes. W e
also use it for agriculture and the c ultivation of aquatic life. Therefore
the use of water is limitless but the problem is this natural resource is
limited.
W ith the success of booming industries here in the Philippines comes
the effect of water pollution. Textile companies dump their chemic al
wastes in any open water source. Farmers especially those who work in
piggeries, choose to dispose the animal waste in r ivers leading to the
formation of coliform . Drinking this type of water can lead to many
deadly illnesses like cholera and e coli. Th ese diseases usually cause
severe cases of diarrhoea and if untreated can lead to death.
B. Hypothesis
There are five known ways to filter water when at a situation;
first, boiling, a reliable way to filter wa ter that takes 1 -3 minutes or
more for high people living in high altitude areas killing the parasites
and germs that can’t be seen with your bear eyes, second, use of
iodine solution like Halazone and Polar Pure iodine crystals, third,
chlorine that has the ability to kill bacteria in water, fourth , use of
homemade water filter used in camps and in times of need, and lastly,
ultraviolet light, with one swish of it on the water, it’ll kill the bacteria
in minutes.
(Sources:https://www.bryceviewlodge.com/make -water-safe-
drinking-simple-water-purification -
techniques/;https://www.princeton.edu/~oa/manual/water.shtml ;
https://www.schultzsoftwater.com/blog/4 -methods-to-purify-your-
water)
C. Significance of the Study
Through this, we would not just provide a better tasting and
smelling water because o f the removal of its bacteria and unwanted
tag-alongs, there would be much help given to us all especially to
those people who are victims of polluted water in their surroundings
as well as emergencies to come when there’s lack of purif ied water.
Not all people has a spare tank of water at their backyard, nor
filtration systems where in you just place your water and it comes out
drinkable. By testing the easiest as well as the most effective way of
filtration, not only us ourselves will take advantage of it , word will be
spread and shared all through out.
D. Scope and Location
Boxing one out five ways of filtration can be done here, lining
up to what’s the easiest, attainable, along with its taste, smell and
aftermath. Through this investigatory project, we can make the
adjustments of how much product will be put in, for how long and etc.
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
After 500 BC, Hippocrates discovered the healing powers of water. He invented the practice of sieving water,
and obtained the first bag filter, which was called the ‘Hippocratic sleeve’. The main purpose of the bag was to trap
sediments that caused bad tastes or odours.
In 1877, the germicidal properties of sunlight were discovered, and it was only a matter of time before people
tried to apply this knowledge for practical use. In 1903, Niels Fensen received a Nobel Prize for his use of ultraviolet
light to combat tuberculosis (although not in water), and in 1910, the first drinking water disinfection system opened
in Marseilles, France
Disinfection and Drinking water storage. During the treatment process Electrical conductivity and
Total Dissolved Solids values is not changed but pH is slightly increased in the bio treatment compartment
due to excretion of ammonia form by the fish. A Significant change of Coli form bacterial count between UV
treatment together with sand and Charcoal filter with comparing drinking water tank It is 90.95% reduction
comparing with raw water E coli count is completely removed from this treatment process
Drinking water
- Also known as potable water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation.
Water purification
- Is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended
solids, and gases from water.
Boiling
– Effectively kills most pathogens, easy, simple and widely accepted method of disinfection, biogas
cooking stoves can be used for the cooking stove.
Filtration
-Defined as the mechanical or physical process used for the separation of one
substance from another, such as solids, liquids, and gases, with the aid of an
interposing medium (filter).
Halazone
-It has been widely used to disinfect drinking water.
Chlorine
-Kills pathogens such as bacteria and viruses by breaking the chemical bonds in their molecules. Disinfectants that
are used for this purpose consist of chlorine compounds which can exchange atoms with other compounds, such as
enzymes in bacteria and other cells.
- The treatment process was conceived by Dr. John L. Leal, and the chlorination plant was
designed by George Warren Fuller. Over the next few years, chlorine disinfection using
chloride of lime (calcium hypochlorite) were rapidly installed in drinking water systems around
the world.
Iodine
- Used for water purification is commonly added to water as a solution, in
crystallized form, or in tablets containing tetraglycine hydroperiodide that
release 8 mg of iodine per tablet. The iodine kills many, but not all, of the
most common pathogens present in natural fresh water sources. Carrying
iodine for water purification is an imperfect but lightweight solution for
those in need of field purification of drinking water.
Centrifugation
- This method can filter cloudy water that contains fine-grained particles like silt & clay. This works as
centrifugal acceleration causes the denser substances and particles to move outward in the radial direction
inside a container as it rotates, separating the sediments from the water, given that these sediments are
denser. This method isolates the water from the soil particles that used to be combined together.
Distillation
- Water is subjected to a heat source until it attains its boiling point. It is then
left at the boiling point until it vaporizes. This vapor is directed into a
condenser to cool. Upon cooling, vapor is reversed into liquid water that is
clean and safe for drinking. This method is effective by the fact that water
has a lower boiling point than other contaminants and disease-causing
elements found in water.
- It is effective in removing bacteria, germs, salts and other heavy metals
such as lead, mercury & arsenic, and is ideal for purification to raw,
untreated water.
Ultraviolet
- Most effective method for disinfecting bacteria from the water. Ultraviolet
(UV) rays penetrate harmful pathogens in your home's water and destroy
illness-causing microorganisms by attacking their genetic core (DNA).
