Nature of Solids Examples: H₂ Molecular Hydrogen, I₂
Iodine-127, NH₃ Ammonia, H₂O Water
Crystalline - has a distinctive internal
structure that has flat surfaces or faces COVALENT NETWORK - There are no
that are arranged in a highly ordered individual molecules - Atoms are
microscopic structure, forming a crystal covalently bonded in a continuous
lattice that extends in all directions. network, resulting in huge crystals that
are one big molecule.
IONIC - consists of alternating
positively-charged cations and Intermolecular forces: London
negatively-charged anions. Dispersion Force
Intermolecular forces: Ion-Dipole Force, Intramolecular Forces: Covalent Bond
London Dispersion Force Properties:
Properties: Does not conduct electricity
Poor conductor of heat and electricity Extremely high melting point
Relatively high melting point Hard; somewhat brittle
Hard but brittle; shatter under stress Does not dissolve in water
Relatively dense Examples: Diamonds, amethysts,
Dull surface rubies, graphite, SiC Silicon Carbide,
B₄C Boron Carbide
Examples: NaCl Sodium Chloride, CaF₂
Calcium Fluoride, MgO Magnesium METALLIC - consist of metal cations
Oxide surrounded by a "sea" of mobile valence
electrons (delocalized electrons) do not
MOLECULAR - consist of molecules at
belong to one atom, but are capable of
the lattice points of the crystal, held
moving through the entire crystal.
together by relatively weak
intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces: Metallic Bond,
Ionic Bond, London Dispersion Force
Intermolecular forces: Dipole-Dipole
Force, London Dispersion Force, Properties:
Hydrogen Bonds
Good conductor of heat and electricity
Properties:
Melting point depend on electron
Poor conductor of heat and electricity configuration
Low melting point Easily deformed under stress; ductile
and malleable
Soft
High density
Low Density
Lustrous
Dull surface
Examples: Na Sodium, Au Gold, W Primitive - unit cell in which the atoms
Tungsten, Hg Mercury are located only on the corners of the
lattice
Centered - unit cell in which the
Amorphous - not organized in regular
constituent particles are located on the
arrays. No crystal structure.
corners, as well as other positions of the
Crystal Lattice and Unit Cells lattice
Crystal Lattice - is a set of infinite, Body-Centered - has eight identical
arranged points related to each other particles on each of eight corners and
by transitional symmetry has a ninth identical particle in the
center
Cubic - all the edges are equal and the
angle between their faces are 90 Face-Centered - has atoms located at
degrees (mutually perpendicular) each of the corners of all the cubic faces
Tetragonal - referred to three mutually End-Centered - there are 8 atoms at
perpendicular axes, two of which are the 8 corners of the cube, and one atom,
equal in length each is present at the center of any two
opposite faces
Orthorhombic - characterized by three
mutually perpendicular axes that are Cubic Unit Cells
unequal in length
Simple - Simplest repeating unit in a
Monoclinic - has unequal sides and two simple cubic structure. Requires eight
angles between the faces of the lattice corners, each having equivalent and
are 90 degrees identical particles. Edges connects
equivalent points
Hexagonal - has four axes, three of
which are of equal length, are separated Body-Centered - Simplest repeating
by equal angles, and lie in the same unit in a body-centered cubic structure.
plane. The fourth axis is perpendicular Eight identical particles on each of eight
to the plane of the three axes corners. Ninth identical particle in the
center
Rhombohedral - also known as the
trigonal system; consists of three Face-Centered - Has identical particles
crystallographic axis, all are of equal on eight corners. Has 14 identical lattice
length points
Triclinic - all three axes are of different
lengths and inclined towards each other
Unit cell - the smallest part of a
crystal that repeats regularly through
translation in three dimensions to create
a whole crystal
