MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11

NAME:_______________________________GRADE&SECTION_________________DATE: __________________

I. LEARNING COMPETENCY
The learners will be able to describe what happens after magma is formed (S11/12ES-Ic-16) and compare and contrast the formation of
the different types of igneous rocks (S11/12ES-Ic-18)

II. CONCEPT NOTES AND REFERENCES

Why and how magma rises up (Monroe et al., Physical Geology, 2007, p107).Density contrast: magma is less dense than the
surrounding country rock. Magma rises faster when the density contrast between the magma and the country rock is greater.

At deeper levels, magma passes through mineral grain boundaries and cracks in the surrounding rock. When enough mass and
buoyancy is attained, the overlying surrounding rock is pushed aside as the magma rises. Depending on surrounding pressure and other
factors, the magma can be ejected to the Earth’s surface or rise at shallower levels underneath.

At shallower levels, magma may no longer rise because its density is almost the same as that of the country rock. The magma starts to
accumulate and slowly solidifies (Fig. 2). When the magma solidifies at depth, it can form different types of plutonic bodies.

Viscosity: A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. Magmas with low viscosity flow more easily than those with high viscosity.
Temperature, silica content and volatile content control the viscosity of magma.

Factor Effect to Viscosity

↑ temperature ↓ viscosity

↑ Silica content (SiO2) ↑ viscosity

↑ dissolved water (H2O) ↓ viscosity

Mafic magma is less viscous than silicic (felsic) magma because it is hotter and contains less silica.

th
The Bowen’s reaction series (Carlson, D. H., Plummer, C. C., Hammersley L., Physical Geology Earth Revealed 9 ed., 2011, pp289-
290)

a. Certain minerals are stable at higher melting temperature and crystallize before those stable at lower temperatures.

b. This series explain how minerals are formed under different temperature conditions, given that all the required elements for certain
minerals are present.

c. There are two branches, the discontinuous and continuous branches which happen simultaneously. The minerals in the discontinuous
branch include olivine, pyroxene amphibole and biotite mica. In the discontinuous branch, there is only plagioclase, but the
Calcium and Sodium content changes from high temperature to low temperature.

d. A single “parental magma” can produce various kinds of igneous rocks through magmatic differentiation.

Different magmatic differentiation processes.

Magmatic differentiation is the process of creating one or more secondary magmas from single parent magma (Tarbuck, E. J. et al Earth
An Introduction to Physical Geology, 2014, p138).

Crystal Fractionation –a chemical process by which the composition of a liquid, such as magma, changes due to crystallization
(https://wwwf.imperial.ac.earthscienceandengineering/rocklibrary/viewglossrecord.php?gID=00000000159). Common mechanism
for crystal fractionation is crystal settling. This means that denser minerals crystallize first and settle down while the lighter
minerals crystallize at the latter stages.
 MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11
Partial Melting - as described in Bowen’s reaction series, quartz and muscovite are basically the most stable minerals at the Earth’s
surface, making them the first ones to melt from the parent rock once exposed in higher temperature and/or pressure. Partial
melting of an ultramafic rock in the mantle produces a basaltic
magma (Carlson, D. H., Plummer, C. C., Hammersley L., Physical
th
Geology Earth Revealed 9 ed, 2011, p292).

Magma mixing – this may occur when two different magma rises up, with the more
buoyant mass overtakes the more slowly rising body. Convective flow then mixes
the two magmas, generating a single, intermediate (between the two parent
magmas) magma (Tarbuck, E. J. et al Earth An Introduction to Physical Geology,
2014, p139).

The relationship of the different igneous rock types and the environment of formation

e. Basalt and basaltic magma: form when hot rocks in the mantle slowly rise and encounter lower pressures. This leads to
decompression melting (melting due to reduced pressures). This commonly occurs along places where plates are moving away
from each other (i.e. extensional plate boundaries such as continental rifts and hotspots. This type of magma has low viscosity,
low silica, high iron and low volatile (H2O) contents.

f. Rhyolite and rhyolitic magma: formed by either (1) melting of mantle fluxed by water and sediments carried into the mantle in
subduction zones; and /or (2) interaction of mantle derived basaltic magmas with continental crust. The magma is highly viscous
with relatively high silica, low iron and high volatile (H 2O) contents.

g. Andesite and andesitic magma: Andesitic magmas maybe formed in a variety of ways: some are formed when water and sediments on
the ocean floor are pushed into the mantle along subduction zones, leading to melting in the mantle. Others are formed when hot
basaltic magma interact with continental crust on the way to the Earth’s surface, which likewise leads to melting. The silica, iron
and volatile (H2O) contents and viscosity are intermediate between basalt and rhyolite.

Reference: QUEXBOOK Earth and Life Science Application, Teaching Guide DepEd SHS Curriculum (CHED 2016) p. 97-103

III. EXERCISES

1. Define viscosity.
2. Identify the three major factors controlling the viscosity of magma/lava
3. Describe how viscosity affects the movement of magma. Compare the viscosity of basaltic and granitic magmas.
4. True or False: Magmatic differentiation is the process of creating one or more secondary magmas from single parent magma.
5. How does magma change during crystallization?
6. What is the significance of the Bowen’s reaction series?
7. What is the Bowen’s reaction series?
8. Rising magma assimilates crustal rocks but does not result to any change in the composition of the resulting magma. In what
condition/s can this occur?
9. True or False: The different mechanisms through which crystal fractionation occurs are crystal settling, filter pressing, inward
crystallization and flow segregation.

Prepared by:

IRENE BELLE D. LESIGUES Noted:

GEMMA A. CO
SCIENCE-DEPT HEAD DESIGNATE

Concurred:

LORLITA S. RICABLANCA, DM
SHS-Assistant Principal II
 MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11

Reference: QUEXBOOK Earth and Life Science Application, Teaching Guide DepEd SHS Curriculum (CHED 2016)

III. EXERCISES

1. Define the word magmatism?

Prepared by:

IRENE BELLE D. LESIGUES, LPT

GEMMA A. CO
SCIENCE-Dept. Head Designate