Mirror and Lens Four Principal Rays of Curved Mirror
1. P Ray / P-F Ray: Parallel to Focus
EM Spectrum EM Waves Visible Light Refraction 2. F Ray / F-P Ray: Focus to Parallel
and Reflection (properties utilized in mirror and lenses) 3. C Ray / C-C Ray
4. V Ray
MIRROR
1. Flat Mirror or Plane Mirror Identifying a characteristic(s) of a mirror
- Property: Reflection Location: Between F and C, Along C, Beyond C
- Reflecting surface is flat Orientation: Upright ( ), Inverted ( )
Size: Along C—Same, Between F and C—Reduced,
Characteristics of a Plane Mirror Beyond C—Enlarged
Orientation: upright or laterally inverted Type: Real and Virtual
Size: same
- do = di (distance of object = distance of image) Mirror Equation
- ∠i = ∠r (angle of incidence = angle of reflection) 1
+
1 1
=𝑓
ℎ −𝑑
𝑀 = ℎ 𝑖 = 𝑑𝑜𝑖
Type: Virtual 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 𝑜
- Image is formed behind the mirror
- Reflection is extended behind the mirror Focal Length: + concave, – convex
Object Distance: + real object, – virtual object
Multiple Images – are the images that are formed when Image Distance: + real image, – virtual image
two or more mirrors are placed in front of each other and Magnification: + upright, – inverted
an object is placed between them
2. Spherical Mirror or Curved Mirror LENS
- Follows the shape of a sphere Property: Refraction
- Diffuse: distorted Refraction is the bending of light when it travels from
- Regular: normal or smooth one medium to another optical density (using lens to
focus light rays)
a. Concave Mirror Lens is a transparent material made of glass or plastic
o Converging mirror (refracts light rays)
o Bulges away from the light source
o Property: Reflection When light travels from a rarer medium (less dense
Uses: material), it bends toward the normal
o Dentist mirror
o Headlight When light travels from a denser medium to a rarer
o Flashlight medium, it bends away from the normal
b. Convex Mirror Index of Refraction
o Diverging mirror The index of refraction of a substance is the ratio of
o Bulges toward the light source the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in
o Property: Reflection that substance
𝑐
Uses: 𝑛 = 𝑣 : where n is the index of refraction, c is the
o Malls speed of light in vacuum and v is the speed of light in
o 7-eleven medium
o Spoon
Characteristics of Convex Mirror Snell’s Law
o Upright States that a ray of light bends in such a way that the
o Reduced ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine
o Virtual of the angle of refraction is constant
𝑛𝑖 sin θ𝑖 = 𝑛𝑟 sin θ𝑟
C – Center of Curvature
F – Focus or Focal Point
V – Vertex
Principal Axis or Normal Line
Types of Lenses Human Eye and Camera Lens
1. Convex Lens or Converging Lens Parts of the Human Eye
- It is thicker in the center than edges Cornea – thin membrane, transparent part of the
- Forms real or virtual images depending on the human eye that surrounds the eye
position of object Conjunctiva – layer that is inflamed during sore eyes
- The light that passes through it tends to converge Pupil – hole in the eye controlled by the iris
at a particular point called focal point o Pupils open up or dilate when there is low light,
- Magnifying glasses, eyeglasses, cameras, they get smaller or constrict when it’s bright.
microscopes, projectors Iris – controls the amount of light that enter the eye
Lens – biconvex lens that focuses the amount of light
2. Concave Lens or Diverging Lens to be directed to the retina
- Thicker at the edge and thinner in the center Ciliary Body – maintains the size of the lens
- Upright, reduced, virtual Retina – where image is formed; originally, the
- The light that passes through it tends to diverge at appearance of the image is inverted
a particular point called focal point o Rods: black and white
- Telescope, binocular, spectacles, lasers, cameras, o Cones: color (red, blue, green)
flashlights, peepholes
Fovea – part that has greater amount of cones
Fovea Centralis – a small, central pit composed of
Image formed by lens
closely packed cones in the eye
Vertex (V) – the geometric center of the lens
Optic Nerve – cranial nerve where impulses go to the
Focal Point or Focus (F) – where light rays converge;
brain and fixes the image the way we see it
when parallel light rays pass through a lens, its
Choroid – outer membrane that surrounds the eye
distance from the vertex is called the focal length
Center of Curvature (2F)
Parts of Camera compared to human eye
Film: retina
The three most useful Principal Rays in lenses
(Convex Lens) Diaphragm: iris
1. P – F Ray Pupil: aperture
2. F – P Ray Lens: lens
3. V Ray Black Paint: Choroid
(Concave Lens) Pinhole Camera – camera without lens; the image formed
1. P – F Ray is smaller than the object, inverted and real
2. F – P Ray
3. V Ray Human Eye defects
1. Hyperopia or Farsightedness
Conditions: - This is due to a focal length that is too long
Location: Beyond 2F, At 2F, Between F and V, causing the image to be focused behind the retina,
Between 2F and F making it difficult for the person to see close up
Orientation: upright and inverted things
Size: At 2F—same, Between F and 2F—reduced, - Convex Lens: used to correct hyperopia
beyond 2F—enlarged
2. Myopia or Nearsightedness
Type: real and virtual
- Result of bulging cornea, elongated eyeball
- This is due to a focal length that is too short
Lens Equation
1 1 1 ℎ −𝑑 causing the images of distant objects to be
𝑑𝑜
+ 𝑑𝑖
=𝑓 𝑀 = ℎ 𝑖 = 𝑑𝑜𝑖 focused in front of the retina
𝑜
- Concave Lens: used to correct myopia
Focal Length: + converging, – diverging
Object Distance: + real object, – virtual object 3. Astigmatism
Image Distance: + real image, – virtual image - Irregular formation of the lens
- The light does not focus on the eye therefore the
image formed is distorted
- Commonly cause of genetics
