CORROSION
Introduction to Practical
Corrosion
In Aqueous Environment
by: Bambang Widyanto
bambwid@[Link], indocor@[Link].
[Link]
Introduction to corrosion
Corrosion definition
Corrosion is a degradation of the
material due to its interaction with
the environment
For metal, the reaction called
electrochemical reaction
2
Introduction to corrosion
EXTRACTION AND
METAL WORKING
ORE
FINISH PRODUCT
DAMAGE AND
CORROSION
3
Introduction to corrosion
Inconveniences due to corrosion
Damage
Appareance degradation
The increase of maintenance cost
Plant shutdown
Product contamination
Decrease of safety
CORROSION 4
Introduction to corrosion
SEL GALVANIK
V
i
Konduktor
Anoda Katoda
e--
e e-
H2 e-
e-- Mn+
e- H2 e-
ee- Mn+ H2 e-
H2
ee-- Mn+ H+
H+ H+ H+ ee-- H+
Mn+ H+ H+
Elektrolit
5
Introduction to corrosion
ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION
OXIDATION
Ag Ag+ + e-
Zn Zn 2+ + 2e-
Al Al 3+ + 3e -
General: M Mn+ + ne -
Reduction
2H+ + 2e- H2 (hydrogen evolution)
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- H2O (oxygen reduction /acid
solution)
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- OH - (oxygen reduction – netral
/basic solution)
Mn+ + ne - M (metal ion reduction)
6
Faktor-faktor
yang menyebabkan perbedaan
potensial
Perbedaan material
Perbedaan kondisi metalurgi
Perbedaan kondisi lingkungan
7
CORROSION 8
Local Corrosion: Galvanic Effects
Sn Sn
active noble
STEEL
Zn Zn
STEEL
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Metallurgical aspect
10
Environmental effect
Reduction reaction:
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- OH -
O2
O2
Fe2+ O2
O2
OH- Fe2O3 Fe2O3 OH-
e- e-
e- e-
Cathode Anode Cathode
11
Environmental effect
Reduction reaction:
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- OH -
O2
O2 O2
O2 e-
e- Mn+
e- Mn+
Mn+
H2 O
H2 O
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UKURAN KERUSAKAN
KARENA KOROSI
13
Introduction to corrosion
DAMAGE FORM DUE TO CORROSION
1. Thinning
2. Cracking and Pitting formation
3. Appearance modification
4. Decrease of structure strength
5. Embrittlement
CORROSION 14
General wall thinning
Corrosion rate
Thinning:
mm/year
mpy (mils/year)
W = weight loss (mg)
534
mpy= ---------
W D = density (g/cm3)
A = Area (in2)
DAT T = time (hour)
Weight loss
mdd (mg/dm2/day)
mg/mm2/year
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General wall thinning
Interpretation & data evaluation
The depth of damage = (to - tm)/2
Thinning (metal loss) (mm):
= ∆W/(A)(d)
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Classification of Corrosion Mechanisms
1. Uniform corrosion/General corrosion
2. Pitting corrosion
3. Crevice corrosion
4. Stress corrosion
A. Aquaeous Corrosion 5. Fatigue corrosion
6. Intergranular corrosion
B. Atmospheric 7. Erosion corrosion
Corrosion 8. Hydrogen embrittlement
C. High Temperature 9. Cavitation
Corrosion 10. Selective leaching
11. Exfoliation
12. Biological corrosion
13. Etc. 17
Classification of corrosion
UNIFORM
CORROSION 18
Classification of corrosion
PITTING
CORROSION CORROSION 19
Classification of corrosion
CREVICE
CORROSION
20
Classification of corrosion
STRESS
CORROSION
CRACKING /
SCC
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Classification of corrosion
INTER-
GRANULAR
CORROSION
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Classification of corrosion
INTER-
GRANULAR
CORROSION
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Classification of corrosion
HYDROGEN
EMBRITTLEMENT
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Classification of corrosion
EROSION
CORROSION
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Classification of corrosion
Dealloying
CORROSION
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Classification of corrosion
BIOLOGICAL
CORROSION
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PRINSIP PENGENDALIAN KOROSI
Cleaning
Mengurangi waktu kontak logam dengan media
Design Improvement
Memperbaiki bentuk konstruksi untuk
menghindarkan kondisi yang memfasilitasi terjadinya
reaksi korosi
Material Selection
Memakai material yang sesuai dan kurang sensitif
terhadap lingkungankerja
Coating
Mencegah kontak antara logam dan lingkungannya 28
Cathodic Protection
Membuat logam bertindak sebagai katoda
Anodic Protection
Membuat logam bertindak sebagai anoda yang
daapat menciptakan lapisan pasif
Inhibitors
Mengurangi keagresifan lingkungan
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Design
evaluation
30
Design
evaluation
31
Material selection
32
Material selection
33
MORFOLOGI vs KONSTANTA PARABOLIK
34
Coatings
Jenis-jenis coating
Metallic coatings
Paint coatings
Chemical conversion coatings
Miscellaneous coatings (enamel, thermoplastics)
35
Pemakaian metallic coatings dilakukan untuk:
Mengurangi korosi logam
Mengubah sifat fisik dan mekanik logam
Memberikan efek dekoratif
Jenis logam yang biasa dipakai adalah:
Zn, Cd, Sn, Al, Ni,Pb, Cu, Cr, Logam mulia
36
Faktor yang mempengaruhi proses pemilihan
metoda coating adalah:
Ketahanan korosi
Kemudahan untuk diaplikasikan
Pembentukan kopling galvanik
Pengaruh proses pelapisan pada sifat
substrat
Sifat mekanik pelapis
Faktor ekonomi
37
Cathodic protection
38
Anodic protection
39
Inhibitors
Inhibitor adalah suatu larutan kimia yang
ditambahkan terutama pada lingkungan yang
bergerak
Membentuk film dipermukaan logam
Menetralisir pengaruh zat korosif dalam fluida
Efisiensi inhibitor
= (CRuninh - CRinh)/CRuninh
40
Klasifikasi inhibitor berdasarkan fungsinya
Passivasi (anodic)
mendorong terjadinya pasivasi
Katodik
memperlambat reaksi katodik
Organik
membentuk lapisan film
Inhibitor presipitasi
Membentuk presipitat yang melapisi proses
pembentukan daerah katodik-anodik
Volatile corrosion inhibitors
dipergunakan dalam lingkungan uap
41
Lingkungan yang membutuhkan
inhibitor
Lingkungan aqueous yang bersifat asam (mis:
untuk cleaning)
Air alam
Industri minyak, refinery dan proses transport
Lingkungan atmosferik yang korosif.
42
SURFACE MODIFICATION
43
