GEOPHYSICS
METHODES
Geophysical surveys provide a continuous model of the shallow
subsurface, complementing traditional point data.
Subsurface materials can be characterized by their ability to conduct
or resist electrical current. Physical and chemical properties such as
grain size, moisture content, mineralogy, and ion concentrations
influence how geologic material responds to electrical charges.
Geophysical models correlate to site geology, showing the
orientation and distribution of subsurface materials.
Collecting electrical resistivity data in the field.
Recent applications of geophysical investigations include:
Characterization of alluvial and buried sand and gravel aquifers
Determination of depth to bedrock
Fate and transport studies
Characterization of surficial materials
Evaluation of earthen dam or levee integrity
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Identification of karst regions or fractures
Slope stability evaluations
Subsurface fluid-flow direction
Delineation of buried man-made objects
Electrical Resistivity Imaging
Three dimensional electrical resistivity model displaying select
isosurfaces.
Electrical resistivity (ER) measurements are obtained by introducing
direct current to the subsurface and measuring resulting voltages.
ER imaging assists in vertical and horizontal characterization of
geologic materials. This method provides a high resolution model
showing subsurface variability, penetrating depths of up to 90
meters (300 feet).
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
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GPR works by emitting electromagnetic (EM) wave in tiny pulse of
energy using a transmitter into
the ground and receive the reflected wave using a receiver. Materials
underground that have contrast of electrical conductivity and
dielectric permittivity from the surrounding ground will reflect the
signal and produce hyperbola signatures on the radargram based on
the time taken and amplitude. Strong reflected signal with high
amplitude value is produced when the difference of the conductivity
and dielectric permittivity between two materials is pronounced. The
conductivity value can be calculated from GPR radargram by
calculating the dielectric permittivity
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GPR has the ability to detect near surface anomaly on any type of
surfaces such as concrete, soil, asphalt and even water while
resistivity method is suitable to image near surface and deeper
conditions of the subsurface depending on the electrode spacing and
type of array used Since electromagnetic wave from the GPR tend to
attenuate when encounter presence of water within the subsurface
[4]
GPR works by sending a tiny pulse of energy into a material and
recording the strength and the time required for the return of any
reflected signal. A series of pulses over a single area make up what
is called a scan. Reflections are produced whenever the energy pulse
enters into a material with different electrical conduction properties
or dielectric permittivity from the material it up. The strength, or
amplitude, of the reflection is determined by the contrast in the
dielectric constants and conductivities of the two materials. This
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means that a pulse which moves from dry sand (dielectric of 5) to
wet sand (dielectric of 30) will produce a very strong reflection, while
moving from dry sand to limestone will produce a relatively weak
reflection.
INDUCED POLARIZATION
Induced polarization refers to the study of the reversible charge
storage in porous materials at low frequencies (typically less than
100 kHz). Since the pioneering work by Conrad Schlumberger in
1912 (see Schlumberger, 1920), [7]
Field measurements are most commonly acquired in the time domain
(TDIP) where the decay of a transient voltage is recorded shortly
,,JEEG, Month 2017, Volume 22, Issue 4, pp. 395–410
following current shut off. However, field measurements can also be
acquired in the frequency domain, where the phase lag is recorded
between the induced voltage and applied current for a sinusoidal
waveform.
After current is switched off (or turned on), the voltage between
potential electrodes takes 1s 1 min to decay (or build up)
( The ground acts somewhat like a capacitor)
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Overvoltage decay times
and rise times are measured
and are diagnostic of the
nature of the subsurface.
IP s sensitive to dielectric rater than conductivity
characteristics.
Disseminated (poorly conductive) ore body is polarized
(develops surface charges) by the imposed current; When
the current is switched off, the charges cause transient
current through the conductive overburden. These currents
flow in the same direction and cause the overvoltage effect.
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References
4. Integration of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and 2-D Resistivity
Imaging methods for soil investigation To cite this article: Nabila
Sulaiman et al 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 62 012007
[5]Recommendations for Field-Scale Induced Polarization (IP) Data
Acquisition and Interpretation, Fardous Zarif1,2, Pauline Kessouri1
and Lee Slater1* 1Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences,
Rutgers-Newark University, NJ 07102, USA 2Geophysical Exploration
Department, Desert Research Center (DRC), Matarya 11753, Cairo,
JEEG, Month 2017, Volume 22, Issue 4, pp. 395–410
[6] GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 80, NO. 5 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2015); P.
D525–D538, 8 FIGS., 1 TABLE. 10.1190/GEO2014-0577.1
Induced polarization response of porous media with metallic particles
— Part 1: A theory for disseminated semiconductors
André Revil1, Nicolas Florsch2, and Deqiang Mao3
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[7] SOIL CORROSIVITY ZONE MAPPING BASED ON CHARGEABILITY
USING TIME DOMAIN DOMAIN INDUCED POLARIZATION WITH
DIPOLE-DIPOLE CONFIGURATION STUDY CASE [Link]
KIKI KARTIKA DEWI NRP. 3713100011
Advisor
[Link] Utama, DEA NIP. 19611024 198803 1001
Juan Pandu Gya Nur Rochman, [Link],MT NIP. 19890612 201504 1003
GEOPHYSICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Planning Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya 2017
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