UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE, KSK
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
WORKSHOP
ASSIGNMENT 2
: ZUBIA ABID
NAME
: 2018-EE-294
ROLL NO.
: B
SECTION
: HAFIZ MUHAMMAD USMAN
SUBMITTED TO
OSCILLOSCOPE
“An oscilloscope is a laboratory instrument commonly used to display and analyze
the waveform of electronic signals. In effect, the device draws a graph of the
instantaneous signal voltage as a function of time.”
Figure 1: OSCILLOSCOPE
Explanation:
A typical oscilloscope can display alternating current (AC) or pulsating direct
current (DC) waveforms having a frequency as low as approximately 1 hertz (Hz)
or as high as several megahertz (MHz). High-end oscilloscopes can display signals
having frequencies up to several hundred gigahertz (GHz).
Front control panel have the switches, buttons and nobs to control the horizontal
and vertical position of wave, focus, intensity, time base control, wave polarity,
dual trace control, delayed sweep control etc.
Types:
Following are the types of oscilloscope
Cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO):
The earliest and simplest type of oscilloscope consisted of a cathode ray tube, a
vertical amplifier, a time-base, a horizontal amplifier and a power supply. These
are now called "analog" scopes to distinguish them from the "digital" scopes that
became common in the 1990s and 2000s.
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Dual-beam oscilloscope:
The dual-beam analog oscilloscope can display two signals simultaneously. A
special dual-beam CRT generates and deflects two separate beams.
Analog Storage Oscilloscope:
Trace storage is an extra feature available on some analog scopes; they use direct-
view storage CRTs. Storage allows the trace pattern that normally decays in a
fraction of a second to remain on the screen for several minutes or longer.
Digital oscilloscope:
While analog devices make use of continually varying voltages, digital devices
employ binary numbers which correspond to samples of the voltage. In the case
of digital oscilloscopes, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is used to change the
measured voltages into digital information.
Mixed-signal oscilloscopes:
A mixed-signal oscilloscope (or MSO) has two kinds of inputs, a small number of
analog channels (typically two or four), and a larger number of digital channels
(typically sixteen). It provides the ability to accurately time-correlate analog and
digital channels, thus offering a distinct advantage over a separate oscilloscope
and logic analyzer.
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SIGNAL GENERATOR
A signal generator is a test equipment that generates repeating or non-repeating
electronic signals in form of wave. It is generally used in designing, testing,
Figure 2: SIGNAL GENERATOR
troubleshooting, and repairing electronic or electroacoustic devices, though it
often has artistic uses as well.
Signal generators are available in different types, each with different applications and
purposes. They also have different designs and use different circuits, offering various levels
of capability and functionality. As a result, no single signal generator is suited for all
purposes. Examples of signal generators include:
● Function generators — Capable of generating simple repetitive waveforms
● Radio signal generators — Used to generate radio frequency signals
● Vector signal generators — A special type of radio signal generator that
generates radio frequency signals with complex modulation formats
● Audio signal generators — Used in audio applications and have low levels
of harmonic distortion
● Arbitrary waveform generators — Can produce sophisticated waveforms,
often specified by the user
● Pulse generators — Create pulses as signal forms
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DIGITAL MULTIMETER
A digital multimeter (DMM) is a test tool used to measure two or more electrical
values—principally voltage (volts), current (amps) and resistance (ohms). It is a
standard diagnostic tool for technicians in the electrical/electronic industries.
Digital multimeters combine the testing capabilities of single-task meters—the
voltmeter (for measuring volts), ammeter (amps) and ohmmeter (ohms).
The face of a digital multimeter typically includes four components :
Figure 3: DMM
● Display: Where measurement readouts can be viewed.
● Buttons: For selecting various functions; the options vary by model.
● Dial (or rotary switch): For selecting primary measurement values (volts,
amps, ohms).
● Input jacks: Where test leads are inserted.
Working of Digital Multimeter
As shown in block diagram, in a typical Digital multimeter the input signal i.e. ac
or dc voltage, current, resistance, temperature or any other parameter is
converted to dc voltage within the range of the ADC. The analog to digital
converter then converts the pre-scaled dc voltage into its equivalent digital
numbers which will be displayed on the display unit.
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POWER SUPPLY
A power supply is a component that supplies power to at
least one electric load. It converts one type of electrical
power to another, but it may also convert a different form
of energy – such as solar, mechanical, or chemical - into
electrical energy.
RIPPLE REGULATED Figure 4: POWER SUPPLY
A transistor operated strictly in it’s on/off modes transfers DC power to a large as
needed to maintain the output voltage between a high and a low set point.
LINEEAR REGULATED
A linear regulated supply is an unregulated power supply with a transistor circuit
operating in linear mode. Linear regulator is designed to output a fixed voltage for
a wide range of input voltages.
UNREGULATED
An unregulated power supply consists of a transformer, rectifier and low-pass filter.
If the input voltage varies, the output voltage will vary by a proportional amount.
The advantage of an unregulated supply is that it’s cheap, simple, and efficient.
SWITCHING
A switching regulated have the properties of both unregulated and linear
regulated. Switching power supplies work on the principle of rectifying the
incoming AC power line voltage into DC, re-converting it into high-frequency
square-wave AC through transistors.
