1.

DOCKS
FUNCTI
ONS

Docks are
enclosed
areas for
berthing
ships, to
keep them
afloat at a
uniform
level, to
facilitate
loading
and
unloading
for cargo
and
passengers
and repair
of vessels.

Docks are
classified
in two
categories:

1. Wet
Docks
(Harbour
Docks)

Docks
which are
used for
berthing of
vessels to
facilitate
loading
and
unloading
of
passengers
and cargo
2. Dry
Docks

Docks
which are
used for
repairs of
vessels

1.Wet
Docks

·
A wet
dock is a
dock
where the
level of
water in
the dock is
maintained
despite the
raising and
lowering
of the tide.

·
This
makes
transfer of
cargo
easier. It
works like
a lock
which
controls
the water
level and
allows
passage of
ships.

·
Wet
docks are
large areas
of water
bounded
by vertical
solid walls
against
which
vessels tie
up.

·
The
walls must
be
impermea
ble to
retain the
water at
high tide
level.

·
Locks
are
provided if
entry to
the dock is
desired at
times other
than high
tide

2.
Dry
Docks

·
A dry
dock is a
narrow
basin or
vessel that
can be
flooded to
allow a
load to be
floated in,
then
drained to
allow that
load to
come to
rest on a
dry
platform.

·
Dry
docks are
used for
the
constructio
n,
maintenan
ce, and
repair of
ships,
boats, and
other
watercraft.

·
Excavat
ed
chamber,
having
side walls,
a semi-
circular
end wall
and a
floor. The
open end
of the
chamber is
provided
with a gate
and acts as
the
entrance to
the dock.

·
The
docks is
constructe
d of
concrete or
masonry
and
stepped
stone sides
are of
granite to
withstand
heavy
wear.
Suitable cu
lverts are
also
provided
on walls
for filling
and
emptying
the dock.

Method of
Dry
Docking

Ø
The
ship enters
the dock
on
adjusting
the water
level
inside the
dock to
that
outside,
when the
entrance
gate is
closed.

Ø
The
water
inside the
dock is
now
pumped
out by
powerful
pumps, the
ship being
kept
vertical
and central
by the
shores
between
the ship’s
siders and
altar steps
while
slowly
being
lowered on
to the keel
and bilge
blocks on
which it
comes to
rest.

CLASSIF
ICATION
OF WET
DOCKS

Wet dock
in tidal
basins

Ø
Harbors
are prone
to be
affected by
the tides,
which may
cause
changes in
the water
level

Ø
Thus in
ports on
the sea
coast
protected
by the
outlying
breakwater
, basins are
formed
within its
shelter. In
these
basins,
pier walls
are
projected
at right
angles to
the shore
alongside
which
vessels can
lie and
discharge
their
cargos We
t docks
enclosed
or
impounde
d basins

Ø
Docks
are
enclosed
and shut
off by
entrances
by locks to
maintain a
fairly
uniform
level of
water

Ø
The
docks are
formed by
enclosures
where the
tidal
ranges are
very
marked
and large

Ø
The
water level
in the
enclosures
should be
maintained
at constant
level by
providing
locks and
gates

WET
DOCKS
IN
TIDAL
BASIN –
ADVANT
AGES

1. Vess
el can
come in
and berth
or leave at
all times.

2. Costl
y
arrangeme
nts like
lock gates
for the
closing of
the
entrances
are not
required.

DISADV
ANTAGE
S

1. If the
range of
tide is
more, the
operation
of loading
&
unloading
are
seriously
affected.

2. The
fluctuation
s in water
level will
cause the
rubbing of
sides of
ships
against the
wall

FORM &
ARRANG
EMENT
OF
BASINS
&
DOCKS

ü
The
exact
arrangeme
nt and
form must
depend
upon the
available
site.

ü
The
object to
be aimed
at in the
design is
to obtain
the
maximum
length of
quay in
proportion
to the
water area
of the
basin or
dock

1.Depth of
docks and
basins

Ø
should
be capable
of
accommod
ating the
largest
vessel
likely to
visit the
port

2.Locatio
n
Ø
could
be located
on inland
ports of
rivers, at
estuaries
or on open
sea coast.

3.Internal
arrangem
ents

Ø
separat
e docks
are
required
for
different
kinds of
cargo

eg: coal
and oil
should be
dealt
separately
away from
general or
food cargo

4.Other
Aspects

Ø
availab
ility of
fresh water
to replace
leakage
and fouled
water from
docks.

Ø
Approa
ch must be
sheltered
and of
sufficient
depth

Design
Load

I.
Live
load

II. De
ad load

III. Ear
th pressure

IV. Static
water
pressure

V. Dy
namic
water
pressure

VI. Uplift
pressure

VII.
Impact
pressure
due to ship

MARINE
RAILWA
Y/
SLIPWA
Y
1. A
marine
railway is
a
mechanica
l means of
hoisting a
ship out of
the water
along an
inclined
plane.

2. Lift
capacities
range from
100 to
6,000 tons.

3. Theo
retically,
even larger
sizes are
possible,
but
generally
the
floating
dock
becomes a
more
economica
l
alternative.

SLIPWA
Y–
ADVANT
AGES
ü
Low
initial
constructio
n cost

ü
Fast
operating

ü
The
track slope
can fit the
natural
slope of
the shore
in many
cases. This
eliminates
or reduces
dredging
or bulk-
heading
requireme
nts.

ü
Vessels
can be
transferred
to and
from the
shore
relatively
easily.

SLIPWA
Y–
DISADV
ANTAGE
S
ü
It is a
mechanica
l system
that
requires
periodic
replaceme
nt of some
moving
parts
(hauling
chains,
rollers,
etc.)

ü
Underw
ater
maintenan
ce is
required.

ü
The
vessels can
damage
the track.

MARINE
RAILWA
Y–
COMPO
NENTS

A marine
railway
consists
of:

ü
Cradle

ü
Incline
d track on
a
foundation

ü
Hauling
chain

ü
Hauling
machine

FLOATI
NG DRY
DOCK

It may be
defined as
a floating
vessel
which can
lift a ship
out of
water and
retain it
above
water by
means of
its own
buoyancy
It is a
hollow
structure
of steel or
reinforced
cement
concrete
consisting
of 2 side
walls and
a floor,
with the
ends open.
• To
receive a
ship, the
structure is
sunk to
required
depth by
ballasting
its interior
chambers
with
water, the
ship in
then
floated
into
position
and
berthed.
The dock
is raised
bodily
with the
berthed
ship by
unballastin
g the
chambers
by
pumping
out the
water

DREDGI
NG

Ø
Draft
for a ship
is the
vertical
linear
immersion
of ship
floating in
stable
condition
safely.

Ø
Naviga
ble depth
of water =
draft
+vertical
clearance
at bottom
of ship.

Ø
If the
navigable
depth
required >
depth of
water
available
at site ,
ship
cannot
enter the
harbour.

Ø
In order
to provide
an access
for sea
traffic, the
basin
characteris
tics should
be
modified,
ie excavati
on of bed
below
water.
This
known
as dredgin
g.

Ø
Dredgi
ng is an
excavation
activity or
operation
usually
carried out
at least
partly
underwate
r, in
shallow
seas or
freshwater
areas with
the
purpose of
gathering
up bottom
sediments
and
disposing
of them at
a different
location.
This
technique
is often
used to
keep
waterways
navigable.

Ø
A
dredgers is
a piece of
equipment
which can
dig,
transport
and dump
a certain
amount of
under
water
laying soil
in a certain
time

Ø
A
dredgers is
a piece of
equipment
which can
dig,
transport
and dump
a certain
amount of
under
water
laying soil
in a certain

DREDGE
R–
TYPES

• The
quantity of
soil moved
per unit of
time is
called
Production
.

• Dre
dgers can
dig hydra
ulically or
mechanic
ally.
• Hyd
raulic
digging
make use
of the
erosive
working
of a water
flow. For
instance, a
water flow
generated
by a
dredge
pump
is lead via
suction
mouth
over a
sand bed.
The flow
will erode
the sand
bed and
forms a
sand-water
mixture
before it
enters the
suction
pipe.

• Hyd
raulic
digging is
mostly
done with
special
water jets.
Hydraulic
digging is
mostly
done in
cohesionle
ss soils
such as
silt,
sand and
gravel.

• Mec
hanical
digging by
knives,
teeth or
cutting
edges of
dredging
equipment
is apply to
cohesive
soils.

• The
transport
of the
dredged
soil can be
done
hydraulica
lly or
mechanica
lly too,
ether
continuous
ly or
discontinu
ously

2.
HARBO
UR
ENGINE
ERING
HARBOU
R
ENGINE
ERING
ü
A shelte
red and
protected
area of
sea

ü
Provides
platform f
or vessels
to be
launched,
built or
repaired

ü
Serves as
a refuge f
or vessels
in case of
storm or
other harsh
environme
ntal
conditions

ü
Provides
facilities
for loadin
g and
unloading
of cargo
and
passengers

ü
A place
where
ships and
other craft
can seek
shelter.
A harbour
can be
defined
a basin or
haven or
roadstead
of
navigable
waters wel
l
protected
naturally
or
artificially
from
action of
wind and
waves, and
is situated
along sea-
shore or ri
ver
estuary or
lakeor ca
nal
connected
to sea

Harbour is
a sheltere
d area of
sea where
facilities f
or loading
or
unloading
of cargo
and
passenger
s are
provided

• A har
bour (US
spelling
"harbor")
is a place
of security
and
comfort, a
small
bay or
other
sheltered
part of an
area of
water,
usually
well
protected
against
high
waves and
strong
currents,
and deep
enough to
provide
anchorage
for ships
and other
craft. It is
also a
place
where port
facilities
are
provided,
e.g.
accommod
ation for
ships and
cargo
handling
facilities

• Basin
: water
reservoir
of required
area
It is said to
be
navigable
when
depth of
water in
basin is
greater
than draft
required
for largest
ship, likely
to visit the
harbour.

• Draft:
is the
vertical
linear
immersion
of ship
below
water
surface for
the ship to
float in
stable
condition
safely

HARBOU
R–
CLASSIF
ICATION

1. Depe
nding on
location
 2. Depe
nding
upon prot
ection
needed

3. Depe
nding
upon utilit
y

3. TUNNEL
It is an artificial underground passage to bypass obstacles safely without disturbing the
overburden i.e., land above it , to carry freights, passengers, sewage, water, etc.

Tunnel – Shapes

a) Highway tunnel

I. Circular tunnel with two traffic lanes and one safety walk

II. Double box tunnel with two traffic lanes and one safety walk in each box

III. Horseshoe tunnel with two traffic lanes and one safety walk

IV. Oval/egg tunnel with three traffic lanes and two safety walks

Rail Transit tunnel

1.Circular tunnel with a single track and one safety walk. Invert slab is placed on top of
liner.
2. Double box tunnel with a single track and one safety walk in each box. Depending on
location and loading conditions, center wall may be solid or composed of consecutive
columns

3. Single box tunnel with a single track and one safety walk. Tunnel is usually constructed
beside another single box tunnel for opposite direction travel

4. Horseshoe tunnel with a single track and one safety walk. This shape typically exists in
rock conditions and may be unlined within stable rock formations

5. Oval tunnel with a single track and one safety walk

TUNNEL – CLASSIFICATION
Classified based on

i. Alignment
ii. Purpose

iii. Type of material met with

BASED ON ALIGNMENT

1. Off – spur tunnels, i.e.., short length tunnels to negotiate minor local obstacles

2. Saddle or base tunnels i.e. tunnels constructed in the valleys along the natural slope till
the slope does not exceed the ruling gradient

3. 3. Slope tunnels i.e. tunnels constructed in steep hills for economic and safe operations
of roads and railways.

4. 4. Spiral tunnels i.e. tunnels provided in narrow valleys in the form of loops in the
interior of mountain so as to increase the length of tunnel to avoid steep slope
 BASED ON PURPOSE
1. Conveyance tunnel and they include sewer tunnels, water supply tunnels, hydro –
electric power tunnels, etc.

2. Traffic tunnels and they include highway tunnels, railway tunnels, pedestrian tunnels,
navigation tunnels

BASED ON TYPE OF MATERIAL MET WITH

2. Tunnel in soft material

3. Tunnels underneath river bed or in water bearing soils

TUNNEL SURVEYING
Surveying Steps in Tunnels:

1. Surface Survey

2. Transferring the alignment under ground

3. Transferring levels under ground

TUNNEL LINING
• Finishing touch given to the cross section of tunnel.

• Purpose is to protect the permanently the materials surrounding the tunnel.

• If the cohesion between the masses of particles surrounding the tunnel is not sufficient,
lining will be necessary.

• Provision of lining will result in the increase of strength of the tunnel cross- section.

OBJECTIVES
1. Gives correct cross section to the tunnel.

2. It withstands soil pressure when driven in soft soils.

4. It keeps the inside of the tunnel free from water percolation

5. 5. It prevents chemical action of water with certain types of rocks.

6. 6. It grants strength to weak sections in the tunnel.

7. 7. It ensures stream line flow of water and sewer tunnels because it reduces friction
against the flow

8. 8. It reduces maintenance cost of tunnel.

9. 9. It avoids the tedious process of dewatering of the tunnel

10. 10.It maintains the mass above or behind the sides of tunnel in position and doesnot
allow it to crumble down.

11. 11. It grants to the tunnel an appearance of neatness and cleanliness.

MATERIALS
1. Stone masonry – used for lining sides

2. Cement concrete – standard material for lining

3. Plasticity allows it to be well packed between the form and the soil.

Water proof qualities used to makes it as a first class water tight lining

4. Timber – oldest lining material

• it can easily and rapidly constructed

• it is cheap

• it is liable to decay

5. Cast – iron – used for tunnels in sub – aqueous region.

1 |Page
 VENTILATION
• Mechanical ventilation systems provide the temperature, humidity and air velocity
conditions necessary to give tunnel users a reasonable degree of comfort during normal
operation.

The choice and design of a ventilation system depends on these main factors:

• tunnel length, number of tubes, urban or rural

• fresh air requirement under normal and special traffic situations

• admissible air pollution around tunnel portals

• fire safety considerations

• Key pollutants include carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons
and lead.

3 systems of ventilation :
1. Blowing or Plenum Process

Ø Fresh clean air is blown through pipes near to the working face and as it flows back to the
portal through tunnel, it moves the dust and gases with it.

Advantage – supplying fresh air right near the working face

Disadvantage - foul air smoke and dust slowly move out, fogging the atmosphere
inside the tunnel, especially in long tunnels. Thus the approach to the working face from
portal becomes unhealthy with poor visibility

2. Exhausting or vacuum process

Ø Advantage – quick removal of dust and smoke from working space

Ø Disadvantage – fresh air has to travel a long distance before it reaches the working face

- it may absorb during this time moisture , heat and foul gases of the hauling equipment
resulting in an unpleasant working condition at face.

3. Combination of Blowing & Exhausting process

Ø The blowing system operates for the rest of the working period to supply fresh air

Ø The reversal operation can be carried out by a valve and duct arrangement

LIGHTINING
Ø Adequate lighting to be provided at the face and at any point where the work is on
progress. A minimum illumination of 100Lux should be provided.

Ø Ant formwork inside the tunnel should be well lighted

Ø Lighting at the working face should be profuse.

Ø Incandescent lamps should be fixed in the centre of the roof of the tunnel

Ø In addition to fixed lighting system, all hauling equipment should have their own lighting
systems.

DRAINAGE

In tunnel driving, control of water consists of the following two operations:

1. Prevention of excess quantities of water, entering the tunnel

• The water coming through the roof of the tunnel, is made flow over temporary roofs of
corrugated sheets leading it to longitudinal side drains

• The ground water can be removed either by

– open ditch drainage system

– by pumping system