Ceerigaabo

Berbera

Borama

Burao
Hargeisa

Somaliland Republic
Laas Caanood

LABOUR FORCE
SURVEY SOMALILAND
2012
REPORT ON BORAMA, HARGEISA & BURAO

LABOUR FORCE SURVEY SOMALILAND 2012

Report on Borama, Hargeisa & Burao
LABOUR FORCE SURVEY SOMALILAND
2012
REPORT ON BORAMA, HARGEISA & BURAO

Supported By:
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................................................................iii

List of Figures.....................................................................................................................................................................................iv
Acronyms........................................................................................................................................................................................... vi
Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................................................... vii
Preface............................................................................................................................................................................................. viii
džĞĐƵƟǀĞ^ƵŵŵĂƌLJ ........................................................................................................................................................................... ix

Chapter One: Background and Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 ^ĂŵƉůŝŶŐ ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 YƵĞƐƟŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐ ............................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 ^ƵƌǀĞLJĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĮĞůĚǁŽƌŬ ...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 ZĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƌĂƚĞƐ ............................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.6 ĂƚĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.7 ŽŶĐĞƉƚƐĂŶĚĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐ ............................................................................................................................................... 3
1.8 ^ƚƵĚLJůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ ............................................................................................................................................................ 5

ŚĂƉƚĞƌdǁŽ͗ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚdƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 ĞŵŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ .......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Literacy ......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 ^ĐŚŽŽůĂƩĞŶĚĂŶĐĞ........................................................................................................................................................ 12
2.4 sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂůƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ....................................................................................................................................................... 19

ŚĂƉƚĞƌϯ͗ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĐƟǀŝƚLJ ................................................................................................................................................. 23
3.1 ƵƌƌĞŶƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ......................................................................................................................................... 23
3.2 dŚĞůĂďŽƵƌĨŽƌĐĞ ........................................................................................................................................................... 25
3.3 >ĂďŽƵƌĨŽƌĐĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ............................................................................................................................................ 28
3.4 dŚĞŝŶĂĐƟǀĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ............................................................................................................................................... 29
3.5 dĞƌŵƐΘŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ..................................................................................................................................... 31
3.6 ǀĞƌĂŐĞǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŚŽƵƌƐĂŶĚĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǁĂŐĞ .................................................................................................................. 34

Chapter 4: Employment ......................................................................................................................................................... 35

4.1 ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚƚŽƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƌĂƟŽ .................................................................................................................................. 35
4.2 ^ƚĂƚƵƐŝŶĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ .................................................................................................................................................. 39
4.3 ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚďLJƐĞĐƚŽƌ ................................................................................................................................................. 43
4.4 ,ŽƵƌƐǁŽƌŬĞĚ ............................................................................................................................................................... 44
4.5 hŶĚĞƌĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ....................................................................................................................................................... 46

ŚĂƉƚĞƌϱ͗hŶĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ/ŶĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ .............................................................................................................................. 48
5.1 dŽƚĂůƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚƌĂƚĞ............................................................................................................................................. 48
5.2 hŶĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚďLJůĞǀĞůŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ .......................................................................................................................... 48

ŚĂƉƚĞƌϲ͗ŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐ ................................................................................................................................. 57

ŚĂƉƚĞƌϳ͗<ĞLJ^ƵƌǀĞLJŝƐƐƵĞƐΘZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ................................................................................................................ 58
ŝďůŝŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 60
Annexes ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
ŶŶĞdž͗^ĂŵƉůĞĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚ/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ .................................................................................................................. 61
Annex B: LFS quesƟŽŶŶĂŝƌĞ ......................................................................................................................................... 63
Annex C: Analysis Plan ....................................................................................................................................................... 81
ŶŶĞdž͗WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐƟŵĂƚĞƐ .......................................................................................................................................... 82
Annex E: Key Personnel ..................................................................................................................................................... 86
 List of Tables
Table 2.1: Household population of Borama, Hargeisa & Burao by age group, sex, and locality .............................................. 6
Table 2.2: Percentage distribution of the household population of Borama, Hargeisa & Burao
by sex, locality and age group................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Table 2.3: Distribution of the population by age group and dependency ratio by locality .......................................................... 8
Table 2.4a: Number and percentage of persons aged 5 and over reporting various disabilities, by cause of disability .......... 9
Table 2.4(b):-Number and Percentage of persons with disabilities by employment status and education level ...................... 10
Table 2.4c: Work related injuries ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
Table 2.5: Literacy rates, by sex, age group, and district (percentage) ............................................................................................. 12
Table 2.6: Proportion of individuals who have ever attended or completed school by sex, age and locality ........................... 12
Table 2.7: Number and percentage of persons in each age group currently attending school or college, in
Borama, Hargeisa & Burao (Total) ........................................................................................................................................................ 13
Table 2.8: Percentage of Persons aged 15 and over highest grade of education completed, by sex and locality..................... 14
Table 2.9: Percentage of Persons aged 15 and over highest grade of education completed, by sex, locality and district ...... 16
Table 2.10: Percentage of persons who never attended school, by main reason for not attending across districts ................ 16
Table 2.11: Percentage of persons who never attended school, by main reason for not attending across
age groups and districts ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Table 2.12: Number and percentage of persons aged 15 and over who have done or currently doing vocational
training across districts, by sex and locality .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Table 2.13: Percentage of Persons aged 15 and above who have done or are currently doing vocational training
across districts by sex, locality and age group...................................................................................................................................... 21
Table 2.14: Number and percentage distribution of subjects studied in vocational training by sex, locality and
age group (15+) ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Table 3.1: Number and percentage of persons aged 15 and over reporting that they engaged in various activities
last week among the economically active population (15 and Over) ............................................................................................... 23
Table 3.2: Number and percentage of persons aged 15 and over reporting that they engaged in various activities
last week across districts.......................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Table 3.3: The Borama, Hargeisa & Burao Labour Force aged 15 and over highest level of education attained,
by sex and age group ............................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Table 3.4: The Borama, Hargeisa & Burao Labour Force aged 15 and over highest level of education attained
by sex and district..................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Table 3.5: Eligible population for labour force participation, total labour force participation and labour force
participation rates, by sex, age group and locality (percentage) ........................................................................................................ 28
Table 3.6: Inactive persons by sex, age group and locality ................................................................................................................ 29
Table 3.7b: Reasons for current inactivity, by sex, age group and locality (percentage) ............................................................... 30
Table 3.7a: Percentage distribution of the reasons for current inactivity in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao,
by sex and age group ............................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Table 4.1: Eligible population, current employment and employment to population ratio for Borama,
Hargeisa & Burao by region and sex across age groups (percentage) ............................................................................................. 35
Table 4.2: Eligible population, current employment and employment to population ratio for Borama,
Hargeisa & Burao’s districts, by sex and age groups (percentage) ................................................................................................... 36
Table 4.3: Currently employed persons 15 and over, by sex, age, locality, and main occupation (percentage) ......................... 37
Table 4.4a: Currently employed persons aged 15 and over, by sex, age, locality and status in employment in
their main economic activity .................................................................................................................................................................. 40
Table 4.4 (b)-For each day during last week, what were your total hours of work in this economic activity?.......................... 42
Table 4.4 (c)-For each day during last week, what were your total hours of work in this economic activity?
-Percentage ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Table 4.5a Currently employed persons aged 15 and over by sector and size of enterprise in which they
work (percentage) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Table 4.5b Labour Force participation rate by level of education..... .............................................................................................. 43
Table 4.5c Main jobs done by educated youth .................................................................................................................................... 44
Table 4.6a: Employed persons aged 15 and over by sex, locality and total hours worked last week in all activities ................ 44
Table 4.6b: Children aged 5 – 15 who reported to have worked in the last week and where the work was carried out ......... 45

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 Table 4.7: employed persons aged 15 and over by sex, locality and if wanted to work more time in the last
week (percentage) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Table 4.8 Currently employed persons’ reasons for some wanting to change jobs or get an additional one,
by sex and locality .................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Table 5.1: Number of currently unemployed persons by district, locality, sex and age group .................................................... 48
Table 5.2: Number currently employed plus unemployed by district, locality, sex and age group.............................................. 48
Table 5.3: Total unemployment rate and youth unemployment for each district .......................................................................... 49
Table 5.4a: Measured unemployment by district, locality and age group ........................................................................................ 40
Table 5.4b: Measured unemployment rates by district, locality, and sex ......................................................................................... 50
Table 5.5: Currently unemployed, the labour force, and unemployment rates by locality and level of education ................... 50
Table 5.6: -ob search activities by the unemployed (strict deÀnition) for those who looked for work or
tried to start own business during the last 30 days. ............................................................................................................................ 52
Table 5.7: Reasons why some currently unemployed persons did not look for work, by sex and locality
(percentages) ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 52
Table 5.8: Reasons why some currently unemployed persons did not look for work among nomadic
groups, by sex and district ...................................................................................................................................................................... 53
Table 5.9a- Current activities-Non-Market activities- Total hours spent on (by district) ............................................................. 55
Table 5.9b:- Current activities -Non-Market activities- Total hours spent on-(by total) .............................................................. 55
Table 5.9(b): Other Activities - Total hours spent on each activity for the last seven days by district ....................................... 56

List of Figures
Figure 1.1: An expanded labour force utilization framework ........................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2.1: Population pyramid for Borama, Hargeisa & Burao districts ....................................................................................... 6
Figure 2.2: Number of households and average household size in by locality .............................................................................. 8
Figure 2.3a: Percentage of persons aged 5 and over reporting various disabilities, by cause of disability ................................ 10
Figure 2.3(b):-Employment status of persons with disabilities ........................................................................................................ 11
Figure 2.4: Total Literacy rates by age group, and district (percentage) .......................................................................................... 12
Figure 2.5: Proportion of individuals who have ever attended or completed school by sex, age and locality ......................... 13
Figure 2.6: Percentage of persons in each age group currently attending school or college, in Borama,
Hargeisa & Burao (Total) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Figure 2.7: Percentage of persons in each age group currently attending school or college, in Borama,
Hargeisa & Burao ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 2.8(a): Percentage of Persons aged 15 and over highest grade of education completed ................................................. 15
Figure 2.8(b): Percentage of Persons aged 15 and over highest grade of education completed, by gender ............................. 15
Figure 2.9(a): Percentage of persons who never attended school, by main reason for not attending
across districts........................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 2.9(b): Percentage of persons who never attended school because there was no school/ school too
far by locality ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 2.9(c): Percentage of persons who never attended school because there was no school/ school too
far by district ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 2.10: Average percentage of persons aged 15 and over who have done or currently doing vocational
training across districts ............................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Figure 2.11: Percentage distribution of subjects studied in vocational training by sex, (15+) .................................................... 22
Figure 3.1: Percentage of persons aged 15 and over reporting that they engaged in various activities last
week among the economically active population (15 and Over) ...................................................................................................... 24
Figure 3.2: Percentage of persons aged 15 and over reporting that they engaged in various activities last
week among the economically active population across districts ..................................................................................................... 25
Figure 3.3_1: The Borama, Hargeisa & Burao Labour Force aged 15 and over and highest level of education
attained by age group............................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 3.3_2: The Borama, Hargeisa & Burao Labour Force aged 15 and over and highest level of education
attained by -Total...................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 3.4: The Borama, Hargeisa & Burao Labour Force aged 15 and over highest level of education
attained by district (%) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 28

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 Figure 3.5: Labour force participation rates, by sex, age group and locality (percentage)............................................................ 28
Figure 3.6: Entitlement to Leave by District and total ....................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 3.7: Entitlement to medical beneÀts by District and total .................................................................................................... 32
Figure 3.8: Income tax deductions by District and total.................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 3.9: Basis of employment by District total ............................................................................................................................. 33
Figure 3.10: Employer contribution to the pension and retirement fund by total and District .................................................. 33
Figure 3.11: Payment terms by total and District .............................................................................................................................. 34
Figure 4.1: Employment to population ratio for Borama, Hargeisa & Burao by region and sex (percentage)......................... 36
Figure 4.2: Employment to population ratio by age groups across districts (percentages) .......................................................... 37
Figure 4.3a: Currently employed persons 15 and over by sex and main occupation (percentage) ............................................. 38
Figure 4.3b: Currently employed persons aged 15 and over and main occupation (percentage) ................................................ 39
Figure 4.4: Currently employed persons aged 15 and over by total and status in employment in their main
economic activity (percentage) ............................................................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 4.5a: Currently employed persons aged 15 and over, in vulnerable employment by sex ................................................. 41
Figure 4.5(b): Currently employed persons aged 15 and over, in vulnerable employment by district ........................................ 42
Figure 4.6: Total employed persons aged 15 and over if wanted to work more time in the last week (percentage)................ 46
Figure 4.7: Currently employed persons’ wanting to change jobs or get an additional one......................................................... 47
Figure 5.1: Total unemployment rate and youth unemployment for each district......................................................................... 49
Figure 5.2a: Measured unemployment rates by district ...................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 5.2b Total employment and unemployment rates amongst 15 years and over .................................................................. 51
Figure 5.2c Total activity rates amongst 15 years and over ............................................................................................................... 51
Figure 5.3: Job search activities by the unemployed, those who looked for work or tried to start own business
during the last 30 days. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 52
Figure 5.4: Reasons why some currently unemployed persons did not look for work, (total) .................................................... 53
Figure 5.5a: Reasons why some currently unemployed persons did not look for work among the nomadic
communities by district (Percentage) .................................................................................................................................................... 54
Figure 5.5b: Current activities-Non-Market activities- Total hours spent on by total .................................................................. 55
Figure 5.5c: Other Activities - Total hours spent on each activity for the last seven days by total ............................................. 56

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 ĐƌŽŶLJŵƐ

CFW   ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐĨĂŵŝůLJǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ
ECDE  ĂƌůLJŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
EU    ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶhŶŝŽŶ
&^Eh  &ŽŽĚ^ĞĐƵƌŝƚLJĂŶĚEƵƚƌŝƟŽŶŶĂůLJƐŝƐhŶŝƚ
ICSE  /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ^ƚĂƚƵƐŝŶŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ
ILO    /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů>ĂďŽƵƌKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ
ISCO  /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨKĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐ
ISIC   /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
LDC   >ĞƐƐĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚŽƵŶƚƌLJ
>&WZ  >ĂďŽƵƌĨŽƌĐĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶƌĂƚĞ
LFS    >ĂďŽƵƌ&ŽƌĐĞ^ƵƌǀĞLJ
Kt  KǁŶĐĐŽƵŶƚtŽƌŬĞƌƐ
OSH   KĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶĂů^ĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚ,ĞĂůƚŚ
PPS   WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJWƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂůƚŽ^ŝnjĞ
SLFS   ŽƌĂŵĂ͕,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂΘƵƌĂŽ>ĂďŽƵƌ&ŽƌĐĞ^ƵƌǀĞLJ
^^   ^ƵďͲ^ĂŚĂƌĂŶĨƌŝĐĂ
TVET  dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůsŽĐĂƟŽŶĂůĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚdƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ
UNDP  hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ
hE  hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĨŽƌĨƌŝĐĂ
WB   tŽƌůĚĂŶŬ

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 Foreword
The absence of labour force information has led to a series of misunderstandings about labour market indicators such as employment and
unemployment. Somaliland requested support for the collation of concrete and reliable data on the labour market to serve as an integral
element for policy formulation facilitating the development of inclusive growth for employment.

Consequently, the results of the Somaliland Labour Force Survey (LFS) have realized a long standing aspiration for reliable data on the
labour market dispelling assumptions, misconceptions and misinterpretations of employment, unemployment and other labour market
indicators. The data will assist the Somaliland administration, development partners and civil society in planning, decision making and
developing policies intended to improve the welfare of the labour force.

Productive and decent employment for all segments of the labour force is a key agenda item for Somaliland. It is enshrined in the
Somaliland National Development Plan (2012-2016) and Somaliland Vision 2030. These documents spell out Somaliland’s strategies,
programmes and activities in addressing problems affecting the labour force and the results of the LFS offer signiÀcant guidance to the
Government and social partners where the emphasis should be directed.

The beginning of this process was difÀcult and challenging. In preparation for the LFS in selected districts of Somaliland (Hargeisa, Burao
and Boroma) we had acquired knowledge and expertise about best practice from similar surveys and from international organizations.
UNDP collaborated with ILO to support the Somaliland Government. ILO provided overall technical support for the project which
included training on labour market indicators, LFS design, staff training, results analysis and report writing. Somaliland is grateful for
the Ànancial support of U. AID and the Government of Japan in conducting the survey. The role of the Ministry of Planning and
Development, notably the Statistics Department, and the Ministry of Labour and Social Development has been invaluable. In addition,
we are thankful for the valuable support from Amoud, Burao and Hargeisa Universities who made available their outstanding students and
academic personnel to work as enumerators ad supervisors. The results could not have been achieved without the inputs of these actors.

The LFS formulation considers all of the labour market variables relevant to a developing economy like Somaliland; among them,
underemployment and vulnerable employment were critically analysed. These variables have given us the direction to critically analyse and
reform those issues affecting the growth of our labour force in order to improve their employability and standard of living; granting us
further capability to deliver inclusive growth for employment to the people of Somaliland.

Whilst this is a positive start, it is important to scale up this seminal work nationwide and work towards the development of labour market
information system which will continue to update our labour market information on a regular basis. The building of an appropriate
and effective Labour Market Information (LMI) System is an absolute priority for Somaliland in order to be able to monitor actual
developments and assess the impact of the labour market policies formulated and implemented. In that sense, this survey is also a major
step towards the systematic production of labour force statistics in Somaliland.

Minister of Labour

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 Preface
The Somaliland Labour Force Survey was jointly undertaken by the Ministry of Planning and Development and the Ministry of Labour
and Social Development in 2012. It embodies the results of data collection and analysis as well as labour market indicators.

This survey was conducted against the background of an almost complete lack of timely, accurate, and relevant time series data on the
labour force in Somaliland which could be used for policy making and human development planning. This is the Àrst Labour Force Survey
to be carried out in Somaliland within living memory. Although this Àrst work covered three districts, the process has commenced the work
to ensure it will now be possible to compile national and districts statistics relating to employment, unemployment and underemployment
and look constructively at many other aspects of people’s working lives. These statistics will be especially useful to Government and its
development partners as they attempt to identify the problems Somalilanders face in the area of employment. With this information
available, planners and policy makers will be better placed to develop policies and programmes to improve the welfare of the people.

The results of the Somaliland Labour Force Survey provide the most recent up to date information on the people of selected most
populous districts of Somaliland. As such, these results are being released for decision makers, researchers, academic institutions, private
sector and the general public.

The Somaliland administration has exhibited a very high commitment of political will and made available considerable resources and,
along with development partners such as U. Aid and Government of Japan to whom we extend our thanks, we now look to take the next
steps in delivering improved lives to the people of Somaliland through a comprehensive employment approach.

Minister of Planning and National Development

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Executive Summary
This report presents the main results of a Labour Force Survey (SLFS) 2012 conducted in selected districts in Somaliland, namely Borama,
Hargeisa & Burao. The survey covered a sample of 1,656 households out the targeted 1,800 households giving a response rate of 92%.
It was conducted in collaboration with the Government of Somaliland with technical support provided by the International Labour
Organization (ILO).

The key objective of the SLFS 2012 was to update data on the labour force given that Somaliland has only limited labour market data and
information – the last labour force survey having been conducted in 1982. In addition to the standard labour force data and indicators, the
survey also covered: non-market economic activities, child labour and issues related to Occupational Safety and Health (OSH).

The Surveyed Population

The distribution of the surveyed population depicts a youthful population, with those aged 34 years or less accounting for about 60%
of the population across the urban, rural and nomadic populations. The proportion of the working age population, i.e. those aged 15-64
years, is about 69% of the total population and the dependency ratios for urban and rural areas are 53% and 51% respectively. Reported
disability levels among the working age population are low - and the major causes of reported disabilities are “injury at work,” “mines”
and “accidents. ”

Education and Literacy

The literacy rates were highest for the youth aged 15-24 who had literacy rates of 74% for males and 55% for females. The literacy rate
tends to decline as age increases beyond 24 years. On aggregate, about 37% of males and 35% of females have completed secondary
education as their highest grade completed. Additionally, about 3 in 10 males and 2 in 10 females have a university education. The largest
share of the remaining proportion of persons have upper primary or lower primary education.

Vocational training is minimal across Borama, Hargeisa & Burao and its districts. In addition most of the training is concentrated in urban
areas. In Borama district, for persons aged 15 and over, the proportion who have done or are currently doing some formal vocational
training in urban areas were 12% and 4% for males and females respectively. The corresponding rates for Hargeisa were 19% and 4%
while those of Burao were 2% and 3% respectively.

The labour force

Economic activity and inactivity

The labour force includes part of the “economically active population” and is speciÀcally made up of the sum of the employed and
unemployed individuals. The inactive population excludes individuals who are in the labour force i.e. those employed or unemployed.
Overall, most respondents were engaged in business activities with about 56% of males and 63% of females reporting that they undertook
a business. Farming or herding was the next most important current economic activity among persons in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao with
about 20% of males and 27% of females engaged in these activities.

Inactivity rates are high across all regions averaging about 38% for males who are aged 15 years and over and 62% for females of the same
age group. Inactivity rates for males across the regions are urban (37%), rural (39%) and nomadic (37%). For females, the rates are 63%,
61% and 75% in urban, rural and nomadic regions respectively.

Labour force participation

The labour force participation rate across age groups for Borama, Hargeisa & Burao exhibits the typical inverted-U shape that characterizes
most economies. The labour force participation rate tends to peak at the age group 35-54 years. For this age group, the urban labour force
participation rates were 74% and 38% for males and females respectively while that of rural dwellers were 77% and 53% for males and
females respectively. The labour force participation rate of the youth, aged 15-24 years, were 30% for males and about 20% for females
in both urban and rural areas.

Employment
Borama, Hargeisa & Burao’s employment to population ratio for the 15-64 years group is about 23% with male and female ratios of 28%
and 17% respectively. The levels of employment to population ratio for males are higher than that of females across all the three districts.
For individuals aged 25-34 about one third of all males are employed relative to one in seven females. The individuals aged 35-54 have
nearly 1 in 2 males employed compared to one in every 4 females.

Occupations and industry

On aggregate, the largest proportion of employed males are service and sales workers (28%) followed by elementary occupations (14%),
professional (13%), and managers (9%). More than half of the females are employed in services and sales (59%) followed by elementary
occupations (11%), and clerical workers (6%).

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Status in employment
Paid employees make up 37% of all employed males and 19% of employed females. The sum of “own account workers” and “contributing
family workers” account for a share of 46% and 65% of male and female workers respectively. This suggests that a large share of workers
are in vulnerable employments. The share of women in vulnerable jobs is signiÀcantly larger than that of males. This pattern is repeated
across all the three districts.

Hours worked
A signiÀcant proportion of the employed individuals reported working above the “expected” hours. In urban areas, about one third of
all males and nearly half of all females work for sixty hours and above per week. In the rural areas, the ratios increase to about half of all
males and 44% of females.

Underemployment
Only about 15% of males worked within the standard work week of 40-48 hours in both urban and rural areas. Among females, zero
percent worked within this hour band. This suggests that employed persons tend to work for fewer than expected hours or excessive hours
in a typical work week. In urban areas, about 8.8 percent of employed males and 14.3 percent of employed females worked for less than 25
hours in the last week. In addition, about 57% of males and 47% of females were desirous of more working hours in urban areas. Most
individuals would have wished to work for 4 or 5 additional hours in the last week.

Unemployment and job search

Although low open unemployment rates are a common characteristic of many LDCs where a majority of individuals Ànd it necessary
to engage in some form of survival activity rather than being openly unemployed, Borama, Hargeisa & Burao’s unemployment rates
are relatively high. Among the youth (15-24), Borama’s unemployment rates were 69% and 62% for urban and rural areas respectively.
Hargeisa’s unemployment rates were 34% and 41% for urban and rural areas while Burao had unemployment rates of 46% and 53% for
urban and rural areas.

Unemployed individuals were asked to state what action they took to Ànd work during the last thirty days. Formal application to employers
is the most common job search method in Borama and Hargeisa districts. In Burao district most persons took no steps to Ànd additional
or new work in the last thirty days while 14% applied to other employers.

The survey also sought to Ànd out the reasons why some unemployed persons did not look for work or seek to start own business. The
main reasons given by individuals include: “thought no work is available,” “lack of skills/experience required,” and “lack of Ànancial or
other resources.”

Unemployment by level of education

Persons with upper primary education have larger proportions of persons unemployed relative to secondary and university
graduates (who have the lowest proportions). Higher levels of education attainment seem to be linked to lower proportions of the
unemployment.

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 Chapter One:
Background and Methodology

1.1 Introduction
This report presents the main results of the Borama, Hargeisa & Burao Labour Force Survey (SLFS) 2012. The SLFS was designed to
capture data on Borama, Hargeisa & Burao that would permit an analysis of key indicators of the country’s labour market. Up to the time
of carrying out this survey, there has been lack of recent statistics on labour force indicators for Somaliland. Some of the other related
recent surveys and sources of data such as: the World Bank Socio-Economic Survey 2002; the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit
(FSNAU) livelihoods assessments and surveys; Data from EU funded TVET programmes involving Save the Children and Diakonia; and
Somaliland Facts and Figures – have only limited labour market data and information.

The Government of Somaliland thus lacks government data and information on skills available and their distribution in the regions of
the country. This makes it difÀcult for the government and development partners to have a Àrm basis of formulating, implementing,
monitoring and evaluating socio-economic policies and strategies – and more so those related to the labour sector. It was for this reason
that the Government of Somaliland and a consortium of partners initiated the SLFS 2012. The general objective of the Survey is to
provide data that can be used to estimate the standard labour market indicators including:

x Education and training characteristics of the population;

x The labour force, in terms of its size and composition classiÀed in key variables such as age, sex, region, and education;
x Labour force participation rates classiÀed by age and sex;
x The employed population, in terms of occupation, economic sector and multiple jobholding;
x Employment conditions, in terms of job permanency, public/private sector, hours worked, underemployment, and net monthly
earnings;
x Informal economy and informal employment, in terms of contractual conditions, size of establishment, beneÀts of employment,
etc.;
x The unemployed, including duration of unemployment;
x Details of the inactive persons classiÀed by age, sex, and region;
x Job search activities of the unemployed and underemployed;
x SpeciÀc situation of the unemployed youths; and,
x Gender disparities in the employed population by industry, occupation and employment status.

In addition to the above employment speciÀc indicators, the survey also covered: non-market economic activities, child labour and issues
related to Occupational Safety and Health (OSH).

Apart from the government and development partners, the SLFS 2012 data and the survey report will also be useful to policy and labour
market analysts, economists, and other users in both the private and public sector. The data will also provide critical baseline labour market
information for ongoing programmes and will assist in monitoring and evaluation of impacts. It is envisaged that the SLFS 2012 would
mark the beginning of a new period characterized by the availability of reliable and internationally comparable data on employment and
unemployment, which would create improved conditions for the design of well grounded sector policies.

1.2 Sampling
The SLFS 2012 is a household based survey, which covered a sample of private households in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao. The SLFS
2012 covered a sample of 1,800 households from 80 clusters that had been selected with probability proportional to size (PPS). Once a
cluster was identiÀed, a listing of the households was prepared. In cases where a listing was not possible, the researchers got an estimate
of the current size of the cluster. This was followed by a random selection of a sample of households. The survey intended to cover 12
households in each selected cluster. The full details of the sample design and implementation are given in Annex A.

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1.3 Questionnaires
A draft questionnaire was prepared by the consultant with technical assistance of the ILO team that was stationed in the three districts of
the study. The draft was shared with the project ofÀcer for comments and suggestions before Ànalization. The questions were carefully
worded to allow for the calculation of statistical indicators that are fully in line with current international standards in labour statistics. In
addition, the requirements for the calculation of indicators were discussed fully in the two training workshops.

Only one questionnaire was used, the SLFS 2012 household questionnaire. The questionnaire had eleven sections. It’s introductory section
on general information, section A, contained basic questions for identifying the location of each selected household such as cluster
name, as well as summary information about the interview, including the dates and times of visits, the duration of the interview, and the
outcome of each household visit. Section B covered the demographic information including migration, and education and training of
each household member.

Information on remittances, which forms a signiÀcant portion of household incomes in Somaliland, was covered in Section C. The
questionnaire also collected information on current economic activity (i.e. over the last seven days) including employment status, earnings,
and hours of work in sections D1 and F1, while section I gathered information on “usual activity” over the last 12 months. Information
on the main economic activities of the household members was collected in section D. Section E was designed to collect information on
second economic activity while section G collected information on underemployment and other aspects of the underutilization of labour.

Information on unemployment and inactivity was collected in section H. Section J covered past employment i.e. those individuals who
have not worked for at least a year. Information on non-market activities over the last seven days including total hours spent on these
activities was gathered in section .. The household questionnaire is attached in Annex B of this report.

1.4 6XUYH\FRYHUDJHDQGÀHOGZRUN
This survey covered clusters in Hargeisa, Burao and Borama districts in Somaliland. Given that local capacities are still weak, and as part of
the preparations for the labour force survey in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao, two capacity building workshops were held. A 3-day workshop
in Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland, was carried out from sixth to eighth February 2012 and another 2-day workshop was implemented
from twelfth to thirteenth February 2012. The meeting was attended by staff from the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, the Ministry
of National Planning and Development, the Ministry of Commerce, and participants from the Universities of Hargeisa, University of
Amoud and Borama University.

Fieldwork for the SLFS 2012 was carried out over a 17 day period from 3rd June 2012 to 19th June 2012 and covered the three districts
namely Hargeisa, Burao and Borama. The survey was conducted by a consultant in collaboration with the Government of Somaliland
with technical support provided by the International Labour Organization (ILO). The survey was made possible through the funding
support provided by United .ingdom (U.) aid and the Government of Japan.

Data was collected by means of mobile phones using the Epi-Surveyor software. Once the data was uplifted to the server, it was
transferred across to Excel where weights were added to reÁect the differing probabilities of selection within the clusters.

1.5 Response rates

The actual number of clusters covered in SLFS 2013 was in fact 32 which included 1,656 households instead of the planned 1800
households – giving a response rate of 92%.

1.6 Data processing and analysis

The questionnaires were booked in and checked, before data entry could begin. Data was entered in EPI Info package. The SLFS 2012
data cleaning, analysis, and report writing exercise was done for a total period of 15 days. Each of these activities was allotted 5 days. The
consultant worked closely on the tasks with the ILO Technical Team.

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1.7 &RQFHSWVDQGGHÀQLWLRQV

Household
The survey targeted households. Like in other similar surveys, a household member was deÀned as “every person who normally lives and
eats together with others within a dwelling” and necessarily includes a single person living alone.

Economically active population

For purposes of labour market analysis a country’s population is divided into two categories: the “economically active population” and
the “economically inactive population.” The economically active population comprises all persons of either sex who furnish, during a
speciÀed time-reference period, usually the last seven days, to supply labour for the production of goods and services. Persons considered
economically active include those: working in wage jobs; having business activities; any activities on own or family farms for the purpose
of production for sale; transport of goods from the Àelds for storage or for sale; fetching water and collecting Àrewood for sale; Àshing,
collecting shells or seaweed for sale; processing goods for sale; and house or farm building/construction.

Working age population and the labour force

The working age population is usually made up of individuals between the ages of 15 to 64 years. Even so, labour force surveys capture
the labour market characteristics of those aged 5 and over to allow analyses of child labour. The working age population is divided into
two groups, i.e. persons in the labour force and persons not in the labour force. The labour force is the sum of the employed persons and
the unemployed persons.

The unemployed
In the “strict deÀnition” the unemployed consist of all persons of working age who are not working in a certain reference period (usually
the last 7 days), are available for work, and are searching for work at the prevailing wage rate. The strict deÀnition is usually adjudged
to be inappropriate for less developed regions where a large proportion of the population is made up of “discouraged workers” or
individuals employed in the informal economy. Discouraged workers are those who have since ceased searching for work for various
reasons including the perceived unavailability of demanded jobs.

In the “relaxed deÀnition,” persons without work, available for work but have not take active steps to Ànd work are counted as unemployed.
The discouraged workers are also included in the relaxed deÀnition of unemployment. The unemployment rate refers to the proportion
of the unemployed to the total labour force and is usually expressed as a percentage.

The employed (currently employed)

The currently employed refer to individuals who in the last seven days (i) worked for pay; (ii) were on leave; (iii) on sick leave; (iv) in own
family business; (v) in own family agriculture holding; (vi) interns/apprentices; and (vii) volunteers.

The Employed persons can be categorized according to their status in employment. The categories are: paid employees, employers,
members of producers’ cooperatives, own account workers (OAW) and contributing family workers (CFW).

Vulnerable employment
Vulnerable employment is deÀned as the sum of own account workers (OAW) and contributing family workers (CFW). The rate of
vulnerable employment refers to the employed working age population in vulnerable employment expressed as a proportion to total
employment. Most of the persons working in the informal sector are in vulnerable employment and are engaged in relatively precarious
jobs.

Formal and informal sector/employment

The informal sector includes: all contributing family workers as well as all other persons who are not registered with the authorities. The
informal sector excludes persons working in the agricultural sector and households producing goods and services for own use. Persons
working in establishments having more than 10 people are also usually excluded.

Informal employment is often deÀned to exclude persons working in establishments registered with authorities, persons working in
establishments with 10 or more people, and any person who beneÀts from employer contributions to pension/retirement fund or paid
leave or sick leave, or where the employer deducts income tax form the salary/wage.

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Underemployment
In some circumstances, the employed persons can be divided into two groups: those that are fully employed and those that are
underemployed. Underemployment refers to employment at less than desired or normal working hours (for example less than 40 hours a
week). Underemployment is particularly widespread in rural areas of less developed countries.

Inactivity
Persons of working age but not in the labour force may be inactive. Inactive persons include: those studying full time; homemakers or
those doing all types of housework; the retired; the sick and/or disabled. Inactivity, which may be voluntary or involuntary, may result
from discouraged workers. Discouraged workers are persons who give up searching for work and withdraw from the active labour force.

Labour force participation rate

The Labour force participation rate (LFPR) is a key indicator of the labour market. It indicates what proportion of the relevant population
is in the labour force and can be calculated for different sub-groups of the population including age and sex. The LFPR = [(E+U) /
(E+U+I)] *100 where E and U represents the number of employed and unemployed persons while I represents the number of inactive
persons.

In most less developed countries including Borama, Hargeisa & Burao employment levels are high, since few can afford not to be
employed. Instead underemployment, vulnerable employment and the working poverty are rampant. Focusing on the standard deÀnitions
of employment and unemployment fails to take into account these challenges. This problem poses complex economic, political, social
and moral policy issues. An idea of the challenge is summarized in Figure 1.1 which summarises the expanded conceptual framework for
all forms of labour underutilization (Nanfosso, 2013).

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 Figure 1.1: An expanded labour force utilization framework

WŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶ

In the labour force EŽƚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƵƌĨŽƌĐĞ

Employed

Fully Under Hidden Unemployed Hidden KƚŚĞƌŶŽŶ

ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ƉĂƌƚŝĐŝƉĂnts

Source: Adapted from Nanfosso (2013)

It should be noted that for some variables, there are standard classiÀcation systems that were adopted in this survey. Examples include
the International Standard ClassiÀcation of Occupations (ISCO), the International Standard Industrial ClassiÀcation (ISIC), and the
International ClassiÀcation of Status in Employment (ICSE) which shall be adopted in this report to the extent possible.

1.8 Study limitations

As at the time of writing this survey, it was difÀcult to get reasonable estimates of the nomadic populations in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao.
Weights could not be reasonably applied for nomadic communities. The survey results for the nomadic communities thus report un-
weighted proportions of the relevant indicators.

Although the un-weighted Àgures could still be reasonably good measures of the labour market indicators, they could not be included
in all tables in this report. It is important that future labour force surveys (or other similar studies) should carefully sample the nomadic
communities in the research process.

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 Chapter Two:
Education and Training

2.1 Demographic characteristics

Tables 2.1 and 2.2 as well as Figure 2.1 summarise the distribution of various age cohorts by age group, sex and locality in Borama,
Hargeisa & Burao.

Table 2.1: Household population of Borama, Hargeisa & Burao by age group, sex, and locality
Urban ZƵƌĂů Total ƵŵƵůĂƟǀĞ
Male Female Male Female Male Female Total
ϬͲϰ 19,377 17,572 32,425 29,393 51,802 46,965 98,767
ϱͲϵ 18,515 16,781 31,073 28,087 49,588 44,868 193,223
ϭϬͲϭϰ 18,328 16,636 30,726 27,760 49,054 44,396 286,673
ϭϱͲϭϵ 18,393 16,767 30,813 45,762 49,206 62,529 398,408
ϮϬͲϮϰ 18,305 16,968 30,690 28,282 48,995 45,250 492,653
ϮϱͲϮϵ 16,762 15,661 28,037 26,175 44,799 41,836 579,288
ϯϬͲϯϰ 15,067 14,134 25,218 23,646 40,285 37,780 657,353
ϯϱͲϯϵ 14,644 13,872 24,543 23,146 39,187 37,018 733,558
ϰϬͲϰϰ 13,686 12,993 22,944 21,708 36,630 34,701 804,889
ϰϱͲϰϵ 11,942 11,505 20,013 19,265 31,955 30,770 867,614
ϱϬͲϱϰ 10,379 10,097 17,397 16,902 27,776 26,999 922,389
ϱϱͲϱϵ 9,054 8,944 15,156 14,969 24,210 23,913 970,512
ϲϬͲϲϰ 6,734 6,932 11,290 11,614 18,024 18,546 1,007,082
ϲϱͲϲϵ 4,907 5,275 8,221 8,825 13,128 14,100 1,034,310
70+ 8,763 11,526 14,666 19,281 23,429 30,807 1,088,546
Total 204,856 195,663 343,212 344,815 548,068 540,478
ϭϱͲϲϰ 134,966 127,873 226,101 231,469 361,067 359,342 ƵŵƵůĂƟǀĞ
ϭϱĂŶĚKǀĞƌ 148,636 144,674 248,988 259,575 397,624 404,249 percentage
Percentage
ϬͲϰ 9.5 9.0 9.4 8.5 9.5 8.7 9.1
ϱͲϵ 9.0 8.6 9.1 8.1 9.0 8.3 17.8
ϭϬͲϭϰ 8.9 8.5 9.0 8.1 9.0 8.2 26.3
ϭϱͲϭϵ 9.0 8.6 9.0 13.3 9.0 11.6 36.6
ϮϬͲϮϰ 8.9 8.7 8.9 8.2 8.9 8.4 45.3
ϮϱͲϮϵ 8.2 8.0 8.2 7.6 8.2 7.7 53.2
ϯϬͲϯϰ 7.4 7.2 7.3 6.9 7.4 7.0 60.4
ϯϱͲϯϵ 7.1 7.1 7.2 6.7 7.2 6.8 67.4
ϰϬͲϰϰ 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.4 73.9
ϰϱͲϰϵ 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.7 79.7
ϱϬͲϱϰ 5.1 5.2 5.1 4.9 5.1 5.0 84.7
ϱϱͲϱϵ 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4 89.2
ϲϬͲϲϰ 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.4 92.5
ϲϱͲϲϵ 2.4 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.6 95.0
70+ 4.3 5.9 4.3 5.6 4.3 5.7 100.0
Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
ϭϱͲϲϰ;йŽĨƚŽƚĂůͿ 65.9 65.4 65.9 67.1 65.9 66.5
ϭϱĂŶĚKǀĞƌ;йͿ 72.6 73.9 72.5 75.3 72.6 74.8

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Figure
g 2.1: Population
p py
pyramid for Borama,, Hargeisa
g & Burao districts

Overall, persons aged 24 years or less account for about 45% of the population. Individuals aged 65 and above account for only 5% of
the population. Borama, Hargeisa & Burao is thus largely composed of young persons, which is in tandem with the population structure
of most less developed countries (LDCs). Persons aged 15-64 years, or the economically active group, account for about 66% of the male
and female population across urban and rural Borama, Hargeisa & Burao (Table 2.1). From Table 2.2, it can be observed that females
constitute 52% of the total population, and 52% and 51% of the urban and rural populations respectively. On the other hand, among
nomadic communities, the proportion of males (54%) exceeds that of females (46%).

Table 2.2: Percentage distribution of the household population of Borama, Hargeisa & Burao by sex, locality and age group
Urban (%) ZƵƌĂů;йͿ EŽŵĂĚŝĐ;йͿ Total (%)
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
ϬͲϰ 49 51 51 49 54 46 50 50
ϱͲϵ 56 44 51 49 57 43 54 46
ϭϬͲϭϰ 50 50 51 49 52 48 51 49
ϭϱͲϭϵ 47 53 45 55 58 42 47 53
ϮϬͲϮϰ 42 58 48 52 55 45 44 56
ϮϱͲϮϵ 48 52 44 56 27 73 46 54
ϯϬͲϯϰ 41 59 49 51 56 44 44 56
ϯϱͲϯϵ 47 53 45 55 56 44 46 54
ϰϬͲϰϰ 45 55 56 44 55 45 49 51
ϰϱͲϰϵ 57 43 51 49 75 25 55 45
ϱϬͲϱϰ 46 54 54 46 60 40 49 51
ϱϱͲϱϵ 54 46 35 65 100 0 50 50
ϲϬͲϲϰ 60 40 48 52 25 75 55 45
ϲϱͲϲϵ 67 33 56 44 0 100 61 39
70+ 46 54 57 43 83 17 53 47
dKd> 48 52 49 51 54 46 48 52

A summary of the distribution of the population across urban and rural areas and estimates of the dependency ratio are presented in
Table 2.3. The dependency ratio is a measure of the economic burden that the economically active segment of the population, that is
those aged 15-64 years, must carry. The total dependency ratio is 52 for every 100 persons while for urban and rural areas, it is 53% and
51% respectively suggesting that, in both urban and rural areas, there is approximately 1 dependant for every 2 persons in the productive
age range.

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Table 2.3: Distribution of the population by age group and dependency ratio by locality
ŐĞŝŶLJĞĂƌƐ Urban ZƵƌĂů
ϬͲϭϰ 105,797 176,666
ϭϱͲϮϰ 69,598 135,385
ϮϱͲϯϰ 60,884 101,791
ϯϱͲϱϰ 98,838 165,918
ϱϱͲϲϰ 31,664 52,771
65+ 33,738 55,496
,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ 467,331 743,483
EŽ͘ŽĨŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐ 97,837 167,342
ǀĞƌĂŐĞŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐŝnjĞ 5 4
ĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJƌĂƟŽ;йͿ 53% 51%

The number of household in rural areas is larger than those in urban areas (63% and 37% respectively). On the other hand, urban
households tend to be larger on average and have about 5 persons per household relative to 4 persons in rural households (Figure 2.2).

Figure
g 2.2: Number of households and average
g household size in by locality

An additional demographic characteristic that has been analyzed is disability. Respondents were asked whether they had “any disability”
which is an important demographic feature – especially among the working age population. Those who had any form of disability were
asked to state the kind and cause of their disability. Among the disabled individuals, incapacity in the arms or legs, or both, were the most
common forms of disability (Table 2.4 a, b and c and Figure 2.3a and b).

The most common non-disease causes of leg related disabilities were “injury at work” (30% of cases) and “war” (21% of cases). “Mines”
and “accidents” accounted for about 1 in every ten cases of leg related disabilities each. Arm injuries were caused mainly by medical
conditions including Polio which accounted for 35% of all cases and “birth conditions” (33% of cases). Accidents and “mines” accounted
for 14% and 12% of arm disabilities respectively. For persons reporting arm and leg disabilities, the major causes in order of importance
were Stroke (34% of the cases), Polio (31% of the cases), Accidents (16% of the cases) and Aging (11% of the cases).

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Table 2.4a: Number and percentage of persons aged 5 and over reporting various disabilities, by cause of disability
<ŝŶĚŽĨĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƚLJ
ŽƚŚ
arm Deaf No
ZĞĂƐŽŶĨŽƌĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƚLJ Legs Arms Hearing ^ƉĞĞĐŚ ^ŝŐŚƚ Mental KƚŚĞƌ
and &dumb Answer
leg
&ƌŽŵďŝƌƚŚ 841 357 280 2,137 108 62 0 743 0 0
Polio 304 384 902 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
^ƚƌŽŬĞ 508 79 1,008 0 0 0 0 355 0 0
ƉŝůĞƉƐLJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tĂƌ 1,291 0 0 0 170 0 0 750 0 0
Mines 651 129 0 0 0 0 192 62 0 0
Accident 631 149 463 46 0 0 371 1,350 0 0
/ŶũƵƌLJĂƚǁŽƌŬ 1,840 0 0 0 0 0 1,297 720 0 0
Aging 0 0 316 0 0 0 2,941 0 0 0
dƌĂĐŚŽŵĂ 0 0 0 481 0 0 466 104 0 0
Measles 126 0 0 188 0 0 0 54 0 0
KƚŚĞƌ 0 0 0 0 0 0 509 566 0 0
EŽƚ^ƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 779
Percentages
&ƌŽŵďŝƌƚŚ 14 33 9 75 39 100 0 16 Ͳ 0
Polio 5 35 30 0 0 0 0 0 Ͳ 0
^ƚƌŽŬĞ 8 7 34 0 0 0 0 8 Ͳ 0
ƉŝůĞƉƐLJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ͳ 0
tĂƌ 21 0 0 0 61 0 0 16 Ͳ 0
Mines 11 12 0 0 0 0 3 1 Ͳ 0
Accident 10 14 16 2 0 0 6 29 Ͳ 0
/ŶũƵƌLJĂƚǁŽƌŬ 30 0 0 0 0 0 22 15 Ͳ 0
Aging 0 0 11 0 0 0 51 0 Ͳ 0
dƌĂĐŚŽŵĂ 0 0 0 17 0 0 8 2 Ͳ 0
Measles 2 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 Ͳ 0
KƚŚĞƌ 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 12 Ͳ 0
EŽƚ^ƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ͳ 100
Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 - 100

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Figure 2.3a: Percentage of persons aged 5 and over reporting various disabilities, by cause of disability

The proportion of persons with disabilities by their education level is presented in Table 2.4b. The statistics indicate that majority of the
persons with disabilities are currently inactive (69 per cent) and the employed persons with disabilities only constitute 20 per cent among
the individuals reporting various disabilities. This could be an indication that the inactive persons may have sustained permanent injuries
that rendered them inactive to take employment opportunities.

Table 2.4(b):-Number and Percentage of persons with disabilities by employment status and education level
dŚŽƐĞǁŝƚŚĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ
Current Currently Currently Current Currently
Currently Total
ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ŝŶĂĐƟǀĞ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ
ŝŶĂĐƟǀĞ
>ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 739 0 278 ϳϯй Ϭй Ϯϳй 1017
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 0 0 618 Ϭй Ϭй ϭϬϬй 618
,ŝŐŚĞƐƚ ^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 170 0 1788 ϵй Ϭй ϵϭй 1958
grade sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 0 0 59 Ϭй Ϭй ϭϬϬй 59
ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚ University 0 0 238 Ϭй Ϭй ϭϬϬй 238
KƚŚĞƌƐ 0 0 245 Ϭй Ϭй ϭϬϬй 245
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 0 518 0 Ϭй ϭϬϬй Ϭй 518
Total 909 518 3226 ϴϭй ϭϬϬй ϲϵй 4653
й ϮϬй ϭϭй ϲϵй

10
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Figure
g 2.3(b):-Employment
( ) p y status of persons
p with disabilities

There exists some little evidence that there are injuries which have occurred at the place of work (Table 2.4c). Of the injuries reported
to have occurred at the place of worked, nearly half (47.7%) were leg related injuries while slightly a third of the victims sustained sight
related disabilities. Nearly all these cases were reported in sectors that are more inclined to manufacturing and hence an indication that
some of the injuries occur while handling machineries at place of work. However, these statistics may not inform much in regard to
Occupational Safety and Health unless proper audits are done at Àrm’s level and a review of current existing laws governing OSH in these
districts reviewed.

Table 2.4c: Work related injuries

<ŝŶĚŽĨĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƚLJ
ŽƚŚ
arm Deaf No
ZĞĂƐŽŶĨŽƌĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƚLJ Legs Arms Hearing ^ƉĞĞĐŚ ^ŝŐŚƚ Mental KƚŚĞƌ
and &dumb Answer
leg
/ŶũƵƌLJĂƚǁŽƌŬ 1,840 0 0 0 0 0 1,297 720 0 0
йĂŐĞ ϰϳ͘ϳй ϯϯ͘ϲй ϭϴ͘ϲй

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2.2 Literacy
In order to gauge the levels of literacy, respondents were asked if they could “read and write a simple sentence in any language.” The
results are summarized in Table 2.5 and Figure 2.4. Relative to all the other age cohorts, the total literacy rates were highest for the youth
(aged 15-24 years) for both males (74%) and females (55%). Literacy rates tend to decline consistently for all age cohorts above 24 years.

Across the districts, the literacy rates of males and females for Burao tend to be lower than those of Borama and Hargeisa districts. Even
so, Borama district has the lowest female literacy rates for age groups 35-54 years (14%), 55-64 (2%) and 65 and over (2%).

Table 2.5: Literacy rates, by sex, age group, and district (percentage)
Borama ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ Burao Total
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
ϱͲϭϰ 59 62 64 56 44 46 56 54
ϭϱͲϮϰ 78 55 78 53 67 56 74 55
ϮϱͲϯϰ 67 27 55 31 47 27 55 29
ϯϱͲϱϰ 46 14 56 19 53 25 53 20
ϱϱͲϲϰ 25 2 51 27 24 7 36 15
65+ 18 2 27 15 21 6 24 9

Figure
g 2.4: Total Literacyy rates byy age
g ggroup,
p, and district (p
(percentage)
g )

2.3 School attendance

Information on respondents who had ever attended or completed school is summarized in Table 2.6 and Figure 2.5. Overall, a higher
proportion of males have ever attended or completed school compared to females. However; a larger proportion of females in urban
areas have ever attended/completed school for the lower age groups i.e. those aged between 5-14 and 15-24 years respectively. In all the
regions, including urban areas, the proportion of those who ever attended/completed school is higher for males than females for all age
groups above 25 years. School attendance or completion is negligible among the nomadic communities.

Table 2.6: Proportion of individuals who have ever attended or completed school by sex, age and locality
Urban (%) ZƵƌĂů;йͿ EŽŵĂĚŝĐ;йͿ Total (%)
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
ϱͲϭϰ 47 53 60 40 0 0 50 50
ϭϱͲϮϰ 37 63 53 47 0 0 42 58
ϮϱͲϯϰ 58 42 72 28 100 0 61 39

12
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 ϯϱͲϱϰ 71 29 76 24 100 0 73 27
ϱϱͲϲϰ 89 11 80 20 100 0 88 12
65+ 76 24 100 0 0 0 81 19
Total 59 41 68 32 100 0 62 38

Figure
g 2.5: Proportion
p of individuals who have ever attended or completed
p school byy sex,, age
g and localityy

To obtain an indication of the current schooling status, Table 2.7 and Figures 2.6 and 2.7 summarises the proportion of persons across
age categories, who are currently attending school or college. The proportions that are particularly important are those for school going
ages of 5 years (pre-school) through about 24 years (university). Only 54% of those aged 5-9 years reported attending school implying
that a large share of children (46%) could be missing out on early childhood development and education (ECDE) and primary education.
A similar pattern is repeated across each of the three districts (Figure 2.7).

6.8 per cent of persons aged 70 years and over indicated that they were attending school or college at the time of conducting this survey.
This number could be attributed to the 70+ year old attending Quran classes at also simple mathematics to enrich their knowledge in
managing their businesses.

Table 2.7: Number and percentage of persons in each age group currently attending school or college, in Borama, Hargeisa
& Burao (Total)
Age Attending Total respondents Percentage
5-9 19,073 35,296 54.0
10-14 27,901 34,964 79.8
15-19 25,864 35,160 73.6
20-24 14,700 35,273 41.7
25-29 6,072 32,423 18.7
30-34 2,079 29,201 7.1
35-39 2,630 28,516 9.2
40-44 2,884 26,679 10.8
45-49 624 23,447 2.7
50-54 522 20,476 2.5
55-59 597 17,998 3.3
60-64 144 13,666 1.1
65-69 140 10,182 1.4
70+ 1,379 20,289 6.8

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Figure 2.6: Percentage of persons in each age group currently attending school or college, in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao
(
(Total)
)

Figure 2.7: Percentage of persons in each age group currently attending school or college, in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao

The proportions of persons aged 15 and over and their highest grade of education completed across regions and sex are summarized in
Tables 2.8 and Figures 2.8a and b. There are wide differences across urban, rural and nomadic regions on the highest grade completed by
individuals. Whereas about 36% of males and females in urban areas have completed secondary education, the proportions fall to about
22% for both males and females in rural areas and 0% among the nomadic groups.

On aggregate, in the urban areas, about 37% and 35% of males and females have at least secondary education while about 3 in 10 males
have a university education relative to nearly 2 in 10 females. Most of the other proportions are individuals who have either only upper
primary or lower primary education as their highest grade completed at 25% for males and 39% for females.

Table 2.8: Percentage of Persons aged 15 and over highest grade of education completed, by sex and locality

ŽƌĂŵĂ͕,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂΘƵƌĂŽ
Urban (%) ZƵƌĂů;йͿ EŽŵĂĚŝĐ;йͿ
Male Female Male Female Male Female

>ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 8 15 29 29 40 0
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 17 24 39 39 20 0
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 37 35 22 21 0 0
sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 1 1 1 0 0 0
University 30 18 4 4 0 0
KƚŚĞƌƐ 1 2 2 5 0 0
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 5 4 4 2 40 0

Total 100 100 100 100 100 1000

14
LFS survey Somaliland technically supported by ILO
14
Figure
g 2.8(a):
( ) Percentage
g of Persons aged
g 15 and over highest
g g
grade of education completed
p

Figure
g 2.8(b):
( ) Percentage
g of Persons aged
g 15 and over highest
g g
grade of education completed,
p , byy g
gender

The highest grades of education completed by persons aged 15 and over across the three districts are summarized in Table 2.9. There are
relatively wide variations in the proportions of highest grades completed by individuals across the districts. In urban areas, Borama and
Hargeisa have a larger proportion of individuals who have attained university education at 37% and 30% respectively for urban males and
33% and 15% respectively for urban females. District level secondary school completion rates for urban areas are within a relatively narrow
range across the districts with male and female completion rates ranging between 34% and 41%. Rural secondary school completion rates
are lower than those of urban areas across all the districts and do not exceed 30% for any gender. The reported education completion

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15
rates among nomadic communities are minimal, with zero reported cases of completion for any grade level among sampled females. On
the other hand, the highest reported grade of education completed among the sampled males in nomadic regions was upper primary.

Table 2.9: Percentage of Persons aged 15 and over highest grade of education completed, by sex, locality and district
ŽƌĂŵĂŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ
Urban (йͿ ZƵƌĂů;йͿ EŽŵĂĚŝĐ;йͿ
Male Female Male Female Male Female
>ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 4 9 20 25 50 0
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 17 19 50 56 0 0
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 34 34 24 6 0 0
sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 2 0 0 0 0 0
University 37 33 6 13 0 0
KƚŚĞƌƐ 1 0 0 0 0 0
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 6 6 0 0 50 0
Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 None
,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ
Urban (йͿ ZƵƌĂů;йͿ EŽŵĂĚŝĐ;йͿ
Male Female Male Female Male Female
>ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 6 5 19 35 0 0
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 14 25 33 20 100 0
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 41 41 26 30 0 0
sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 1 3 5 0 0 0
University 30 15 0 5 0 0
KƚŚĞƌƐ 1 1 2 0 0 0
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 7 10 14 10 0 0
Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 None
ƵƌĂŽŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ
Urban (йͿ ZƵƌĂů;йͿ EŽŵĂĚŝĐ;йͿ
Male Female Male Female Male Female
>ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 16 27 40 28 0 0
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 21 29 35 41 0 0
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 38 34 18 22 0 0
sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 1 2 0 0 0 0
University 21 4 4 0 0 0
KƚŚĞƌƐ 3 4 3 9 0 0
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total (%) 100 100 100 100 None None

The proportion of persons who have “never attended school” by district and main reason of not attending school is summarized in
Table 2.10 and Figures 2.9a, b and c. In each of the three districts, the largest proportion of individuals reported that the main reason for
“never attending” school is lack of a school in the vicinity or long distance to school (22% for Borama, 27% for Hargeisa and 40% for
Burao). Other major reasons for not attending school across all age groups above 5 years included; “not being able to afford schooling”,
“family not allowing schooling”, “education not valuable”, and “helping at home with household chores.” The latter three reasons, could
be indicators of perceptions (or realities) of low returns to education among households.

Table 2.10: Percentage of persons who never attended school, by main reason for not attending across districts
Borama (%) ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ;йͿ Burao (%)
Too young 20 19 17
Disabled/illness 1 3 1
EŽƐĐŚŽŽůͬƐĐŚŽŽůƚŽŽĨĂƌ 22 27 40
ĂŶŶŽƚĂīŽƌĚƐĐŚŽŽůŝŶŐ 11 15 10
&ĂŵŝůLJĚŝĚŶŽƚĂůůŽǁƐĐŚŽŽůŝŶŐ 12 18 4
ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŶŽƚǀĂůƵĂďůĞ 16 9 13
^ĐŚŽŽůŶŽƚƐĂĨĞ 0 1 0

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 To learn a job 1 0 0
dŽǁŽƌŬĨŽƌƉĂLJ 1 0 4
dŽǁŽƌŬĂƐƵŶƉĂŝĚǁŽƌŬĞƌŝŶĨĂŵŝůLJďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐͬĨĂƌŵͬŚĞƌĚŝŶŐ 4 3 3
,ĞůƉĂƚŚŽŵĞǁŝƚŚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĐŚŽƌĞ 11 4 6
KƚŚĞƌƌĞĂƐŽŶ 1 1 1
EŽƚƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 1 2 0
Total (%) 100% 100% 100%
Figure
g 2.9(a):
( ) Percentage
g of p
persons who never attended school,, byy main reason for not attending
g across districts

Figure
g 2.9(b):
( ) Percentage
g of p
persons who never attended school because there was no school/ school too far by locality

Figure 2.9(c): Percentage of persons who never attended school because there was no school/ school too far by district

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In Table 2.11, the data on those who have never attended school is disaggregated by age group, across the three districts. For those aged
5-14, the major reason for never attending school was being “too young.” This is despite the global trends to embrace Early Childhood
Development and Education (ECED) as a necessary part of education systems. For the persons aged 15-24, the most common reason for
not attending school in Borama district is “family did not allow schooling.” While in Burao and Hargeisa the main reason for not attending
school was “no school/school too far” which accounts for 45% (in Burao) and 25% (in Hargeisa) of the cases of reported reason for not
attending school. In Hargeisa district, in 25% of the cases, respondents thought that “education is not valuable.”

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Table 2.11: Percentage of persons who never attended school, by main reason for not attending across age groups and
districts
Borama (%)
ϱͲϭϰ ϭϱͲϮϰ ϮϱͲϯϰ ϯϱͲϱϰ ϱϱͲϲϰ 65+ Under 5 Total
Too young 58 0 0 1 0 0 93 20
Disabled/illness 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
EŽƐĐŚŽŽůͬƐĐŚŽŽůƚŽŽĨĂƌ 9 17 22 34 38 20 3 22
ĂŶŶŽƚĂīŽƌĚƐĐŚŽŽůŝŶŐ 6 23 13 11 2 19 2 11
&ĂŵŝůLJĚŝĚŶŽƚĂůůŽǁƐĐŚŽŽůŝŶŐ 5 26 22 13 14 2 0 12
ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŶŽƚǀĂůƵĂďůĞ 4 7 9 15 34 49 1 16
^ĐŚŽŽůŶŽƚƐĂĨĞ 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
To learn a job 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 1
dŽǁŽƌŬĨŽƌƉĂLJ 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 1
dŽǁŽƌŬĂƐƵŶƉĂŝĚǁŽƌŬĞƌŝŶĨĂŵŝůLJ
10 8 4 6 2 0 0 4
ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐͬĨĂƌŵͬŚĞƌĚŝŶŐ
,ĞůƉĂƚŚŽŵĞǁŝƚŚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĐŚŽƌĞ 4 12 24 16 8 3 1 11
KƚŚĞƌƌĞĂƐŽŶ 0 2 0 1 0 6 0 1
EŽƚƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 0 3 0 1 0 1 1 1
Total (%) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ;йͿ
Too young 51 1 0 0 2 4 98 19
Disabled/illness 0 0 4 4 5 4 0 3
EŽƐĐŚŽŽůͬƐĐŚŽŽůƚŽŽĨĂƌ 18 25 30 28 40 51 0 27
ĂŶŶŽƚĂīŽƌĚƐĐŚŽŽůŝŶŐ 12 15 17 18 24 12 1 15
&ĂŵŝůLJĚŝĚŶŽƚĂůůŽǁƐĐŚŽŽůŝŶŐ 5 16 24 27 20 21 1 18
ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŶŽƚǀĂůƵĂďůĞ 5 25 12 8 7 3 0 9
^ĐŚŽŽůŶŽƚƐĂĨĞ 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1
To learn a job 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
dŽǁŽƌŬĨŽƌƉĂLJ 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
dŽǁŽƌŬĂƐƵŶƉĂŝĚǁŽƌŬĞƌŝŶĨĂŵŝůLJ
0 7 2 5 2 0 0 3
ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐͬĨĂƌŵͬŚĞƌĚŝŶŐ
,ĞůƉĂƚŚŽŵĞǁŝƚŚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĐŚŽƌĞ 7 6 5 4 0 4 0 4
KƚŚĞƌƌĞĂƐŽŶ 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 1
EŽƚƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 2 4 3 2 0 0 0 2
Total (%) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Burao (%)
Too young 39 0 0 0 0 0 88 17
Disabled/illness 0 1 0 0 2 2 0 1
EŽƐĐŚŽŽůͬƐĐŚŽŽůƚŽŽĨĂƌ 33 45 50 48 45 44 8 40
ĂŶŶŽƚĂīŽƌĚƐĐŚŽŽůŝŶŐ 12 23 11 12 6 2 3 10
&ĂŵŝůLJĚŝĚŶŽƚĂůůŽǁƐĐŚŽŽůŝŶŐ 2 7 9 4 5 2 0 4
ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŶŽƚǀĂůƵĂďůĞ 0 6 11 16 30 31 0 13
^ĐŚŽŽůŶŽƚƐĂĨĞ 0 0 Ϭй 0 0 0 0 0
To learn a job 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
dŽǁŽƌŬĨŽƌƉĂLJ 0 1 5 8 7 5 0 4
dŽǁŽƌŬĂƐƵŶƉĂŝĚǁŽƌŬĞƌŝŶĨĂŵŝůLJ
5 5 4 3 0 7 0 3
ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐͬĨĂƌŵͬŚĞƌĚŝŶŐ
,ĞůƉĂƚŚŽŵĞǁŝƚŚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĐŚŽƌĞ 7 9 8 7 4 7 0 6
KƚŚĞƌƌĞĂƐŽŶ 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1
EŽƚƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total (%) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

2.4 Vocational training

The SLFS 2012 also collected data on formal vocational training received by respondents. The proportions of persons aged 15 and over
who have done or currently doing any formal vocational training, by sex, locality and subject studied are summarized in Tables 2.12 and
2.13.

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Table 2.12: Number and percentage of persons aged 15 and over who have done or currently doing vocational training across
districts, by sex and locality
ŽƌĂŵĂŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ
Urban Rural
Male Female Male Female
15 years and over 29694 28,955 49,814 50,882
Done or currently doing
3665 1208 706 0
ĂŶLJǀŽĐĂƟŽŶĂůƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ
Percent ϭϮй ϰй ϭй Ϭй
,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ
Urban Rural
Male Female Male Female
15 years and over 66,428 64,537 111,232 114,428
Done or currently doing
12,513 2,831 6,686 1,756
ĂŶLJǀŽĐĂƟŽŶĂůƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ
Percent ϭϵй ϰй ϲй Ϯй
ƵƌĂŽŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ
Urban Rural
Male Female Male Female
15 years and over 52,514 51,182 87,942 94,265
Done or currently doing
1,277 1,353 1,268 208
ĂŶLJǀŽĐĂƟŽŶĂůƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ
Percent Ϯй ϯй ϭй Ϭй

One key Ànding is that there is minimal formal vocational training among the population across all the districts. In addition, most of the
training is concentrated in the urban areas (Table 2.12 and Figure 2.10). In urban areas of Hargeisa, Borama and Burao districts, only
about 19%, 12% and 2% of males respectively reported to have done or currently doing any formal vocational training. The proportion
for females in these urban areas of the three districts was just about 4% or under. The proportions of those who have done or currently
doing formal vocational training is much lower in the rural areas and was about 1% of males and 0% of females in both rural Borama
and Burao districts. Hargeisa had 6% of males and 2% of females reporting to have done or currently doing a formal vocational training
in rural areas.

Figure 2.10: Average percentage of persons aged 15 and over who have done or currently doing vocational training across
districts

On aggregate, Borama, Hargeisa & Burao data indicates that a larger proportion among those who have done or are currently doing
formal vocational training are males (Table 2.13). As an example, in urban areas, among the 25-34 age group, 57% are males relative to
43% for females. In rural areas, none of the females reported having done or currently doing any formal vocational training. Among
nomadic communities, there were no reported cases of those who have done are currently doing formal vocational training.

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Table 2.13: Percentage of Persons aged 15 and above who have done or are currently doing vocational training across
districts by sex, locality and age group
ŽƌĂŵĂ͕,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂΘƵƌĂŽ;ƚŽƚĂůͿ
hƌďĂŶ;йͿ ZƵƌĂů;йͿ EŽŵĂĚŝĐ;йͿ
ŐĞŐƌŽƵƉƐ Male Female Male Female Male Female
ϭϱͲϮϰ 51 49 50 50 0 0
ϮϱͲϯϰ 57 43 100 0 0 0
ϯϱͲϱϰ 82 18 80 20 0 0
ϱϱͲϲϰ 75 25 100 0 0 0
65+ 100 0 0 0 0 0
ŽƌĂŵĂŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ
hƌďĂŶ;йͿ ZƵƌĂů;йͿ EŽŵĂĚŝĐ;йͿ
Male Female Male Female Male Female

ϭϱͲϮϰ 48 52 0 0 0 0

ϮϱͲϯϰ 45 55 100 0 0 0
ϯϱͲϱϰ 95 5 100 0 0 0
ϱϱͲϲϰ 100 0 0 0 0 0
65+ 100 0 0 0 0 0
,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ
hƌďĂŶ;йͿ ZƵƌĂů;йͿ EŽŵĂĚŝĐ;йͿ
Male Female Male Female Male Female
ϭϱͲϮϰ 83 17 0 0 0 0
ϮϱͲϯϰ 72 28 100 0 0 0
ϯϱͲϱϰ 82 18 73 27 0 0
ϱϱͲϲϰ 67 33 100 0 0 0
65+ 100 0 0 0 0 0
ƵƌĂŽŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ
hƌďĂŶ;йͿ ZƵƌĂů;йͿ EŽŵĂĚŝĐ;йͿ
Male Female Male Female Male Female
ϭϱͲϮϰ 42 58 50 50 0 0
ϮϱͲϯϰ 60 40 100 0 0 0
ϯϱͲϱϰ 33 67 100 0 0 0
ϱϱͲϲϰ 0 100 100 0 0 0
65+ 0 0 0 0 0 0

Among those who had done some form of formal vocational training, the highest proportion have been trained or are training in
computer at 15% (Table 2.14 and Figure 2.11). The proportions in computer training in urban areas by sex are 20% and 22% for males
and females respectively; however, none reported training in computers in rural areas. Among males, other common forms of formal
vocational training in urban areas are electrical and teacher training with each accounting for about 16% and 14% of all training among the
males. For the females, tailoring (25%) and beauty saloon (14%) are the other common forms of formal vocational training in urban areas.

In rural areas, the range of subjects studied is fewer than that in urban regions. Masonry and carpentry are the most common subjects in
formal vocational training and are taken up by 18% and 12% of males and 31% and 28% of females respectively (Table 2.14 and Figure
2.11).

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Table 2.14: Number and percentage distribution of subjects studied in vocational training by sex, locality and age group
(15+)
Urban ZƵƌĂů Total
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Electrical 2,868 ϭϲй 347 ϲй 609 ϳй 0 Ϭй 3,477 13% 347 5%
Plumbing 704 ϰй 0 Ϭй 399 ϱй 0 Ϭй 1,103 4% 0 0%
ĂƌƉĞŶƚƌLJ 1,210 ϳй 0 Ϭй 1,008 ϭϮй 0 Ϭй 2,218 8% 0 0%
ƵƚŽŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐ 725 ϰй 0 Ϭй 762 ϵй 0 Ϭй 1,487 6% 0 0%
Agricultural 1,354 ϴй 0 Ϭй 193 Ϯй 0 Ϭй 1,547 6% 0 0%
ŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ 3,902 ϮϮй 1,100 ϮϬй 0 Ϭй 0 Ϭй 3,902 15% 1,100 15%
^ĞĐƌĞƚĂƌŝĂů 932 ϱй 519 ϭϬй 0 Ϭй 0 Ϭй 932 4% 519 7%
ŽŽŬŬĞĞƉŝŶŐ 333 Ϯй 175 ϯй 0 Ϭй 0 Ϭй 333 1% 175 2%
dĞĂĐŚĞƌ
2,425 ϭϰй 33 ϭй 518 ϲй 0 Ϭй 2,943 11% 33 0%
training
Nursing 1,076 ϲй 380 ϳй 202 Ϯй 544 Ϯϴй 1,278 5% 924 13%
Tailoring 350 Ϯй 1,343 Ϯϱй 118 ϭй 606 ϯϭй 468 2% 1,949 26%
Pastry 0 Ϭй 0 Ϭй 0 Ϭй 0 Ϭй 0 0% 0 0%
ĞĂƵƚLJ^ĂůŽŽŶ 0 Ϭй 742 ϭϰй 301 ϯй 208 ϭϭй 301 1% 950 13%
Masonry 204 ϭй 26 Ϭй 1,602 ϭϴй 0 Ϭй 1,806 7% 26 0%
KƚŚĞƌ 1,179 ϳй 539 ϭϬй 2,379 Ϯϳй 0 Ϭй 3,558 14% 539 7%
EŽƚ^ƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 193 ϭй 188 ϯй 569 ϳй 606 ϯϭй 762 3% 794 11%
Total 17,455 100% 5,392 100% 8,660 100% 1,964 100% 26,115 100% 7,356 100%

Figure 2.11: Percentage distribution of subjects studied in vocational training by sex, (15+)

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 Chapter Three:
Economic Activity

3.1 Current economic activities

To Ànd out the range of activities in which individuals are engaged, respondents were asked whether during the last seven days they had
done any of the following activities.

(a) Run or do any kind of business, big or small for themselves or with one or more partners.
(b) Do any work for a wage, salary, commission or any payment in kind (excluding domestic work)
(c) Do any work as a domestic worker for a wage, salary or any payment in kind
(d) Helped without being paid, in any kind of business run by your household
(e) Do any work on own (or household’s) plot, farm, food garden, or help in growing farm produce for sale or in looking after
animals intended for sale.

An individual who answered yes to any of the above Àve questions, as well as those who were temporarily absent from work were
considered as currently employed, even if they had worked for only one hour in the last seven days. The results are summarized in Table
3.1 and Figure 3.1.

Table 3.1: Number and percentage of persons aged 15 and over reporting that they engaged in various activities last week
among the economically active population (15 and Over)
Urban ZƵƌĂů Total
Male Female Male Female Male Female
ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶ 29,545 12,788 34,893 30,331 64,438 43,119
ŽŵĞƐƟĐǁŽƌŬĚŽŶĞ 2,282 952 1,109 1,080 3,391 2,032
tŽƌŬĨŽƌƐĂůĂƌLJŽƌǁĂŐĞ 1,5303 3,582 7,768 1,167 23,071 4,749
Volunteer 557 325 456 0 1,013 325
Farming or Herding 265 715 22,983 17,631 23,248 18,346
Percentage
ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶ 61.6 69.6 51.9 60.4 56.0 62.9
ŽŵĞƐƟĐǁŽƌŬĚŽŶĞ 4.8 5.2 1.7 2.2 2.9 3.0
tŽƌŬĨŽƌƐĂůĂƌLJŽƌǁĂŐĞ 31.9 19.5 11.6 2.3 20.0 6.9
Volunteer 1.2 1.8 0.7 0.0 0.9 0.5
Farming or Herding 0.6 3.9 34.2 35.1 20.2 26.8
Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100

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Figure 3.1: Percentage of persons aged 15 and over reporting that they engaged in various activities last week among the
economicallyy active population
p p (15
( and Over))

Overall, most respondents were engaged in business activities with about 6 out of every 10 males and 7 in 10 females reporting undertaking
a business activity in urban areas. In rural areas, the corresponding ratios of those who undertook a business (among the economically
active) were about half of all males and 6 in 10 females. The other major activity reported was “working for a wage or salary” which was
the second most common activity in urban regions at about 32% for males and 20% for females. Farming or herding was the second major
activity in rural areas with about 35% of both males and females engaged in the activity. Only about 12% of males and 2% of females
worked for a salary or a wage in rural areas.

Generally, very low proportions of household members aged 15 and over reported being involved in domestic work. In urban areas, only
about 5% of males and females reported being involved in domestic work in the last one week; while in rural areas only about 2% of males
and females reported performing domestic work.

Table 3.2 and Figure 3.2 represent the number and percentage of persons aged 15 and over reporting that they engaged in various
activities last week across the three districts. Undertaking a business, working for a wage or salary and farming or herding are the three
largest economic activities, in terms of proportions, across the three districts. In Borama, the leading economic activities undertaken in
the last one week were “business undertaken” (40%) and “farming and herding” (31%) followed by “work for salary or wage” at 27%.
In Burao, those who undertook business constituted 74% of the total share followed by “farming or herding” at 13%, while in Hargeisa
“business undertaken” and “farming or herding” accounted for 51% and 29% of all economic activities.

Table 3.2: Number and percentage of persons aged 15 and over reporting that they engaged in various activities last week
across districts
Borama ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ Burao
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶ 13,264 40 37,063 51 57,230 74
ŽŵĞƐƟĐǁŽƌŬĚŽŶĞ 496 1 1,385 2 3,542 5
tŽƌŬĨŽƌƐĂůĂƌLJŽƌǁĂŐĞ 8,926 27 12,218 17 6,676 9
Volunteer 129 0 699 1 510 1
Farming or Herding 10,333 31 21,372 29 9,889 13
Total 33,148 100 72,737 100 77,847 100

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Figure 3.2: Percentage of persons aged 15 and over reporting that they engaged in various activities last week among the
economicallyy active p
population
p across districts

3.2 The labour force

The economically active population refers to the individuals who are aged between 15 and 64 years and in some deÀnitions 15 and over.
As alluded to earlier, Borama, Hargeisa & Burao has a relatively youthful population and 66% were in the working age group (i.e. aged 15-
64 years). The labour force includes part of the “economically active population” and is speciÀcally made up of the sum of the employed
and unemployed individuals.

As indicated in Table 3.3 and Figure 3.3, for all age groups in the working age population in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao, those with
secondary education form the largest proportion of those on the labour force. For those aged 15-64 the proportion of females in the
labour force is just as high as or in some cases higher than that of men – across the various age groups.

Table 3.3: The Borama, Hargeisa & Burao Labour Force aged 15 and over highest level of education attained, by sex and age
group
ŐĞŐƌŽƵƉƐ ϭϱͲϮϰ ϮϱͲϯϰ ϯϱͲϱϰ ϱϱͲϲϰ 65+ Total
Male >ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 448 3,322 6,215 170 1,665 11,820
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 891 3,595 7,738 710 405 13,339
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 1,991 5,029 13,933 1,516 289 22,758
sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 0 0 1,544 0 0 1,544
University 869 3,896 5,280 1,536 1,306 12,887
KƚŚĞƌƐ 0 141 276 121 0 538
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 508 360 705 430 0 2,003
Female >ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 177 237 1,015 316 0 1,745
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 338 918 1,919 316 509 4,000
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 629 586 2,218 1,671 46 5,150
sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 0 0 172 0 0 172
University 734 1,331 873 0 0 2,938
KƚŚĞƌƐ 416 356 96 0 0 868
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 174 132 79 0 0 385
Borama, Hargeisa
>ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 625 3,559 7,230 486 1,665 13,565
& Burao
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 1,229 4,513 9,657 1,026 914 17,339
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 2,620 5,615 16,151 3,187 335 27,908

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 sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 0 0 1,716 0 0 1,716
University 1,603 5,227 6,153 1,536 1,306 15,825
KƚŚĞƌƐ 416 497 372 121 0 1,406
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 682 492 784 430 0 2,388
WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƐ
Male >ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 10 20 17 4 45 18
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 19 22 22 16 11 21
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 42 31 39 34 8 35
sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 0 0 4 0 0 2
University 18 24 15 34 36 20
KƚŚĞƌƐ 0 1 1 3 0 1
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 11 2 2 10 0 3
Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100
Female >ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 7 7 16 14 0 11
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 14 26 30 14 92 26
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 25 16 35 73 8 34
sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 0 0 3 0 0 1
University 30 37 14 0 0 19
KƚŚĞƌƐ 17 10 2 0 0 6
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 7 4 1 0 0 3
Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100
Borama, Hargeisa
>ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 9 18 17 7 39 17
& Burao
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 17 23 23 15 22 22
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 37 28 38 47 8 35
sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 0 0 4 0 0 2
University 22 26 15 23 31 20
KƚŚĞƌƐ 6 2 1 2 0 2
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 10 2 2 6 0 3
Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100

Figure 3.3_1: The Borama, Hargeisa & Burao Labour Force aged 15 and over and highest level of education attained by age
group

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Figure 3.3_2: The Borama, Hargeisa & Burao Labour Force aged 15 and over and highest level of education attained by
-Total

Data disaggregated by district shows a similar pattern to the total proportions for Borama, Hargeisa & Burao (Table 3.4 and Figure 3.4).
Persons with secondary education as the highest education attainment form the largest proportion of the labour force across various age
groups in the three districts.

Table 3.4: The Borama, Hargeisa & Burao Labour Force aged 15 and over highest level of education attained by sex and
district
Borama (%) ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ;йͿ Burao (%) Total (%)
Male >ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 7 15 28 18
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 26 10 29 21
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 32 44 27 35
sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 1 5 1 2
University 33 18 15 20
KƚŚĞƌƐ 2 1 1 1
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 1 7 0 3
Female >ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 0 0 25 11
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 28 13 34 26
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 28 52 25 35
sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 0 3 0 1
University 39 27 3 19
KƚŚĞƌƐ 0 0 13 6
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 5 5 0 3
Total >ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 5 12 27 17
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 26 11 30 22
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 31 45 27 35
sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 0 5 0 2
University 34 20 12 20
KƚŚĞƌƐ 1 1 3 2
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 2 7 0 3

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Figure
g 3.4: The Borama, Hargeisa
g & Burao Labour Force aged
g 15 and over highest
g level of education attained by district (%)

3.3 Labour force participation

Labour force participation refers to the population of the employed and unemployed individuals. Table 3.5 summarises the eligible
population for labour force participation by age groups and the labour force participation by age groups.

Borama, Hargeisa & Burao’s total labour force participation rate for males and females in urban areas were estimated to be 56% and
29% respectively. Rural labour force participation rates for males and females were 57% and 42% respectively. Thus, Borama, Hargeisa
& Burao’s labour force participation rates are lower than the projected African average of 65.5% in 2012 (United Nations Economic
Commission for Africa (UNECA), 2013). Among the youth (aged 15-24), the labour force participation rates for males was 30% in both
urban and rural areas while that of females was about 20% in both urban and rural areas. Labour force participation rates are highest
among the persons aged 35-54 years and were 74% and 77% for males in urban and rural areas while for females the rates were 38% and
53% for urban and rural areas respectively.

Table 3.5: Eligible population for labour force participation, total labour force participation and labour force participation
rates, by sex, age group and locality (percentage)
5-14 15-24 25-34 35-54 55-64 65+ Total
ůŝŐŝďůĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ;ĨŽƌůĂďŽƵƌĨŽƌĐĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶͿ
Male 7,831 17,643 19,312 38,339 12,287 7,832 103,244
Urban
Female 7,892 14,997 17,532 30,015 9,588 7,853 87,877
Male 8,848 24,549 35,919 55,766 15,339 15,305 155,726
Rural
Female 10,344 24,182 25,405 48,075 20,073 16,880 144,959
dŽƚĂů>ĂďŽƵƌĨŽƌĐĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ
Urban Male 203 5,218 13,309 28,385 6,602 3,655 57,372
Female 661 3,033 5,457 11,469 1,705 3,043 25,368
Rural Male 844 7,460 23,850 43,020 7,402 6,251 88,827
Female 1,348 4,546 10,098 25,316 11,975 7,455 60,738
>ĂďŽƵƌĨŽƌĐĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ;ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞͿ

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 ϱͲϭϰ ϭϱͲϮϰ ϮϱͲϯϰ ϯϱͲϱϰ ϱϱͲϲϰ 65+ Total
Urban Male 3 30 69 74 54 47 56%
Female 8 20 31 38 18 39 29%
Rural Male 10 30 66 77 48 41 57%
Female 13 19 40 53 60 44 42%

Figure 3.5 illustrates labour force participation rates for males and females for urban and rural areas across age groups for 2012. An
observation that can be made from the Àgure is that labour force participation rates generally trend upwards with age and tend to peak
at the age group 35-54 years. The labour force participation rate across age groups for Borama, Hargeisa & Burao exhibits the typical
inverted-U shape that characterizes most economies.

Figure
g 3.5: Labour force participation
p p rates,, byy sex,, age
g ggroup
p and localityy (p
(percentage)
g )

Across the age cohorts, the total labour force participation rate was highest for the persons aged 35-54 followed by those aged 25-34.

3.4 The inactive population

The inactive persons include those of working age who are: attending school, involved in household duties (homemakers), retired, sick or
injured and the disabled. Table 3.6 summarises the proportion of inactive individuals by sex, age group and locality.

Inactivity rates are high across all regions averaging about 38% for males who are 15 and over and 62% for females of the same age range.
Males have lower inactivity rates compared to females. Inactivity rates for males across the regions are urban (37%), rural (39%) and
nomadic (37%). For females the rates are 63%, 61% and 75% in urban, rural and nomadic regions respectively.

Table 3.6: Inactive persons by sex, age group and locality

5-14 15-24 25-34 35-54 55-64 65+ 15-64 ϭϱĂŶĚŽǀĞƌ
Male 7,628 12,425 6,003 9,954 5,685 4,177 34,067 38,244
Urban
Female 7,231 11,964 12,075 18,546 7,883 4,810 50,468 55,278
Male 8,004 17,089 12,069 12,746 7,937 9,054 49,841 58,895
Rural
Female 8,996 19,636 15,307 22,759 8,098 9,425 65,800 75,225
Male 15,632 29,514 18,072 22,700 13,622 13,231 83,908 97,139
Total
Female 16,227 31,600 27,382 41,305 15,981 14,235 116,268 130,503
Percentage
Male 8 15 6 7 2 1 37 37
Urban
Female 7 20 14 15 3 1 63 63
Male 6 13 8 9 3 3 39 40
Rural
Female 7 19 10 17 4 3 61 60
Male 10 10 0 10 0 0 25 25
Nomadic
Female 10 10 20 30 0 0 75 75

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 Male 7 14 6 8 2 2 37 38
dŽƚĂů;йͿ
Female 7 20 13 15 3 1 63 62

In urban areas, the largest proportion of the currently inactive individuals is for age group 15-24 years with inactivity rates of 14% and
20% for males and females respectively. This is evidently due to the fact that a larger proportion of the younger groups attend school as
summarized in Tables 3.7a and 3.7b on the reasons for inactivity. As an example, on aggregate, about 74% of the male and 47% of the
female aged 15-24 years are attending school. For the older groups, such as those between 35-54 and 55-64, household duties and “retired,
not working” explain much of their inactivity status (Table 3.7).

Table 3.7a: Percentage distribution of the reasons for current inactivity in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao, by sex and age group

ϱͲϭϰ ϭϱͲϮϰ ϮϱͲϯϰ ϯϱͲϱϰ ϱϱͲϲϰ 65+ 15+ ϭϱͲϲϰ

ƩĞŶĚŝŶŐƐĐŚŽŽů 77.5 73.7 35.1 3.3 0.0 9.5 40.6 42.4

Male ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĚƵƟĞƐ 10.1 10.5 24.7 21.1 13.3 0.0 15.4 16.3
ZĞƟƌĞĚ͕ŶŽƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ 1.1 6.4 9.1 35.6 53.3 81.0 21.3 17.9
^ŝĐŬͬŝŶũƵƌĞĚ 0.0 1.8 7.8 11.1 13.3 4.8 6.2 6.3
Disabled 0.0 1.2 2.6 7.8 6.7 0.0 3.3 3.5
KƚŚĞƌƐ 11.2 6.4 20.8 21.1 13.3 4.8 13.1 13.6
ƩĞŶĚŝŶŐƐĐŚŽŽů 68.5 47.0 8.1 2.7 5.0 25.0 21.1 21.0
Female ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĚƵƟĞƐ 16.9 42.4 82.5 70.1 40.0 31.3 60.1 60.8
ZĞƟƌĞĚ͕ŶŽƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ 0.0 2.5 2.5 17.1 52.5 37.5 10.8 10.1
^ŝĐŬͬŝŶũƵƌĞĚ 1.1 2.5 3.8 4.3 2.5 6.3 3.4 3.4
Disabled 0.0 0.8 0.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.0
KƚŚĞƌƐ 13.5 4.7 2.5 4.3 0.0 0.0 3.6 3.7

Table 3.7b: Reasons for current inactivity, by sex, age group and locality (percentage)

ϱͲϭϰ ϭϱͲϮϰ ϮϱͲϯϰ ϯϱͲϱϰ ϱϱͲϲϰ 65+ 15+ ϭϱͲϲϰ

Urban
ƩĞŶĚŝŶŐƐĐŚŽŽů 77.1 79.2 42.3 4.9 0.0 16.7 47.1 48.5
,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĚƵƟĞƐ 10.0 10.8 21.2 24.6 9.5 0.0 15.2 15.9
ZĞƟƌĞĚ͕ŶŽƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ 1.4 3.8 3.8 23.0 61.9 75.0 15.6 12.9
Male
^ŝĐŬͬŝŶũƵƌĞĚ 0.0 1.5 9.6 14.8 14.3 8.3 7.2 7.2
Disabled 0.0 0.8 1.9 11.5 4.8 0.0 3.6 3.8
KƚŚĞƌƐ 11.4 3.8 21.2 21.3 9.5 0.0 11.2 11.7
ƩĞŶĚŝŶŐƐĐŚŽŽů 72.7 51.1 7.2 1.5 7.1 37.5 22.6 22.4
Female ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĚƵƟĞƐ 16.7 38.6 84.8 73.3 42.9 25.0 60.7 61.3
ZĞƟƌĞĚ͕ŶŽƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ 0.0 1.1 2.4 15.3 46.4 37.5 8.8 8.3
^ŝĐŬͬŝŶũƵƌĞĚ 1.5 3.4 4.0 4.6 3.6 0.0 3.8 3.9
Disabled 0.0 1.1 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.1
KƚŚĞƌƐ 9.1 4.5 1.6 3.1 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.0
ZƵƌĂů
ƩĞŶĚŝŶŐƐĐŚŽŽů 83.3 57.5 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.2 27.5
Male
,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĚƵƟĞƐ 11.1 10.0 32.0 10.7 22.2 0.0 15.3 16.7
ZĞƟƌĞĚ͕ŶŽƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ 0.0 15.0 20.0 64.3 33.3 88.9 36.0 31.4
^ŝĐŬͬŝŶũƵƌĞĚ 0.0 2.5 4.0 3.6 11.1 0.0 3.6 3.9
Disabled 0.0 2.5 4.0 0.0 11.1 0.0 2.7 2.9
KƚŚĞƌƐ 5.6 12.5 20.0 21.4 22.2 11.1 17.1 17.6
Female ƩĞŶĚŝŶŐƐĐŚŽŽů 54.5 35.6 12.1 5.7 0.0 12.5 17.6 17.8
,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĚƵƟĞƐ 18.2 52.5 72.7 62.3 33.3 37.5 57.6 58.6
ZĞƟƌĞĚ͕ŶŽƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ 0.0 6.8 3.0 22.6 66.7 37.5 17.0 15.9
^ŝĐŬͬŝŶũƵƌĞĚ 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.8 0.0 12.5 2.4 1.9
Disabled 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6
KƚŚĞƌƐ 27.3 5.1 6.1 5.7 0.0 0.0 4.8 5.1
EŽŵĂĚŝĐ

LFS survey Somaliland technically supported by ILO

30 1
 Male ƩĞŶĚŝŶŐƐĐŚŽŽů 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĚƵƟĞƐ 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 50.0
ZĞƟƌĞĚ͕ŶŽƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
^ŝĐŬͬŝŶũƵƌĞĚ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Disabled 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
KƚŚĞƌƐ 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 50.0
Female ƩĞŶĚŝŶŐƐĐŚŽŽů 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĚƵƟĞƐ 0.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 83.3 83.3
ZĞƟƌĞĚ͕ŶŽƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
^ŝĐŬͬŝŶũƵƌĞĚ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Disabled 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
KƚŚĞƌƐ 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 16.7 16.7

3.5 Terms & Conditions of service

Figure 3.6 presents the results as to whether employed persons are entitled to leave by district and total. As shown, 44 per cent indicated
that they are not entitled to any paid leave whereas 34 per cent indicated that they are entitled to paid leave. The statistics across the
districts show that 53, 52 and 34 per cent of employed persons in Burao, Hargesia and Boroma are not entitled to paid leave by their
employers.

Figure 3.6: Entitlement to Leave by District and total

D.12 Do you get any paid leave? By District
D.12 Do you get any paid
leave?.By Total

1
n=319

Figure 3.7 presents statistics on the entitlement to medical beneÀts. More than half (57 per cent) of the employed persons indicated that
they are not entitled to medical beneÀts by the employer. The data by district shows that 65 and 60 per cent of employed persons in Burao
and Hargesia are not entitled to medical beneÀts.

LFS survey Somaliland technically supported by ILO

31
)LJXUH(QWLWOHPHQWWRPHGLFDOEHQHÀWVE\'LVWULFWDQGWRWDO
͘ϭϯƌĞLJŽƵĞŶƚŝƚůĞĚƚŽĂŶLJŵĞĚŝĐĂů ͘ϭϯƌĞLJŽƵĞŶƚŝƚůĞĚƚŽĂŶLJŵĞĚŝĐĂů
ďĞŶĞĨŝƚƐĨƌŽŵLJŽƵƌĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌ͍LJdŽƚĂů ďĞŶĞĨŝƚƐĨƌŽŵLJŽƵƌĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌ͍LJŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ

57
n=319

Figure 3.8 sought to establish whether the employers were deducting income tax from the employees’ salaries/wages. As shown in
Figure 3.8, only 43 per cent of those employed indicated that their employers were deducting income taxes from their salaries/wages. A
signiÀcant proportion (34 per cent) indicated that their employers do not deduct income tax. This is a clear indication that tax education
has not been adequately done among the employers and as such, most of them may not be able to understand their tax obligations.

Figure 3.8: Income tax deductions by District and total

͘ϭϰŽĞƐLJŽƵƌĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌĚĞĚƵĐƚŝŶĐŽŵĞ ͘ϭϰŽĞƐLJŽƵƌĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌĚĞĚƵĐƚŝŶĐŽŵĞ
ƚĂdžĨƌŽŵLJŽƵƌƐĂůĂƌLJͬǁĂŐĞ͍LJdŽƚĂů ƚĂdžĨƌŽŵLJŽƵƌƐĂůĂƌLJͬǁĂŐĞ͍LJŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ

58
n=319

Table 3.9 presents statistics on the basis of employment. Whereas nearly half (48 per cent) of those employed indicated that they have a
written contract, close to one third of them (32 per cent) indicated that they only have an oral agreement with their employers. In Hargesia,
those who have written contracts are proportionally higher compared with Burao and Boroma

LFS survey Somaliland technically supported by ILO

32
Figure 3.9: Basis of employment by District total
͘ϭϱƌĞLJŽƵĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚŽŶƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐŽĨĂǁƌŝƚƚĞŶ ͘ϭϱƌĞLJŽƵĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚŽŶƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐŽĨĂǁƌŝƚƚĞŶ
contract or an oral agreement.". By Total ĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚŽƌĂŶŽƌĂůĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚ͘Η͘LJŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ

Not
VSHFL¿HGQR
answer, 20%

Written
contract, 48%

Oral
agreement
32%

59
n=319
Figure 3.10 presents statistics on whether employers contribute to the pension and retirement fund. As shown, 63 per cent of the persons
employed indicated that their employers do not contribute to the pension and retirement fund. 75, 64 and 56 per cent of those employed
in Hargesia, Burao and Boroma indicated that their employers do not contribute to a pension and retirement fund.

Figure 3.10: Employer contribution to the pension and retirement fund by total and District
͘ϭϲŽĞƐLJŽƵƌĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽĂŶLJ ͘ϭϲŽĞƐLJŽƵƌĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽĂŶLJ
ƉĞŶƐŝŽŶŽƌƌĞƚŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨƵŶĚĨŽƌLJŽƵ͍LJdŽƚĂů ƉĞŶƐŝŽŶŽƌƌĞƚŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨƵŶĚĨŽƌLJŽƵ͍LJŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ

60
n=319

The payment terms were also established. As shown in Table 3.11, 71 and 21 per cent of those sampled indicated that they are paid on
‘time basis’ and ‘piece rate’ respectively. Statistics by Districts also indicate that 100, 80 and 73 per cent of those employed in Burao,
Hargesia and Boroma are paid on time basis respectively.

LFS survey Somaliland technically supported by ILO

33
Figure 3.11: Payment terms by total and District
͘ϭϳ͘ƌĞLJŽƵƉĂŝĚŽŶĂƚŝŵĞďĂƐŝƐ ͘ϭϳ͘ƌĞLJŽƵƉĂŝĚŽŶĂƚŝŵĞďĂƐŝƐ
ŽƌĂƉŝĞĐĞƌĂƚĞďĂƐŝƐ͍LJdŽƚĂů ŽƌĂƉŝĞĐĞƌĂƚĞďĂƐŝƐ͍LJŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ

61

3.6 Average working hours and average wage

The computed average working hours per week was 41 hrs while the highest recorded number of working hours was 82. The Average
wage computed was SL 2,632 or $1.851 a day (possibly the daily wage) while the highest pay observed is SL 70,000.

1 According to World Bank, ([WUHPHSRYHUW\LVGHÀQHGDVDYHUDJHGDLO\FRQVXPSWLRQRI RUOHVVDQGPHDQVOLYLQJRQWKHHGJH

RI VXEVLVWHQFH7KHQXPEHURI SHRSOHOLYLQJLQH[WUHPHSRYHUW\KDVEHHQIDOOLQJVLQFHVORZO\DWÀUVWDQGPRUHUDSLGO\VLQFHWKHWXUQRI WKH
FHQWXU\7KHODUJHVWUHGXFWLRQKDVRFFXUUHGLQ(DVW$VLDDQG3DFLÀFZKHUH&KLQDKDVPDGHJUHDWLPSURYHPHQW6XE6DKDUDQ$IULFDZKLFK
VWDJQDWHGWKURXJKPRVWRI WKHVKDVEHJXQWRUHGXFHWKHQXPEHURI SHRSOHLQH[WUHPHSRYHUW\
7KH SURSRUWLRQ RI  SHRSOH OLYLQJ LQ H[WUHPH SRYHUW\ LQ (DVW $VLD DQG WKH 3DFLÀF KDV IDOOHQ E\ PRUH WKDQ  SHUFHQW VLQFH 
H[FHHGLQJWKHWDUJHWRI WKHÀUVW0LOOHQQLXP'HYHORSPHQW*RDOV&KLQD·VVXFFHVVLQOLIWLQJPRUHWKDQPLOOLRQSHRSOHRXWRI H[WUHPH
SRYHUW\GRPLQDWHVWKHUHJLRQDODYHUDJHEXWRWKHUFRXQWULHVLQWKHUHJLRQKDYHUHFRUGHGWKHLURZQVXFFHVVHV1RWVKRZQLQWKHFKDUWDUH
XSSHUPLGGOHLQFRPHHFRQRPLHVVXFKDV0DOD\VLDDQG7KDLODQGZKHUHSRYHUW\UDWHVKDYHUHPDLQHGEHORZSHUFHQW

LFS survey Somaliland technically supported by ILO

34 1
 Chapter Four:
Employment

This chapter focuses on the working age population that is employed and the details of their employment. In the survey data, those
classiÀed as currently employed included individuals who for the last seven days either: (i) worked for pay; (ii) were on leave; (iii) on
sick leave; (iv) in own family business; (v) in own family agriculture holding; (vi) interns/apprentices; and (vii) volunteers. We begin by
presenting the employment to population ratio, which is a key indicator of the labour market, and shows for any group of the population
the proportion that is employed (Table 4.1).

4.1 Employment to population ratio

As represented in Table 4.1 and further illustrated in Figure 4.1, the Borama, Hargeisa & Burao or total employment to population ratios
for those aged 15-64 years are 28.5% and 16.7% for males and females respectively. These ratios are lower than the 2010 African average
of 70.1% for males and 49.9% for females (UNECA, 2013). There are variations across age groups and sex on the levels of employment
to population ratio. Levels of employment to population ratio for males are generally higher than those of females. As examples, for
individuals aged 25-34 over one third of all males are employed relative to one in seven females; while for the individuals aged 35-54 years
just over 2 in 5 males are employed compared to about 1 in every 5 females.

Table 4.1: Eligible population, current employment and employment to population ratio for Borama, Hargeisa & Burao by
region and sex across age groups (percentage)

Eligible population (15-64)

Total Borama ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ Burao
Urban ZƵƌĂů Total Urban ZƵƌĂů Total Urban ZƵƌĂů Total
Male 359,195 26,768 45,234 72,002 59,301 100,351 159,652 47,684 79,857 127,541
ϭϱͲϲϰ
Female 357,654 25,407 44,721 70,128 56,578 101,364 157,942 45,246 84,338 129,584
Total 716,849 52,175 89,955 142,130 115,879 201,715 317,594 92,930 164,195 257,125
ƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ;ϭϱͲϲϰͿ
Male 102,495 9,102 12,037 21,139 19,718 17,636 37,354 15,166 28,836 44,002
ϭϱͲϲϰ
Female 59,805 2,608 5,000 7,608 4,818 18,617 23,435 7,406 21,356 28,762
Total 162,300 11,710 17,037 28,747 24,536 36,253 60,789 22,572 50,192 72,764
ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚƚŽƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƌĂƟŽ;ϭϱͲϲϰͿ
Male Ϯϴ͘ϱй ϯϰ͘Ϭй Ϯϲ͘ϲй Ϯϵ͘ϰй ϯϯ͘ϯй ϭϳ͘ϲй Ϯϯ͘ϰй ϯϭ͘ϴй ϯϲ͘ϭй ϯϰ͘ϱй
ϭϱͲϲϰ
Female ϭϲ͘ϳй ϭϬ͘ϯй ϭϭ͘Ϯй ϭϬ͘ϴй ϴ͘ϱй ϭϴ͘ϰй ϭϰ͘ϴй ϭϲ͘ϰй Ϯϱ͘ϯй ϮϮ͘Ϯй
Total 23% 22% 19% 20% 21% ϭϴй ϭϵй Ϯϰй ϯϭй Ϯϴй

LFS survey Somaliland technically supported by ILO

35
Figure 4.1: Employment
p y to p
population
p ratio for Borama,, Hargeisa
g & Burao byy region
g and sex (p
(percentage)
g )

Table 4.2 and Figure 4.2 provide the employment to population ratio across districts. Across the three districts, the age group of 35-53
years has a relatively high proportion of employment to population ratio.

Table 4.2: Eligible population, current employment and employment to population ratio for Borama, Hargeisa & Burao’s
districts, by sex and age groups (percentage)
ůŝŐŝďůĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ;ϭϱͲϲϰͿ

Total Borama ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ Burao

Urban ZƵƌĂů Total Urban ZƵƌĂů Total Urban ZƵƌĂů Total

ϭϱͲϮϰ Male 97,968 7,249 12,288 19,537 16,258 27,501 43,759 12,958 21,714 34,672
Female 107,015 6,636 13,608 20,244 14,539 31,570 46,109 11,958 28,704 40,662
ϮϱͲϯϰ Male 83,725 6,328 10,650 16,978 13,560 23,129 36,689 11,241 18,817 30,058
Female 78,950 5,928 9,850 15,778 13,294 21,742 35,036 10,533 17,603 28,136
ϯϱͲϱϰ Male 135,268 10,032 17,004 27,036 22,429 37,911 60,340 17,910 29,982 47,892
Female 129,488 9,665 16,205 25,870 21,657 36,180 57,837 17,145 28,636 45,781
ϱϱͲϲϰ Male 42,234 3,159 5,292 8,451 7,054 11,810 18,864 5,575 9,344 14,919
Female 42,201 3,178 5,058 8,236 7,088 11,872 18,960 5,610 9,395 15,005
65+ Male 40,848 3,005 4,812 7,817 7,735 12,381 20,116 4,830 8,085 12,915
Female 48,386 3,696 6,290 9,986 8,536 14,001 22,537 5,936 9,927 15,863

Current employed
Total Borama ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ Burao
Urban ZƵƌĂů Total Urban ZƵƌĂů Total Urban ZƵƌĂů Total
ϭϱͲϮϰ Male 6,036 246 309 555 2,079 1,016 3,095 748 1,638 2,386
Female 4,423 256 162 418 284 1,148 1,432 909 1,664 2,573
ϮϱͲϯϰ Male 29,794 1,780 3,790 5,570 5,490 5,403 10,893 3,774 9,557 13,331
Female 11,576 841 1,486 2,327 1,218 508 1,726 1,210 6,313 7,523
ϯϱͲϱϰ Male 56,153 5,338 7,486 12,824 10,185 11,217 21,402 8,559 13,368 21,927
Female 30,350 1,511 1,339 2,850 2,817 9,354 12,171 4,305 11,024 15,329
ϱϱͲϲϰ Male 10,512 1,738 452 2,190 1,964 Ͳ 1,964 2,085 4,273 6,358
Female 13,456 Ͳ 2,013 2,013 499 7,607 8,106 982 2,355 3,337
65+ Male 8,365 794 1,333 2,127 731 1,310 2,041 1,555 2,642 4,197
Female 9,363 584 2,013 2,597 Ͳ 4,307 4,307 2,459 Ͳ 2,459

ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚƚŽƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƌĂƟŽ;ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƐͿ

ϭϱͲϮϰ Male 6 3 3 3 13 4 7 6 8 7
Female 4 4 1 2 2 4 3 8 6 6
ϮϱͲϯϰ Male 36 28 36 33 40 23 30 34 51 44

LFS survey Somaliland technically supported by ILO

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 Female 15 14 15 15 9 2 5 11 36 27
ϯϱͲϱϰ Male 42 53 44 47 45 30 35 48 45 46
Female 23 16 8 11 13 26 21 25 38 33
ϱϱͲϲϰ Male 25 55 9 26 28 0 10 37 46 43
Female 32 0 40 24 7 64 43 18 25 22
65+ Male 20 26 28 27 9 11 10 32 33 32
Female 19 16 32 26 0 31 19 41 0 16

Figure
g 4.2: Employment
p y to p
population
p ratio byy age
g ggroups
p across districts (p
(percentages)
g )

Employment to population ratio is usually higher in rural areas of LDCs. This is the case for the three districts namely Borama, Hargeisa
& Burao, whose employment to population ratios (for most of the age groups) are higher in its rural areas compared to its urban areas.

Apart from knowing the ratios of employment to population ratio, it is also important to analyse the main occupations across age groups
and sex. This is summarised in Table 4.3 and illustrated in Àgure 4.3a, which is based on the International Standard ClassiÀcation of
Occupations (ISCO) codes. On aggregate, the largest proportion of employed males in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao are engaged in service
and sales (38%), followed by elementary occupations (14%), professionals (13%), and managers (9%). More than half of the females are
employed in services and sales (59%) followed by elementary workers (11%), and clerical workers (6%). The ISCO codes, “service and
sales” include: shop assistants and demonstrators; hairdressers, barbers, beauticians, and related workers; undertakers and embalmers;
house stewards and housekeepers; cooks and other catering service workers; waiters and bartenders; transport conductors; and travel
guides and ground attendants.

Table 4.3: Currently employed persons 15 and over, by sex, age, locality, and main occupation (percentage)
Number currently employed
Borama ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ Burao Total
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Managers 2,910 484 5,176 2,138 1,658 273 9,744 2,895
Professionals 3,343 1,247 6,195 1,010 5,004 1,189 14,542 3,446
dĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶƐ 643 185 925 2,534 1,318 325 2,886 3,044
ůĞƌŝĐĂůǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ 1,519 689 1,191 2,838 2,436 278 5,146 3,805
^ĞƌǀŝĐĞΘƐĂůĞƐ 4,586 4,017 10,831 11,096 25,706 23,936 41,123 39,049
^ŬŝůůĞĚĂŐƌŝĐͬĨŽƌĞƐƚƌLJͬ
1,147 230 1,921 1,886 412 302 3,480 2,418
ĮƐŚŝŶŐ
ƌĂŌΘƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚƌĂĚĞƐ 1,457 Ͳ 1,989 1,893 2,451 1,015 5,897 2,908
WůĂŶƚΘŵĂĐŚŝŶĞŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌƐ 955 79 1,685 Ͳ 3,614 155 6,254 234
ůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌLJŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐ 5,989 2,731 6,699 1,733 2,819 2,565 15,507 7,029
Armed forces 371 40 509 Ͳ 2,178 Ͳ 3,058 40
ŝĚŶŽƚƐƉĞĐŝĨLJ Ͳ Ͳ 1,947 1,292 Ͳ Ͳ 1,947 1,292

LFS survey Somaliland technically supported by ILO

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 Percentage currently employed
Borama ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ Burao Total
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Managers 13 5 13 8 3 1 9 4
Professionals 15 13 16 4 11 4 13 5
dĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶƐ 3 2 2 10 3 1 3 5
ůĞƌŝĐĂůǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ 7 7 3 11 5 1 5 6
^ĞƌǀŝĐĞΘƐĂůĞƐ 20 41 28 42 54 80 38 59
^ŬŝůůĞĚĂŐƌŝĐͬĨŽƌĞƐƚƌLJͬĮƐŚŝŶŐ 5 2 5 7 1 1 3 4
ƌĂŌΘƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚƌĂĚĞƐ 6 0 5 7 5 3 5 4
WůĂŶƚΘŵĂĐŚŝŶĞŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌƐ 4 1 4 0 8 1 6 0
ůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌLJŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐ 26 28 17 7 6 9 14 11
Armed forces 2 0 1 0 5 0 3 0
ŝĚŶŽƚƐƉĞĐŝĨLJ 0 0 5 5 0 0 2 2
Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Figure
g 4.3a: Currentlyy employed
p y p persons 15 and over byy sex and main occupation
p (percentage)
(p g )

LFS survey Somaliland technically supported by ILO

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Figure 4.3b: Currently employed persons aged 15 and over and main occupation (percentage)

There are slight variations of the most prominent occupation across the districts. Most of the employed persons are involved in “Services
and Sales” in Hargeisa and Burao districts. The occupation engages 28% and 54% of males respectively and 42% and 80% of females. In
Burao, “Services and Sales” engages the largest proportion of females but “elementary occupations” accounts for the largest proportion
of employed males. “Elementary occupations” include: cleaners, launderers and domestic workers; messengers, porters, watchmen; and,
farm hands and related workers.

4.2 Status in employment

Employed individuals were asked to state their employment status in their places of work. The categories included paid employee,
employer, own account worker, member of producer cooperative, and contributing family worker. The status of individuals in employment
is summarized in Table 4.4 and illustrated in Figure 4.4. Whereas paid employees is the largest component for males (37%), females mainly
work as own account worker (56%). Workers who are paid employees make up about 19% of females in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao. The
other relatively large category is that of employers at 11% for males and about 7% for females.

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Table 4.4a: Currently employed persons aged 15 and over, by sex, age, locality and status in employment in their main
economic activity
Borama ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ Burao Total
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

WĂŝĚĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞ 11,070 1,830 16,882 7,469 12,934 3,052 40,886 12,351

ŵƉůŽLJĞƌ 1,333 346 4,517 2,725 6,194 1,840 12,044 4,911

KǁŶĂĐĐŽƵŶƚǁŽƌŬĞƌ;KtͿ 3,932 2,941 11,128 13,080 23,821 20,950 38,881 36,971
DĞŵďĞƌŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ 142 Ͳ 1,105 544 197 466 1,444 1,010
ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐĨĂŵŝůLJǁŽƌŬĞƌ;&tͿ 5,644 2,709 2,769 Ͳ 2,435 3,367 10,848 6,076
KƚŚĞƌ 662 1,710 2,080 2,460 1,747 219 4,489 4,389
EŽƚ^ƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 137 166 587 142 Ͳ Ͳ 724 308
Percentage
WĂŝĚĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞ 48.3 18.9 43.2 28.3 27.3 10.2 37.4 18.7
ŵƉůŽLJĞƌ 5.8 3.6 11.6 10.3 13.1 6.2 11.0 7.4
KǁŶĂĐĐŽƵŶƚǁŽƌŬĞƌ;KtͿ 17.2 30.3 28.5 49.5 50.3 70.1 35.6 56.0
DĞŵďĞƌŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ 0.6 0.0 2.8 2.1 0.4 1.6 1.3 1.5
ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐĨĂŵŝůLJǁŽƌŬĞƌ;&tͿ 24.6 27.9 7.1 0.0 5.1 11.3 9.9 9.2
KƚŚĞƌ 2.9 17.6 5.3 9.3 3.7 0.7 4.1 6.6
EŽƚ^ƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 0.6 1.7 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Ktн&t;йŽĨƚŽƚĂůͿ 41.8 58.2 35.6 49.5 55.5 81.3 45.5 65.2
Borama ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ Burao Total
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

WĂŝĚĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞ 11,070 1,830 16,882 7,469 12,934 3,052 40,886 12,351

ŵƉůŽLJĞƌ 1,333 346 4,517 2,725 6,194 1,840 12,044 4,911

KǁŶĂĐĐŽƵŶƚǁŽƌŬĞƌ;KtͿ 3,932 2,941 11,128 13,080 23,821 20,950 38,881 36,971
DĞŵďĞƌŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ 142 Ͳ 1,105 544 197 466 1,444 1,010
ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐĨĂŵŝůLJǁŽƌŬĞƌ;&tͿ 5,644 2,709 2,769 Ͳ 2,435 3,367 10,848 6,076
KƚŚĞƌ 662 1,710 2,080 2,460 1,747 219 4,489 4,389
EŽƚ^ƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 137 166 587 142 Ͳ Ͳ 724 308
Percentage
WĂŝĚĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞ 48.3 18.9 43.2 28.3 27.3 10.2 37.4 18.7
ŵƉůŽLJĞƌ 5.8 3.6 11.6 10.3 13.1 6.2 11.0 7.4
KǁŶĂĐĐŽƵŶƚǁŽƌŬĞƌ;KtͿ 17.2 30.3 28.5 49.5 50.3 70.1 35.6 56.0
DĞŵďĞƌŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ 0.6 0.0 2.8 2.1 0.4 1.6 1.3 1.5
ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐĨĂŵŝůLJǁŽƌŬĞƌ;&tͿ 24.6 27.9 7.1 0.0 5.1 11.3 9.9 9.2
KƚŚĞƌ 2.9 17.6 5.3 9.3 3.7 0.7 4.1 6.6
EŽƚ^ƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 0.6 1.7 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Ktн&t;йŽĨƚŽƚĂůͿ 41.8 58.2 35.6 49.5 55.5 81.3 45.5 65.2

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Figure 4.4: Currently employed persons aged 15 and over by total and status in employment in their main economic activity
(percentage)

It can be inferred that the level of vulnerable employment is high in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao given that own account workers (OAW)
and contributing family workers (CFW) account for about 46% and 65% of all employment for males and females respectively (Figure
4.5a). The proportion of females in vulnerable employment is larger than that of men across all the districts and is about 50% for
Hargeisa, 58% for Borama, and 81% for Burao districts (Tables 4.4).

Figure
g 4.5a: Currentlyy employed
p y p persons aged
g 15 and over,, in vulnerable employment
p y byy sex

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Figure
g 4.5(b):
( ) Currentlyy employed
p y p persons aged
g 15 and over,, in vulnerable employment
p y byy district

Table 4.4 (b)-For each day during last week, what were your total hours of work in this economic activity?
District Sum Mean Minimum Maximum
Boroma 1604551 50.2 0 168

Hargeisa 3256551 51.7 0 112

Burao 4417565 61.0 1 168

Total 9278667 55.5 0 168

Table 4.4 ((c)-For

) each dayy during
g last week,, what were yyour total hours of work in this economic activity?
y -Percentage

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 4.3 Employment by sector
Table 4.5 summarises employment by sector and the size of establishments. The leading sector in terms of current employment is the
services sector, followed consecutively by agriculture and manufacturing sectors. Service related sectors as a group (including education,
Ànance and insurance, and transport and storage and “other service activities”) account for the largest portion of currently employed
persons. It is also observable that very few Àrms employ more than 20 people with the exception of public administration and education
sectors.

Table 4.5a Currently employed persons aged 15 and over by sector and size of enterprise in which they work (percentage)
Number of People at work place
tŽƌŬ
ϮͲϰ ϱͲϵ ϭϬͲϭϵ ϮϬͲϰϵ 50 or more ŽŶŽƚŬŶŽǁ Total
alone
ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞĐƌŽƉƐ ϳй ϴй Ϯй ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй 9,502
ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞŚĞƌĚŝŶŐ ϳй ϭϱй ϰй ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй 13,450
ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞŽƚŚĞƌƐ ϭй Ϯй ϯй Ϭй Ϭй Ϯй Ϭй 2,405
&ŝƐŚŝŶŐ Ϭй Ϭй ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй 132
Mining and quarrying ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй 574
Manufacturing Ϭй ϭй Ϭй Ϭй ϭй Ϯй Ϭй 917
ůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJ͕ŐĂƐ͕ƐƚĞĂŵ͕ĂŝƌĐŽŶƐƵƉƉůLJ Ϭй ϭй Ϭй ϯй ϭϱй ϰй ϭϵй 3,180
tĂƚĞƌƐƵƉƉůLJ͕ƐĞǁĞƌĂŐĞΘǁĂƐƚĞ Ϯй Ϭй Ϭй ϯй ϴй ϭй Ϭй 2,767
ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ϯй ϭй ϴй ϭϮй ϳй ϴй Ϭй 7,187
tŚŽůĞƐĂůĞͬƌĞƚĂŝůΘǀĞŚŝĐůĞƌĞƉĂŝƌ ϳй ϳй ϳй Ϯй Ϭй ϯй Ϭй 11,060
dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶΘƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ ϰй Ϯй Ϭй ϭй Ϯй Ϯй Ϭй 4,414
ĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƟŽŶΘĨŽŽĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ϴй ϲй ϭй ϱй Ϭй Ϯй Ϭй 10,279
/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶΘĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ Ϭй Ϯй ϭй ϭй ϰй ϭй Ϭй 1,774
Finance & insurance Ϭй ϭй Ϭй Ϯй ϱй ϭϬй Ϭй 2,270
Real estate ϯй ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй 2,417
WƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů͕ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐΘƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй ϰй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй 659
ĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞΘƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ Ϭй ϰй Ϭй ϯй ϭϵй ϯй Ϭй 4,540
WƵďůŝĐĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй ϭй ϴй Ϯϳй ϲϱй 4,066
ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ϭй Ϯй ϭϬй Ϯϳй ϭϵй ϭϭй ϭϮй 9,762
,ƵŵĂŶŚĞĂůƚŚΘƐŽĐŝĂůǁŽƌŬ Ϯй ϯй ϰй ϱй ϰй ϳй ϰй 5,033
ƌƚƐ͕ĞŶƚĞƌƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚΘƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй 96
KƚŚĞƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ϰϴй ϯϱй ϱϯй ϭϰй ϲй ϭϰй Ϭй 65,939
ŽŵĞƐƟĐǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ŚŽŵĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ϯй ϰй Ϭй ϵй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй 5,155
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ Ϭй ϭй Ϭй Ϯй Ϭй ϭй Ϭй 933
EŽƚ^ƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ ϯй ϯй ϱй ϯй ϯй Ϯй Ϭй 5,415
Total (percent) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 173,926

Computation Formular
i. Labor force = employed + unemployed
ii. Participation rate = Labor force / population
iii. Unemployment rate = Unemployed / Labor force

Table 4.5b: Labour Force participation rate by level of education

The labour force participation rate (LFPR) of males (55.8%) is higher than that of females (36.3%). The LFPR also increases
unambiguously with the highest grade of education completed. Among those with some education attainment, individuals whose highest
grade is lower primary education had the lowest LFPR of 51.8% while University graduates had the highest LFPR of 77.1%.

ŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶǁŽƌŬĞĚŝŶ
In the labour force EŽƚŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƵƌĨŽƌĐĞ Labour Labour Force
Force WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶƌĂƚĞ Unemployed
Count % Count %
Male 146357 ϲϮ͘ϴй 115917 ϰϯ͘ϯй 262,274 ϱϱ͘ϴй ϰϰй
Sex
Female 86633 ϯϳ͘Ϯй 151989 ϱϲ͘ϳй 238,622 ϯϲ͘ϯй ϲϰй

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 >ŽǁĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 13611 ϭϲ͘ϵй 12684 Ϯϯ͘ϵй 26,295 ϱϭ͘ϴй ϰϴй
hƉƉĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ 17339 Ϯϭ͘ϱй 12147 ϮϮ͘ϵй 29,486 ϱϴ͘ϴй ϰϭй
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ 28205 ϯϱ͘Ϭй 14919 Ϯϴ͘ϭй 43,124 ϲϱ͘ϰй ϯϱй
ŚŝŐŚĞƐƚŐƌĂĚĞ
sŽĐĂƟŽŶĂů 1716 Ϯ͘ϭй 575 ϭ͘ϭй 2,291 ϳϰ͘ϵй Ϯϱй
completed
University 15825 ϭϵ͘ϲй 4692 ϴ͘ϴй 20,517 ϳϳ͘ϭй Ϯϯй
KƚŚĞƌƐ 1406 ϭ͘ϳй 2202 ϰ͘Ϯй 3,608 ϯϵ͘Ϭй ϲϭй
hŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ 2444 ϯ͘Ϭй 5811 ϭϭ͘Ϭй 8,255 Ϯϵ͘ϲй ϳϬй

Table 4.5c: Main jobs done by educated youth

Across the age groups 15-24, 25-34 and 35-54 years, most individuals are engaged in “services and sales”, which accounts for about
26%, 42% and 41% of all jobs for the three age groups respectively. Most of the educated youth are engaged in “services and sales”
followed by “elementary occupations” (16.7%) and “professionals” (15.3%). This three leading occupations (“services and sales”,
“elementary occupations” and “professionals”) account for 58% of jobs done by the youth. The next two important occupations for
the youth are “plant & machine operators” (9.2%) and “clerical workers” (6.7%).

It is noteworthy that relative to the other age groups, a larger share of youth is engaged in the “professionals” category which is
consistent with the Ànding that the youth have relatively higher education attainment.

Age groups
15-24 25-34 35-54
Count Column N % Count Column N % Count Column N %
Managers 490 4.8% 2065 5.2% 5920 6.9%
Professionals 1572 15.3% 4910 12.3% 9087 10.5%

Technicians 104 1.0% 756 1.9% 2763 3.2%

Clerical workers 692 6.7% 2670 6.7% 3045 3.5%
Service & sales 2670 26.0% 16905 42.2% 35488 41.1%
‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ‰”‹…Ȁˆ‘”‡•–”›ȀƤ•Š‹‰ 412 4.0% 998 2.5% 2575 3.0%
Occupation
Craft & related trades 570 5.5% 1754 4.4% 6360 7.4%

Plant & machine operators 942 9.2% 1497 3.7% 4049 4.7%

Elementary occupations 1715 16.7% 6745 16.8% 10601 12.3%

Armed forces 147 1.4% 614 1.5% 1890 2.2%

Did not specify 972 9.4% 1164 2.9% 4585 5.3%

4.4 Hours worked

The employed individuals were asked to divulge the total number of hours in all their economic activities during the last week. Table 4.6a
below summarizes usual hours of work in standardized hour bands.

Table 4.6a: Employed persons aged 15 and over by sex, locality and total hours worked last week in all activities
Borama
Urban ZƵƌĂů
,ŽƵƌƐǁŽƌŬĞĚ Male Female Male Female
>ĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϮϱ 1,350 429 2,209 1,115
ϮϱͲϯϰ 1,952 950 1,988 Ͳ
ϯϱͲϯϵ 1,500 330 1,276 Ͳ
ϰϬͲϰϴ 1,187 204 1,388 118
ϰϵͲϱϵ 679 548 2,292 2,002
60 and above 2,620 485 4,099 3,274

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 ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ
Urban ZƵƌĂů
Male Female Male Female
>ĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϮϱ 2,049 519 609 2,349
ϮϱͲϯϰ 1,618 264 2,329 Ͳ
ϯϱͲϯϵ 2,297 376 Ͳ 2,732
ϰϬͲϰϴ 4,877 644 3,457 2,821
ϰϵͲϱϵ 3,418 753 5,260 5,794
60 and above 4,498 2,417 6,265 6,429
Burao
Urban Rural
Male Female Male Female
>ĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϮϱ 546 1,525 293 961
ϮϱͲϯϰ 742 123 1,472 1,080
ϯϱͲϯϵ 197 96 568 645
ϰϬͲϰϴ 2,739 1,172 1,186 1,389
ϰϵͲϱϵ 915 338 1,320 2,624
60 and above 6,092 4,403 13,770 8,911
Total
Urban ZƵƌĂů
Male Female Male Female
>ĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϮϱ ϯ͕ϵϰϱ;ϭϬйͿ Ϯ͕ϰϳϯ;ϭϲйͿ ϯ͕ϭϭϭ;ϲйͿ ϰ͕ϰϮϱ;ϭϬйͿ
ϮϱͲϯϰ ϰ͕ϯϭϮ;ϭϭйͿ ϭ͕ϯϯϳ;ϵйͿ ϱ͕ϳϴϵ;ϭϮйͿ ϭ͕ϬϴϬ;ϯйͿ
ϯϱͲϯϵ ϯ͕ϵϵϰ;ϭϬйͿ ϴϬϮ;ϱйͿ ϭ͕ϴϰϰ;ϰйͿ ϯ͕ϯϳϳ;ϴйͿ
ϰϬͲϰϴ ϴ͕ϴϬϯ;ϮϮйͿ Ϯ͕ϬϮϬ;ϭϯйͿ ϲ͕Ϭϯϭ;ϭϮйͿ ϰ͕ϯϮϴ;ϭϬйͿ
ϰϵͲϱϵ ϱ͕ϬϭϮ;ϭϯйͿ ϭ͕ϲϯϵ;ϭϭйͿ ϴ͕ϴϳϮ;ϭϴйͿ ϭϬ͕ϰϮϬ;ϮϱйͿ
60 and above ϭϯ͕ϮϭϬ;ϯϰйͿ ϳ͕ϯϬϱ;ϰϳйͿ Ϯϰ͕ϭϯϰ;ϰϴйͿ ϭϴ͕ϲϭϰ;ϰϰйͿ

There is some evidence that a large proportion of individuals work for very long hours. In urban areas, about 34% of males and 47% of
females work for sixty hours and above per week. In the rural areas, the ratios of those working for 60 hours and above increase to about
half of all males and 44% of the females. The long hours of work by a large proportion of the employed is an indicator of the prevalence
of vulnerable employment in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao.

Table 4.6b presents the number of children aged 5 – 15 years who reported to have worked in the last one week. As shown, there were
297 children in Hargeisa and 611 in Burao who indicated that they had worked in the past one week respectively. All the children who
undertook some work indicated in Hargesia indicated that they worked on weekdays by skipping school only. Of the 611 children who
reported to have worked in the past one week in Burao, 50.7% or 310 indicated that the work was done during daytime, including weekend
while 49.3% or 301 of the remainder indicated that they worked any time day or night as required, including weekend.

Table 4.6b: Children aged 5 – 15 who reported to have worked in the last week and where the work was carried out
Boroma ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ Burao
ŚŝůĚƌĞŶϱƚŽϭϱLJĞĂƌƐ
Count й Count й Count й
tĞĞŬĚĂLJƐ͕ďĞĨŽƌĞĂŶĚͬŽƌĂŌĞƌƐĐŚŽŽů
0 ͘Ϭй 0 ͘Ϭй 0 ͘Ϭй
only
tĞĞŬĚĂLJƐ͕ďLJƐŬŝƉƉŝŶŐƐĐŚŽŽůŽŶůLJ 0 ͘Ϭй 297 ϭϬϬ͘Ϭй 0 ͘Ϭй
tĞĞŬĞŶĚŽŶůLJ 0 ͘Ϭй 0 ͘Ϭй 0 ͘Ϭй
tĞĞŬĞŶĚƉůƵƐǁĞĞŬĚĂLJƐďĞĨŽƌĞĂŶĚͬ
0 ͘Ϭй 0 ͘Ϭй 0 ͘Ϭй
ŽƌĂŌĞƌƐĐŚŽŽů
tĞĞŬĞŶĚƉůƵƐǁĞĞŬĚĂLJƐ͕ďLJƐŬŝƉƉŝŶŐ
0 ͘Ϭй 0 ͘Ϭй 0 ͘Ϭй
ƐĐŚŽŽů
ƵƌŝŶŐĚĂLJƟŵĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐǁĞĞŬĞŶĚ 0 ͘Ϭй 0 ͘Ϭй 310 ϱϬ͘ϳй
ŶLJƟŵĞŽĨƚŚĞĚĂLJŽƌŶŝŐŚƚĂƐ
0 ͘Ϭй 0 ͘Ϭй 301 ϰϵ͘ϯй
ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐǁĞĞŬĞŶĚ
Total 0 ͘Ϭй 297 ϭϬϬ͘Ϭй 611 ϭϬϬ͘Ϭй

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4.5 Underemployment
Underemployment is a particularly perverse problem that afÁicts most of the labour markets in the LDCs. Underemployment is particularly
high in regions where subsistence agriculture and production activities form the main economic activity.

Underemployment can be gauged by analyzing the total hours worked in all economic activities in the last one week (Table 4.6). For urban
areas, about 8.8 percent of employed males and 14.3 percent of employed females worked for less than 25 hours in the last week. Only
about 15% of males worked within the standard work week of 40-48 hours in both urban and rural areas. Among females, zero percent
worked within this hour band. This suggests that employed persons tend to work for fewer than expected hours (or excessive hours) in
a typical work week.

Another way of analyzing the problem of underemployment is to ask those employed to express their intention to work for more hours or
not in a speciÀed period. Table 4.7 and Figure 4.6 summarize those who answered yes to the question “did you want to increase your total
time spent on all work activities last week?” About 57% of males and 47% of females would desire to work more hours in urban areas.
In rural areas, 64% of males and 60% of females desire to work for more hours. Additional information indicates that most individuals
would have wished to work for 4 or 5 additional hours in the last week.

Table 4.7: employed persons aged 15 and over by sex, locality and if wanted to work more time in the last week (percentage)
Urban ZƵƌĂů EŽŵĂĚŝĐ
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Yes 57.1 46.7 63.6 60.0 50.0 0.0
No 42.9 53.3 36.4 40.0 50.0 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0

Figure
g 4.6: Total employed
p y p persons aged
g 15 and over if wanted to work more time in the last week (percentage)

Inadequate income is the most important reason given by most individuals for wanting to change jobs or get an additional one (|Table
4.8).

Table 4.8 Currently employed persons’ reasons for some wanting to change jobs or get an additional one, by sex and locality
Borama ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ Burao Total
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
/ŶƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚƵƐĞŽĨƐŬŝůůƐ 198 186 1,563 1,114 368 237 2,129 1,537
Inadequate income 2,611 1,424 5,011 6,904 6,666 14,845 14,288 23,173
dŽĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞǁŽƌŬƟŵĞ;ĞǀĞŶŝĨŝƚŵĞĂŶƚ
Ͳ 890 129 1,062 175 520 304 2,472
ůŽƐƐŽĨŝŶĐŽŵĞͿ
KƚŚĞƌ 100 Ͳ 368 Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 468 Ͳ
No answer 79 Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 79 Ͳ
Percentage
Borama ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ Burao Total
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural

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 Yes 60 69 40 23 44 48 44 37
No 40 31 60 77 56 52 56 63
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Figure
g 4.7: Currentlyy employed
p y p persons’ wanting
g to change
g jobs
j or g
get an additional one

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 Chapter Five:
Unemployment and Inactivity

5.1 Total unemployment rate

The unemployed are deÀned to include: (i) those for whom work is not available and who have taken action in seeking work. The number
of the unemployed persons and current unemployment, which is the ratio of the unemployed to the total labour force are summarised in
Table 5.1 through 5.5. Low open unemployment rates are a common characteristic of many LDCs where a majority of individuals Ànd it
necessary to engage in some form of survival activity rather than being openly unemployed.

Table 5.1: Number of currently unemployed persons by district, locality, sex and age group
Urban Rural Total
Age group Borama Hargeisa Burao Borama Hargeisa Burao Borama Hargeisa Burao
5-14 79 0 396 0 534 0 79 534 396
15-24 1,124 1,202 1,403 756 1,524 3,789 1,880 2,726 5,192
25-34 1,753 1,800 900 1,054 3,612 2,225 2,807 5,412 3,125
35-54 1,175 3,279 2,685 2,013 6,415 6,120 3,188 9,694 8,805
55-64 514 0 525 0 0 2,677 514 0 3,202
65+ 140 435 0 0 966 1,135 140 1,401 1,135
Sex
Male 2,825 3,693 3,821 2,767 10,934 11,022 5,592 14,627 14,843
Female 2,039 3,023 2,088 1,056 2,117 5,339 3,095 5,140 7,427

Table 5.2 summarizes the number of the currently employed plus unemployed individuals (the total labour force) across the three
districts. This is provided across all age groups urban and rural areas as well as by sex.

Table 5.2: Number currently employed plus unemployed by district, locality, sex and age group
Urban Rural Total
Age group Borama Hargeisa Burao Borama Hargeisa Burao Borama Hargeisa Burao
5-14 171 297 396 0 1,051 1,141 171 1,348 1,537
15-24 1,626 3,565 3,060 1,227 3,688 7,091 2,853 7,253 10,151
25-34 4,374 8,508 5,884 6,330 9,523 18,095 10,704 18,031 23,979
35-54 8,024 16,281 15,549 10,838 26,986 30,512 18,862 43,267 46,061
55-64 2,252 2,463 3,592 2,465 7,607 9,305 4,717 10,070 12,897
65+ 1,518 1,166 4,014 3,346 6,583 3,777 4,864 7,749 7,791
Sex
Male 12,846 24,142 20,542 16,137 29,880 42,810 28,983 54,022 63,352
Female 5,389 8,138 11,953 8,069 25,558 27,526 13,458 33,696 39,479

As indicated in Table 5.3 and Figure 5.1, the total unemployment rates for individuals aged 15 and above for Borama, Hargeisa and Burao
were 20%, 22% and 21% respectively. Youth unemployment, (for those aged 15-24 years) is much larger than the overall rate, and was

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about 66%, 38% and 51% for Borama, Hargeisa and Burao districts respectively. Across all the districts, the unemployment rates of all the
other age cohorts are lower than that of the youth.

Table 5.3: Total unemployment rate and youth unemployment for each district
Borama Hargeisa Burao
Currently employed (15 years and over) 33,471 67,137 79,420
Currently unemployed (15 years and over) 8,529 19,233 21,459
Employed plus unemployed (labour force) 42,000 86,370 100,879
Unemployment rate (%) 15+ 20.3 22.3 21.3
Youth unemployment (15 -24 years) 65.9% 37.6% 51.1%

For Borama district, urban unemployment rates were larger than rural unemployment while in Burao and Hargeisa districts, rural rates
are generally larger.

Figure 5.1: Total unemployment rate and youth unemployment for each district

Table 5.4a: Measured unemployment by district, locality and age group

Urban Rural Total
Hargeisa Burao Borama Hargeisa Borama Hargeisa
Borama Burao Burao
Age groups 5-14 46% 0% 100% - 51% 0% 46% 40% 26%
15-24 69% 34% 46% 62% 41% 53% 66% 38% 51%
25-34 40% 21% 15% 17% 38% 12% 26% 30% 13%
35-54 15% 20% 17% 19% 24% 20% 17% 22% 19%
55-64 23% 0% 15% 0% 0% 29% 11% 0% 25%
65+ 9% 37% 0% 0% 15% 30% 3% 18% 15%

Measured unemployment is summarised by sex in Table 5.4b and Àgure 5.2a. Male unemployment is larger than that of females in
Hargeisa and Burao districts (27% and 23% for males respectively and 15% and 19% for females respectively). In Borama district, the
male and female unemployment rates are 19% and 23% respectively. The urban versus rural rates differ markedly across the districts. As
an example, even though in totality more males have a higher unemployment rate in Hargeisa, male unemployment rate is lower than that
of females in urban areas and much higher than that of females in rural areas of the district.

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Table 5.4b: Measured unemployment rates by district, locality, and sex
Urban Rural Total
Hargeisa Burao Borama Hargeisa Borama Hargeisa
Borama Burao Burao
Sex Male 22% 15% 19% 17% 37% 26% 19% 27% 23%
Female 38% 37% 17% 13% 8% 19% 23% 15% 19%

g
Figure p y
5.2a: Measured unemployment rates byy district

5.2 Unemployment by level of education

Table 5.5 summarises unemployment rates by locality and level of education. Persons with upper primary education have higher proportions
of unemployment relative to secondary graduates who in turn have larger proportions than those who have attained university education.
Consequently, higher levels of education attainment seem to be linked to lower proportions of the unemployment.

Table 5.5: Currently unemployed, the labour force, and unemployment rates by locality and level of education
Currently unemployed
Borama Hargeisa Burao Total
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
Lower primary 0 118 0 0 663 603 663 721
Upper primary 309 932 0 993 823 1,068 1,132 2,993
Secondary 735 162 1,054 1,087 1,023 460 2,812 1,709
Vocational 0 0 172 0 0 0 172 0
University 913 118 699 0 207 0 1,819 118
Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Employed plus unemployed
Borama Hargeisa Burao Total
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
Lower primary 304 535 1,615 2,364 2,822 5,971 4,741 8870
Upper primary 1,285 2,893 774 2,777 4,167 5,443 6,226 11,113
Secondary 2,860 2,086 8,601 6,164 5,523 2,971 16,984 11,221
Vocational 72 0 376 1,127 141 0 589 1,127
University 4,809 651 5,809 574 3,414 568 14,032 1,793
Others 193 0 204 0 356 653 753 653

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 Unemployment rates
Borama Hargeisa Burao Total
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
Lower primary - 22% - - 23% 10% 14% 8%
Upper primary 24% 32% - 36% 20% 20% 18% 27%
Secondary 26% 8% 12% 18% 19% 15% 17% 15%
Vocational - - 46% - - - 29% -
University 19% 18% 12% - 6% - 13% 7%
Others - - - - - - - -
Note: The persons who did not specify their education level were excluded

Figure 5.2b below show the total employment and unemployment rates amongst those aged 15 years and over. In total, those employed
and unemployed constitute 78.5% and 21.5% respectively.

Figure
g 5.2b Total employment
p y and unemployment
p y rates amongst
g 15 yyears and over

Figure 5.2 presents the total activity rates among those aged 15 years and over. More than two thirds or 71.6% are inactive and only 28.4%
are active.

Figure
g 5.2c Total activityy rates amongst
g 15 yyears and over

Unemployed individuals were asked to state what action they took to Ànd work during the last thirty days. Their responses, across the
three districts, are summarized in Table 5.6 and Figure 5.3. Formal application to employers is the most common job search method in

1
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Borama and Hargeisa districts. In Burao district most persons took no steps to Ànd additional or new work in the last thirty days while
14% applied to other employers.

The survey also sought to Ànd out the reasons why some unemployed persons did not look for work or seek to start own business
(Table 5.7 and Figure 5.4). The three main reasons given by individuals include: “thought no work is available,” “lack of skills/experience
required,” and “lack of Ànancial or other resources.” These three reasons account for about 81% and 94% of the cases in urban and rural
areas respectively. The other reasons for not seeking including “did not want to work,” account for a minimal percent of reasons for not
looking for work.

7DEOH-REVHDUFKDFWLYLWLHVE\WKHXQHPSOR\HGVWULFWGHÀQLWLRQIRUWKRVHZKRORRNHGIRUZRUNRUWULHGWRVWDUWRZQ

business during the last 30 days.
Current employed
Borama Hargeisa Burao Total
Applied to current employers 22% 33% 1% 20%
Applied to other employers 14% 12% 14% 14%
Checked at current work sites 11% 7% 0% 6%
Answered newspaper advertisements 8% 4% 0% 4%
Sought assistance of friends or relatives 12% 0% 0% 4%
Looked for land, building, machinery or equipment to establish 14% 0% 9% 8%
$UUDQJHGIRULQLWLDORUDGGLWLRQDOÀQDQFLDOUHVRXUFHV 6% 0% 0% 2%
Other 2% 0% 0% 1%
1RVWHSVWDNHQWRÀQGDGGLWLRQDORUQHZZRUN 13% 43% 75% 42%
Total (%) 100 100 100 100

Figure 5.3: Job search activities by the unemployed, those who looked for work or tried to start own business during the last
30 days.
y

Table 5.7: Reasons why some currently unemployed persons did not look for work, by sex and locality (percentages)
Borama Hargeisa Burao Total
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
Thought no work was available 2,117 1,851 3,645 10,405 1,651 7,946 7,413 20,202
Lack skill requirements or experience 367 417 161 2053 1,549 4,185 2,077 6,655
/DFNÀQDQFLDORURWKHUUHVRXUFHVIRU 616 0 346 593 1,266 2,199 2,228 2,792
starting new business 136 0 418 0 62 301 616 301

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 Awaiting replies to earlier enquiries 230 202 0 0 0 0 230 202
Awaiting recall to former job 98 0 0 0 104 901 202 901
Waiting to start new job or business 40 202 0 0 0 0 40 202
Off season 0 0 990 0 0 0 990 0
Did not want to work 46 0 142 0 562 293 750 293
Other reasons 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Percentages
Thought no work was available 58% 69% 64% 80% 32% 50% 51% 64%
Lack skill requirements or experience 10% 16% 3% 16% 30% 26% 14% 21%
/DFNÀQDQFLDORURWKHUUHVRXUFHVIRU 17% 0% 6% 5% 24% 14% 15% 9%
starting new business 4% 0% 7% 0% 1% 2% 4% 1%
Awaiting replies to earlier enquiries 6% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 1%
Awaiting recall to former job 3% 0% 0% 0% 2% 6% 1% 3%
Waiting to start new job or business 1% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%
Off season 0% 0% 17% 0% 0% 0% 7% 0%
Did not want to work 1% 0% 2% 0% 11% 2% 5% 1%
Other reasons 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Figure
g 5.4: Reasons whyy some currentlyy unemployed
p y p persons did not look for work,, ((total))

Persons who thought work to be unavailable accounted for a large percentage of the explanation for not seeking work. In urban areas, the
ratios for Borama, Hargeisa and Burao districts were 58%, 64% and 32% respectively. Rural ratios were higher and the ratios for Borama,
Hargeisa and Burao districts were 69%, 80% and 50% respectively. These high ratios suggest the possibility of having high levels of
discouraged workers across Borama, Hargeisa & Burao.

Table 5.8 and Figure 5.5 summarize the reasons why individuals in nomadic communities did not look for work. The main reasons for
both males and females for not looking for work were “thought no work was available,” “lack of skill requirements or experience,” and
“lack of Ànancial and other resources.”

Table 5.8: Reasons why some currently unemployed persons did not look for work among nomadic groups, by sex and
district
Borama ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ Burao Total
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
dŚŽƵŐŚƚŶŽǁŽƌŬǁĂƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ϱϵй ϱϲй ϲϳй ϴϰй ϰϭй ϰϳй ϱϰй ϱϵй
>ĂĐŬƐŬŝůůƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐŽƌĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ϭϬй ϭϴй ϭϮй Ϭй ϯϬй Ϯϰй ϭϴй ϭϲй

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 >ĂĐŬĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ϭϰй ϭϯй ϲй ϱй ϭϳй Ϯϰй ϭϯй ϭϱй
ƐƚĂƌƟŶŐŶĞǁďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ϰй Ϭй ϯй ϱй ϰй Ϭй ϰй ϭй

ǁĂŝƟŶŐƌĞƉůŝĞƐƚŽĞĂƌůŝĞƌĞŶƋƵŝƌŝĞƐ ϴй ϱй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй ϯй Ϯй

ǁĂŝƟŶŐƌĞĐĂůůƚŽĨŽƌŵĞƌũŽď Ϭй ϱй Ϭй Ϭй ϰй ϲй ϭй ϰй

tĂŝƟŶŐƚŽƐƚĂƌƚŶĞǁũŽďŽƌďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ Ϯй ϯй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй ϭй ϭй

KīƐĞĂƐŽŶ Ϭй Ϭй ϭϮй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй ϯй Ϭй
ŝĚŶŽƚǁĂŶƚƚŽǁŽƌŬ Ϯй Ϭй Ϭй ϱй ϲй Ϭй ϯй ϭй
KƚŚĞƌƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй Ϭй
Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Figure 5.5a: Reasons why some currently unemployed persons did not look for work among the nomadic communities by
district ((Percentage)
g )

Table 5.9a, b and Figure 5.5 presents the non market activites and the total hours spent on these activities by District. In total, 29.6% of
the persons sampled spent an average of 3.9 hrs in fetching water for the household, indicating that the water points are much far from
their households. 27.2% of the persons sampled indicated that they spent an average of 4 hrs of their time in an owned household plot;
farm etc, in indicator that most of the persons engage in agricultural activities during their free times. 24.2% and 13.19% indicated that
they spent an average of 3.2 hrs and 2.8 hrs in collecting Àrewood for the household and undertaking construction of major repairs in the
household respectively. These statistics are similar to those posted in the statistics in each of the three districts.

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Table 5.9a- Current activities-Non-Market activities- Total hours spent on (by district)
Boroma Hargeisa Burao

Male Mean Female Mean Male Mean Female Mean Male Mean Female Mean
ŽǁŶĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƉůŽƚ͕
7447 .3 892 .0 562290 6.0 370426 5.0 .0 .0
farm or food etc
ĂŶLJĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽƌ
ŵĂũŽƌƌĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶLJŽƵƌ 55233 2.4 24216 1.0 161843 1.9 88372 1.2 40787 2.1 87398 3.0
ŚŽŵĞĞƚĐ
ŽůůĞĐƟŶŐĮƌĞǁŽŽĚĨŽƌ
53902 2.3 189773 8.0 188818 2.2 172321 2.2 89876 4.7 145116 5.0
ƚŚĞŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ
&ĞƚĐŚŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌĨŽƌƚŚĞ
111590 4.8 127351 5.4 249401 2.9 263186 3.3 108723 5.7 168857 5.8
ŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ
WƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌ
ŐŽŽĚƐĨŽƌŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ 12361 .5 50936 2.2 49089 .6 54382 .8 9794 .5 25859 .9
use
ƐƉĞŶƚůĂƐƚǁĞĞŬŽŶĂůů
240533 10.3 393295 16.5 1191735 12.8 970959 11.7 249180 13.1 427230 14.7
ƚŚĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ

Table 5.9b:- Current activities-Non-Market activities- Total hours spent on-(by total)
Total
Total Mean
Male Mean Female Mean

ŽǁŶĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƉůŽƚ͕ĨĂƌŵŽƌĨŽŽĚĞƚĐ 569,737 4.2 371,318 2.9 941,055 3.6

ĂŶLJĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽƌŵĂũŽƌƌĞƉĂŝƌƐŝŶLJŽƵƌŚŽŵĞ
257,863 2.0 199,986 1.6 457,849 1.8
etc

ŽůůĞĐƟŶŐĮƌĞǁŽŽĚĨŽƌƚŚĞŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ 332,596 2.6 507,209 3.8 839,805 3.2

&ĞƚĐŚŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌĨŽƌƚŚĞŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ 469,714 3.7 559,394 4.2 1,029,107 3.9

WƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌŐŽŽĚƐĨŽƌŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƵƐĞ 71,244 .6 131,177 1.1 202,421 .8

ƐƉĞŶƚůĂƐƚǁĞĞŬŽŶĂůůƚŚĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ 1,681,448 12.4 1,791,484 13.2 3,472,932 12.8

Figure 5.5b: Current activities-Non-Market activities- Total hours spent on by total

Other activities that the persons were engaged in include time taken to cook or serve food for the household (12% of the total hrs for non
market activities), hours taken cleaning utensils, house and washing clothes (12% of the total hrs for non market activities, hours taken
for looking after the children and for shopping for the household each consuming 9% of the total hours for non market activities. These
statistics are presented in Table 5.9b and Figure 5.5.

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Table 5.9(b): Other Activities - Total hours spent on each activity for the last seven days by district
Boroma ,ĂƌŐĞŝƐĂ Burao Total

йƟŵĞ
^Ƶŵ Mean ^Ƶŵ Mean ^Ƶŵ Mean ^Ƶŵ Mean
consumed

,ŽƵƌƐƚĂŬĞŶĐŽŽŬŝŶŐŽƌƐĞƌǀŝŶŐĨŽŽĚĨŽƌƚŚĞ
74783.0 1.5 664934.5 3.3 960706.0 11.2 1700423.5 5.0 ϭϮй
ŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ
,ŽƵƌƐƚĂŬĞŶůĞĂŶŝŶŐƵƚĞŶƐŝůƐ͕ŚŽƵƐĞĂŶĚ
451527.7 9.1 510301.0 2.6 643353.9 7.5 1605182.6 4.9 ϭϮй
ǁĂƐŚŝŶŐĐůŽƚŚĞƐ

,ŽƵƌƐƚĂŬĞŶŽŝŶŐŵŝŶŽƌŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƌĞƉĂŝƌƐ 67261.0 1.4 350260.0 1.9 135659.0 1.6 553180.0 1.7 ϰй

,ŽƵƌƐƚĂŬĞŶĂƌŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚĞŽůĚ͕ƐŝĐŬ 78802.0 1.6 250113.5 1.3 94342.0 1.1 423257.5 1.3 ϯй

,ŽƵƌƐƚĂŬĞŶ>ŽŽŬŝŶŐĂŌĞƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ 302777.0 6.1 471776.0 2.4 409291.0 4.8 1183844.0 3.5 ϵй

,ŽƵƌƐƚĂŬĞŶ^ŚŽƉƉŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚĞŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ 399379.5 8.0 371002.7 1.9 366111.6 4.3 1136493.7 3.5 ϵй

,ŽƵƌƐƚĂŬĞŶŽŝŶŐŽƚŚĞƌǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌLJŽƌ
59195.5 1.2 151260.5 .8 23474.0 .3 233930.0 .7 Ϯй
community service

dŽƚĂůŚŽƵƌƐƐƉĞŶƚŽŶŽƚŚĞƌĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ 1432339 28.5 2793525 13.8 2632872 30.1 6858737 20.1 ϰϵй

Figure 5.5c: Other Activities - Total hours spent on each activity for the last seven days by total

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 Chapter Six:
Discussions and Conclusions

Borama, Hargeisa & Burao have a youthful population with a relatively large dependency ratio of about 52 dependants for every 100
persons in the productive age range. The dependency ratios for urban and rural areas were 53% and 51% respectively suggesting that,
in both urban and rural areas, there is approximately 1 dependant for every 2 persons in the productive age range. This relatively high
dependency ratio puts a large economic burden on the working age population.

Based on the survey Àndings, Borama, Hargeisa & Burao’s labour force have relatively low education attainment compared to other LDCs
in general as well as other African countries. Only about one third of the population has completed secondary education as their highest
grade completed.

The proportions of those who have ever attended or completed school are 62% of males and 38% of females. Only 50% of children
aged 5 to 14 years (for both females and males) have ever attended or completed school. This would imply that a signiÀcant proportion of
school going children (up to 50%) could be missing out on formal schooling opportunities. In the next decade, these children are likely to
graduate into youths with little employable labour market skills. In addition, when the main reasons of not attending school are analyzed,
lack of adequate school infrastructure is a major cause (proxied by those reporting that “no school/school too far”). There is also some
evidence to suggest that there are perceptions (or realities) of low returns to education among households. Besides the low levels of
school attendance, there is also minimal formal vocational training among the population and most of the training is concentrated in the
urban areas and among males.

Labour force participation rates in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao are lower than the African average of about 65% in 2012 (UNECA, 2013)
and are estimated to be about 56% and 29% for males and females respectively in urban areas and 57% and 42% for males and females in
rural areas. The labour force participation rate across age groups for Borama, Hargeisa & Burao exhibits the typical inverted-U shape that
characterizes most economies. Borama, Hargeisa & Burao has relatively high levels of inactivity for those aged 15 and over – estimated
at 38% for males and 62% for females.

With respect to employment and unemployment, Borama, Hargeisa & Burao are characterized by a number of challenges including:

(i) A lower ratio of employment to population ratio among the youth – about 5% for both males and females for the 15-24 year olds
compared to 36% and 15% for males and females respectively for those aged 25-34 years and 42% and 23% for males and females
respectively for persons aged 35-54 years.
(ii) High levels of underemployment which may affect nearly half of all females and 60% of all males employed in the urban regions as
well as over 60% of rural workers (based on the desire to work for more hours in a typical work week).
(iii) A large proportion of workers in vulnerable employment. About half of all workers could be in vulnerable jobs. The females in
vulnerable jobs (deÀned as own account workers and contributing family workers) constitute about 65% of all currently employed
females while males in vulnerable employment were estimated at 46% of all currently employed males.

Given this state of affairs, it could be inferred that the interventions to address labour market challenges in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao
should go beyond the labour market and include other related social sector areas such as enhancing both access and retention in education.
Such interventions should be well targeted to encompass the poor.

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 Chapter Seven:
Key Survey Issues & Recommendations

1. Creation of employment opportunities

Persons with upper primary education have higher proportions of unemployment relative to secondary graduates who in turn
have larger proportions than those who have attained university education. Consequently, higher levels of education attainment
seem to be linked to lower proportions of the unemployment. This scenario could be attributed to either low investment in
productive sectors or mismatch of skills.
A relatively large proportion of workers are involved in agricultural activities (industry agriculture crops, agriculture herding
and agriculture others) which are usually associated with vulnerable employment. Own Account Employment is high and this is
deemed to be vulnerable and is female dominated.

1.2. Recommendation
a. Carry out employment proÀles to determine the needs.
b. Invest in growth oriented investment to provide employment to university graduates.
c. Work with private sector to promote indenture learnership to secondary graduates to increase employability chances.

. Equity and access to education

Based on the survey Àndings, Boroma, Hargeisa & Burao’s labour force have relatively low education attainment compared to
other LDCs in general as well as other African countries. Only about one third of the population has completed secondary
education as their highest grade completed.
The proportions of those who have ever attended or completed school are 62% of males and 38% of females. Only 50% of
children aged 5 to 14 years (for both females and males) have ever attended or completed school.

2.1. Recommendation
a) Conduct education facilities mapping to determine proximity versus the target population.
b) Provide necessary infrastructure to increase access to education for both males and females.
c) Carry out targeted campaigns to promote the essence of education including the nomadic communities and female
youths.
d) Collaborate with private sector to provide scholarship as incentives to school attendance.

 Increasing access to technical vocational education and training

Technical skills are an important ingredient to drive an economy. The survey found that one reason why there was no interest to
look for a job was due to Lack of skills/experience.

3.1. Recommendation
a) Carry out skills inventory to determine the level of technical skills ratio.
b) Establish skills enhancement centres targeting primary and secondary graduates.
c) Promote industrial attachment as a component to technical and vocational training in collaboration with employers and
chamber of industry.
 Enhancing positive perception to employment
Boroma, Hargeisa & Burao have a youthful population with a relatively large dependency ratio of about 52 dependants for every
100 persons in the productive age range. The dependency ratio is lower in urban areas (38%) than both the rural (47%) and
nomadic communities (57%).
Labour force participation rates in Boroma, Hargeisa & Burao are lower than the African average of about 65% in 2012
(UNECA, 2013) and are estimated to be about 56% and 29% for males and females respectively in urban areas and 57% and
42% for males and females in rural areas.
The labour force participation rate across age groups for Boroma, Hargeisa & Burao exhibits the typical inverted-U shape that

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 characterizes most economies. Boroma, Hargeisa & Burao has relatively high levels of inactivity for those aged 15 and over –
estimated at 38% for males and 62% for females.
4.1. Recommendation
a) Strengthening labour market information
b) Promote closer collaboration between institutions and industry
c) Establish and disseminate employment centres

5. Reduction of work related injuries and promotion of employment of people with disabilities
Work injuries cause suffering to the injured victims and their families. Permanent disabilities erode family resources as bread winners are
not able to access gainful employment. Of the injuries reported to have occurred at the place of worked, nearly half (47.7%) were leg
related injuries while slightly a third of the victims sustained sight related disabilities. Nearly all these cases were reported in sectors that
are more inclined to manufacturing and hence an indication that some of the injuries occur while handling machineries at place of work.

5.1. Recommendation
1. Conduct national occupational safety proÀle to include sector baseline survey on occupational safety and health risks and nature
of injuries.

2. Review and develop a safety and health system that includes, prevention of accidents, hazards management, enterprises safety
management mechanisms including workforce training.

3. In collaboration, develop safety awareness IEC materials.

4. Establish incentive programmes to support employers who will provide employment opportunities to the people with disabilities.

5. Strengthen work injury compensation mechanism.

. Promote social protection mechanisms

While there was no speciÀc reference to issues of social protection, it is evident that some of the eminent fears for job search
could be associated with some aspects of social protection such management of minimum wage, overtime/working time limits,
paid time off, social security (retirement, disability, death, sickness and health beneÀts), severance pay, and protection against
unjust dismissal.

 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV
1. Strengthen labour inspection services

2. Strengthen social security system

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 Annexes
Annex A: Sample Design and Implementation
The SLFS 2012 is a household based survey, which covered a sample of private households in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao. The SLFS
covered a sample of 1,656 clusters that had been selected with probability proportional to size (PPS). Once a cluster was identiÀed, a
listing of the households was prepared. In cases where a listing was not possible, an estimate of the current size of the cluster was used.
This was followed by a random selection of a sample of households. The survey intended to cover 12 households in each selected cluster.

Experiences from other surveys and several assumptions were made in order to estimate the required sample size, owing to missing
information. The assumptions included: a non-response rate of 10 per cent; an average household size is 6, and a design effect (GHII) of 2.
Table A.1 summarises the results from examining the effects of using different values of r (from 0.1 to 0.6), p (either 0.2 or 0.4) and e. The
table has considered the effect of using two possible values of the coefÀcient of variation (0.12 and 0.20); which gave absolute margins
of error 0.12r and 0.20r. The formula for determining the sample size was given by:

4(r )( 1  r )( f )( 1.1)
n
where: e 2 ( p )( nh )

nh is the average sample size

x
x r is the key variable of interest in the survey
x p is the proportion of the population that is affected by the variable of interest
x GHIIthe design effect, which is the ratio of the variance of this complex sample to the variance of a simple random sample of
the same size
x e is the margin of error that is acceptable for this survey at the 95 percent conÀdence level.

The resulting allocation of the sample for the LFS in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao is as indicated in table A.1.

Table A.1: Possible sample sizes for LFS, based on different values of r, p and e
CV1 CV2 CV1 CV2
r f P1 P2 CV1 CV2 & P1 & P1 & P2 & P2
0.1 2 0.2 0.4 0.12 0.20 4,583 1,650 2,292 825
0.2 2 0.2 0.4 0.12 0.20 2,037 733 1,019 367
0.3 2 0.2 0.4 0.12 0.20 1,188 428 594 214
0.4 2 0.2 0.4 0.12 0.20 764 275 382 138
0.5 2 0.2 0.4 0.12 0.20 509 183 255 92
0.6 2 0.2 0.4 0.12 0.20 340 122 170 61

It can be seen that the sample sizes vary substantially, from a low of 61 households to a high of 4,583 households. Subsequently it was
estimated that an overall sample of about 600 households per district would be adequate for this survey. The details of the proposed sample
design are shown in Table A.2.

Table A.2: Proposed allocation of the sample for the LFS in Borama, Hargeisa & Burao
District Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) Households
Urban Rural settled Nomadic Total Urban Rural settled Nomadic Total
Borama,
Hargeisa
& Burao
Borama 25 20 5 50 300 240 60 600
Hargeisa 30 15 5 50 360 180 60 600
Burao 25 20 5 50 300 240 60 600

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Total 80 55 15 150 960 660 180 1800

Districts
Bosasso 30 15 5 50 360 180 60 600
Gardo 25 20 5 50 300 240 60 600
Garowe 25 20 5 50 300 240 60 600
Total 80 55 15 150 960 660 180 1800

Grand total 160 110 30 300 1920 1320 360 3600

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Annex 1
Managers
11 Chief executives, senior ofÀcials and legislators
12 Administrative and commercial managers
13 Production and specialized services managers
14 Hospitality, retail and other service managers
Professionals
21 Science and engineering professionals
22 Health professionals
23 Teaching professionals
24 Business and administration professionals
25 Information and communications technology professionals
26 Legal, social and cultural professionals
Technicians and associate professionals
31 Science and engineering associate professionals
32 Health associate professionals
33 Business and administration associate professionals
34 Legal, social, cultural and related associate professionals
35 Information and communication technology associate professionals
Clerical support workers
41 General and keyboard clerks
42 Customer services clerks
43 Numerical and material recording clerks
44 Other clerical support workers
Service and sales workers
51 Personal service workers
52 Sales workers
53 Personal care workers
54 Protective services workers
6NLOOHGDJULFXOWXUDOIRUHVWU\DQGÀVKHU\ZRUNHUV
61 Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers
62 Market-oriented skilled forestry, Àshery and hunting workers
63 Subsistence farmers, Àshers, hunters and gatherers
Craft and related trades workers
71 Building and related trades workers, excluding electricians
72 Metal, machinery and related trades workers
73 Handicraft and printing workers
74 Electrical and electronic trades workers
75 Food processing, wood working, garment and other craft and related trades workers
Plant and machine operators, and assemblers
81 Stationary plant and machine operators
82 Assemblers
83 Drivers and mobile plant operators
Elementary occupations 91 Cleaners and helpers
92 Agricultural, forestry and Àshery laborers
93 Laborers in mining, construction, manufacturing and transport
94 Food preparation assistants
95 Refuse workers and other elementary workers
00 Armed forces occupations

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 Annex
A1 - Agriculture - crops
A2 - Agriculture - herding
A3 - Agriculture - other activities
A4 - Fishing
B - Mining and quarrying
C - Manufacturing
D - Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply E - Water supply, sewerage and waste management
F - Construction
G - Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
H - Transportation and storage
I - Accommodation and food service activities
J - Information and communication . - Financial and insurance activities
L - Real estate activities
M - Professional, scientiÀc and technical activities
N - Administrative and support service activities
O - Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
P - Education
Q - Human health and social work activities
R - Arts, entertainment and recreation
S - Other service activities
T - Households employing domestic personnel; Producing goods for home consumption
U - International organizations and bodies

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Annex C: Analysis Plan
Variable ĂƚĂdLJƉĞ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐĂůŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ dŽƉƌĞĂŬĞƌƐͬĂŶŶĞƌƐ KƵƚƉƵƚ
A4, A5 ^ƚƌŝŶŐ η͕й͕E Ͳ Frequency tables
Ϭϲ͕ϰ;ŝƐƚƌŝĐƚĐŽĚĞƐͿ͕ϱ;
^ŝŶŐůĞĐŽĚĞ й͕η͕E͕ District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06 ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲƚĂď
ůƵƐƚĞƌĐŽĚĞͿ͕Ϭϳ
B02,B03,B04, EƵŵĞƌŝĐͲ η͕й͕E͕є͕DĞĂŶ͕ ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲ
District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06
B05,B06,B07,B08,B09 ^ŝŶŐůĞĐŽĚĞƐ ŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ tab, corr matrix
ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲ
B10,B15 DƵůƟͲĐŽĚĞƐ η͕й͕E District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06
tab
B11,B12,B14, ^ŝŶŐůĞĐŽĚĞ η͕й͕ŵĞĂŶ͕ District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06 ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲƚĂď
ϭϲͲϮϮ ^ŝŶŐůĞĐŽĚĞ й͕η͕E͕ District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06 ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲƚĂď
ůƉŚĂͲ
B23 EƵŵĞƌŝĐͲŵƵůƟ η͕й͕E District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06 ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲƚĂď
code
EƵŵĞƌŝĐͲ η͕й͕E͕є͕DĞĂŶ͕ ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲ
ϬϭͲϬϲ District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06
^ŝŶŐůĞĐŽĚĞ ŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ tab, corr matrix
ϭϬĂͲϬϵ ^ŝŶŐůĞĐŽĚĞ η͕й͕E District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06 ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲƚĂď
ACTIVITY ^ŝŶŐůĞĐŽĚĞ η͕й͕E͕DE͕ District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06 ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲƚĂď
є͕DĞĂŶ͕
Numeric, E͕^ŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ
ϭϭͲϮϭ District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06 ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲƚĂď
^ŝŶŐůĞĐŽĚĞƐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞ;ďϭϳͬ
ďϭϴͿ͕;ϭϴͬϮϬͿ
η͕й͕E͕є͕DĞĂŶ͕
EƵŵĞƌŝĐͲ E͕ŽƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲ
ϬϭͲϬϳ District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06
^ŝŶŐůĞĐŽĚĞ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞ tab, corr matrix
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞ;Ϭϱ͕ϬϲͿ
ĂƐĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ
G01 Numeric є͕DĞĂŶ͕E District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06
summary
η͕й͕E͕DE͕KZZ ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲ
'ϬϮͲ'Ϭϳ ^ŝŶŐůĞĐŽĚĞ District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06
&dKZ tab, corr matrix
,ϬϭͲ,Ϭϲ ^ŝŶŐůĞĐŽĚĞ η͕й͕E District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06 ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲƚĂď
/ϬϭͲ/Ϭϴ ^ŝŶŐůĞĐŽĚĞ η͕й͕E District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06 ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲƚĂď
/ϬϭͲ/Ϭϴ ^ŝŶŐůĞĐŽĚĞ η͕й͕E District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06 ƵƐƚŽŵƚĂďůĞ͕ƌŽƐƐͲƚĂď
η͕͕E͕DE͕KZZ
Corr matrix, tables,
<ϭͲ>ϴ Numeric &dKZ͕Zd/K District/Region,A07,B03,AGE10,B05,B06
WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐ
^dd/^d/^

KEY
Measures
(a) %-Percentage distribution of responses
(b) #-Absolute counts of responses
(c) N-Total number of respondents
(d) Top break-The header/banner-the variable to analyze with
(e) ™-Sum of responses or cumulative total
(f) Mean-Sum total divided by number of respondents (N)
(g) signiÀcance test-A test to measure differences in responses to indicate whether the difference is signiÀcant or not
(h) SD-Standard deviation
(i) Data reduction-Compressing of data into few principal data components
(j) Mapping-Creating data correspondences to map out points with similar characteristics
(k) Corr-Correlation-measure of similarities between two variables
(l) Estimation-Creating a model to Àt into the data and explain future patterns

Output
(a) Case processing summary- Olap cubes-A summary statistic to giving sum totals
(b) Custom table-A data table customized to produce output of desired result with speciÀc headers
(c) Cross-tab-A cross analysis of one variable with another
(d) correspondence maps-A quantratic representation of data related points.

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Annex D: Population Estimates

Table 1: POPULATION ESTIMATES OF THE THREE DISTRICTS BY REGION 1995 – 2015 (Figures in hundreds)

Year Awdal Waalbaad Togdeer

1995 1380 3170 2320
1996 1408 3227 2368
1997 1439 3291 2423
1998 1473 3361 2484
1999 1509 3436 2555
2000 1548 3517 2632
2001 1589 3599 2708
2002 1635 3695 2798
2003 1683 3794 2891
2004 1731 3896 2985
2005 1780 3996 3081
2006 1835 4117 3187
2007 1888 4230 3290
2008 1939 4341 3388
2009 1989 4449 3485
2010 2039 4558 3582
2011 2090 4665 3681
2012 2143 4784 3783
2013 2198 4910 3886
2014 2255 5042 3991
2015 2312 5177 4097

Notes:
Borama – (Awdal) population estimate as at 2012 is 214, 300
Hargeisa – ([Link]) population estimate as at 2012 is 478, 400
Burao (Togdeer ) population estimate as at 2012 is 378, 300

The three highlighted regions above (urban population estimates) is 214,300, 478,400 and 378,300 respectively hence using the estimated
urban and rural populations, we compute the estimated urban and rural population of the three regions as shown herein below;-

Rural population refers to people living in rural areas as deÀned by national statistical ofÀces. It is calculated as the difference between
total population and urban population.

Importantly to note is that the World Bank estimates of rural population in Somaliland stands at 62.6%, hence the urban population
constitute 37.4%. Using these estimates, we compute the estimated urban and rural population for Hargeisa, Burao and Borama as shown
in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Estimated Urban and Rural Population for the Three regions, of interest

Population
Rank City Region
Rural Urban Total

1. Hargeisa Woqooyi Galbeed 299,478 178,922 478,400

2. Burao Togdheer 236,816 141,484 378,300

3. Borama Awdal 134,152 80,148 214,300
Total 670,446 400,554 1,071,000

Note: No data are available for the nomadic population of Somaliland, hence population estimates of the nomadic population for the
three Districts has not been computed either.

Table 3 estimates are derived from the estimates of the male and female population estimates by World Bank, 2012 of 51.2% male and
48.8% Female. Hence the population distribution, both rural and urban is presented in Table 3 herein below.

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Table 3: Estimated Urban and Rural Population for the three regions by Gender

Population by Locality & Gender

Rural Urban Total
Rank City Region
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Woqooyi
1 Hargeisa 153,333 146,145 299,478 91,608 87,314 178,922 244,941 233,459 478,400
Galbeed

2 Burao Togdheer 121,250 115,566 236,816 72,440 69,044 141,484 193,690 184,610 378,300

3 Borama Awdal 68,686 65,466 134,152 41,036 39,112 80,148 109,722 104,578 214,300
Total 343,268 327,178 670,446 205,084 195,470 400,554 548,352 522,648 1,071,000

Table 4 , Table 5, Table 6 and Table 7 gives the Population estimates by total and each region. The population proportions used to
estimate the population by age groups has been derived from World Bank estimates released in 2010 (attached as appendix A). The
proportions by age group are generated from the World Bank estimates are attached in an excel sheet.

Table 4: Population by age group, both urban & rural for ALL the THREE regions combined

Age Group Rural Urban Total

Male Female Male Female Male Female
0-4 32,440 29,377 19,381 17,552 51,822 46,929
5-9 31,096 28,097 18,578 16,788 49,674 44,885
10-14 30,723 27,794 18,356 16,606 49,079 44,400
15-19 30,858 28,052 18,436 16,761 49,294 44,813
20-24 30,694 28,293 18,338 16,905 49,032 45,198
25-29 28,046 26,156 16,756 15,628 44,801 41,783
30-34 25,212 23,664 15,063 14,139 40,275 37,802
35-39 24,539 23,161 14,661 13,838 39,200 37,000
40-44 22,928 21,724 13,698 12,980 36,626 34,704
45-49 20,006 19,257 11,953 11,506 31,959 30,763
50-54 17,400 16,892 10,395 10,093 27,795 26,984
55-59 15,156 14,965 9,055 8,941 24,211 23,906
60-64 11,284 11,614 6,742 6,939 18,026 18,553
65-69 8,218 8,825 4,910 5,273 13,128 14,098
70-74 6,457 7,479 3,858 4,468 10,314 11,947
75+ 8,212 11,806 4,906 7,054 13,119 18,860
TOTAL 343,269 327,157 205,084 195,470 548,353 522,627

Table 5: Hargeisa(Woqooyi Galbeed) Population by age group, both urban & rural

Age Group Rural Urban Total

Male Female Male Female Male Female
0-4 14,491 13,121 8,657 7,840 23,148 20,962
5-9 13,890 12,550 8,298 7,499 22,188 20,049
10-14 13,724 12,414 8,199 7,418 21,923 19,832
15-19 13,784 12,530 8,235 7,487 22,019 20,016
20-24 13,710 12,637 8,191 7,551 21,902 20,188
25-29 12,528 11,682 7,485 6,981 20,012 18,663
30-34 11,262 10,569 6,728 6,316 17,990 16,885
35-39 10,961 10,345 6,549 6,181 17,510 16,526
40-44 10,242 9,703 6,119 5,798 16,360 15,501
45-49 8,936 8,601 5,339 5,140 14,275 13,741

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 50-54 7,772 7,545 4,643 4,508 12,416 12,053
55-59 6,770 6,684 4,045 3,994 10,815 10,678
60-64 5,040 5,187 3,011 3,100 8,052 8,287
65-69 3,671 3,942 2,193 2,355 5,864 6,297
70-74 2,884 3,340 1,723 1,996 4,607 5,336
75+ 3,668 5,273 2,192 3,151 5,860 8,424
TOTAL 153,333 146,125 91,608 87,314 244,941 233,439

Table 6: Borama (Awdal) Population by age group, both urban & rural

Rural Urban Total

Age Group
Male Female Male Female Male Female
0-4 6,491 5,879 3,878 3,512 10,369 9,391
5-9 6,222 5,622 3,717 3,359 9,939 8,982
10-14 6,148 5,562 3,673 3,323 9,820 8,885
15-19 6,174 5,613 3,689 3,354 9,863 8,967
20-24 6,142 5,662 3,669 3,383 9,811 9,044
25-29 5,612 5,234 3,353 3,127 8,964 8,361
30-34 5,045 4,735 3,014 2,829 8,059 7,564
35-39 4,910 4,635 2,934 2,769 7,844 7,404
40-44 4,588 4,347 2,741 2,597 7,329 6,944
45-49 4,003 3,854 2,392 2,302 6,395 6,156
50-54 3,482 3,380 2,080 2,019 5,562 5,400
55-59 3,033 2,995 1,812 1,789 4,844 4,784
60-64 2,258 2,324 1,349 1,388 3,607 3,712
65-69 1,644 1,766 982 1,055 2,627 2,821
70-74 1,292 1,496 772 894 2,064 2,391
75+ 1,643 2,362 982 1,411 2,625 3,774
TOTAL 68,686 65,466 41,036 39,112 109,722 104,578

Table 6: Burao (Togdheer) Population by age group, both urban & rural

Age Group Rural Urban Total

Male Female Male Female Male Female
0-4 11,459 10,377 6,846 6,200 18,304 16,577
5-9 10,984 9,925 6,562 5,930 17,546 15,855
10-14 10,852 9,818 6,484 5,866 17,336 15,684
15-19 10,900 9,909 6,512 5,920 17,412 15,830
20-24 10,842 9,994 6,477 5,971 17,319 15,966
25-29 9,906 9,239 5,918 5,520 15,825 14,759
30-34 8,905 8,359 5,320 4,994 14,226 13,353
35-39 8,668 8,182 5,179 4,888 13,846 13,070
40-44 8,099 7,674 4,838 4,585 12,937 12,259
45-49 7,067 6,803 4,222 4,064 11,288 10,867
50-54 6,146 5,967 3,672 3,565 9,818 9,532
55-59 5,353 5,286 3,198 3,158 8,552 8,444
60-64 3,986 4,102 2,381 2,451 6,367 6,553
65-69 2,903 3,117 1,734 1,862 4,637 4,980
70-74 2,281 2,642 1,363 1,578 3,643 4,220
75+ 2,901 4,170 1,733 2,492 4,634 6,662
TOTAL 121,250 115,566 72,440 69,044 193,690 184,610

LFS survey Somaliland technically supported by ILO

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APPENDIX A: POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR THE THREE REGIONS USING WORLD BANK ESTIMATES

''ZKhW 2010 Hargeisa Burao Borama Total

Male
dKd>Dн& 6,839,593 WƌŽƉŽƟŽŶƐ DĂůĞ;ZƵƌĂůͿ DĂůĞ;ƵƌďĂŶͿ DĂůĞ;ZƵƌĂůͿ DĂůĞ;ZƵƌĂůͿ DĂůĞ;ƵƌďĂŶͿ DĂůĞ;ZƵƌĂůͿ DĂůĞ;hƌďĂŶͿ
;ƵƌďĂŶͿ
D>^
ϬͲϰ 325,923 ϵ͘ϰϱϬϰй 14,491 8,657 11,459 6,846 6,491 3,878 32,440 19,381
ϱͲϵ 312,414 ϵ͘Ϭϱϴϳй 13,890 8,298 10,984 6,562 6,222 3,717 31,096 18,578
ϭϬͲϭϰ 308,674 ϴ͘ϵϱϬϮй 13,724 8,199 10,852 6,484 6,148 3,673 30,723 18,356
ϭϱͲϭϵ 310,024 ϴ͘ϵϴϵϰй 13,784 8,235 10,900 6,512 6,174 3,689 30,858 18,436
ϮϬͲϮϰ 308,376 ϴ͘ϵϰϭϲй 13,710 8,191 10,842 6,477 6,142 3,669 30,694 18,338
ϮϱͲϮϵ 281,771 ϴ͘ϭϳϬϮй 12,528 7,485 9,906 5,918 5,612 3,353 28,046 16,756
ϯϬͲϯϰ 253,301 ϳ͘ϯϰϰϳй 11,262 6,728 8,905 5,320 5,045 3,014 25,212 15,063
ϯϱͲϯϵ 246,545 ϳ͘ϭϰϴϴй 10,961 6,549 8,668 5,179 4,910 2,934 24,539 14,661
ϰϬͲϰϰ 230,354 ϲ͘ϲϳϵϯй 10,242 6,119 8,099 4,838 4,588 2,741 22,928 13,698
ϰϱͲϰϵ 200,999 ϱ͘ϴϮϴϭй 8,936 5,339 7,067 4,222 4,003 2,392 20,006 11,953
ϱϬͲϱϰ 174,814 ϱ͘Ϭϲϴϵй 7,772 4,643 6,146 3,672 3,482 2,080 17,400 10,395
ϱϱͲϱϵ 152,271 ϰ͘ϰϭϱϮй 6,770 4,045 5,353 3,198 3,033 1,812 15,156 9,055
ϲϬͲϲϰ 113,371 ϯ͘Ϯϴϳϯй 5,040 3,011 3,986 2,381 2,258 1,349 11,284 6,742
ϲϱͲϲϵ 82,564 Ϯ͘ϯϵϰϬй 3,671 2,193 2,903 1,734 1,644 982 8,218 4,910
ϳϬͲϳϰ 64,870 ϭ͘ϴϴϭϬй 2,884 1,723 2,281 1,363 1,292 772 6,457 3,858
75+ 82,508 Ϯ͘ϯϵϮϰй 3,668 2,192 2,901 1,733 1,643 982 8,212 4,906
dKd> 3,448,777 343,269 205,084
&D>^ &ĞŵĂůĞ;ZƵƌĂůͿ &ĞŵĂůĞ;hƌďĂŶͿ &ĞŵĂůĞ;ZƵƌĂůͿ &ĞŵĂůĞ;ƵƌďĂŶͿ
ϬͲϰ 304,479 ϴ͘ϵϴϬй 13,121 7,840 10,377 6,200 5,879 3,512 29,377 17,552
ϱͲϵ 291,215 ϴ͘ϱϴϴй 12,550 7,499 9,925 5,930 5,622 3,359 28,097 16,788
ϭϬͲϭϰ 288,071 ϴ͘ϰϵϲй 12,414 7,418 9,818 5,866 5,562 3,323 27,794 16,606
ϭϱͲϭϵ 290,749 ϴ͘ϱϳϱй 12,530 7,487 9,909 5,920 5,613 3,354 28,052 16,761
ϮϬͲϮϰ 293,246 ϴ͘ϲϰϴй 12,637 7,551 9,994 5,971 5,662 3,383 28,293 16,905
ϮϱͲϮϵ 271,091 ϳ͘ϵϵϱй 11,682 6,981 9,239 5,520 5,234 3,127 26,156 15,628
ϯϬͲϯϰ 245,263 ϳ͘Ϯϯϯй 10,569 6,316 8,359 4,994 4,735 2,829 23,664 14,139
ϯϱͲϯϵ 240,055 ϳ͘ϬϴϬй 10,345 6,181 8,182 4,888 4,635 2,769 23,161 13,838
ϰϬͲϰϰ 225,163 ϲ͘ϲϰϬй 9,703 5,798 7,674 4,585 4,347 2,597 21,724 12,980
ϰϱͲϰϵ 199,593 ϱ͘ϴϴϲй 8,601 5,140 6,803 4,064 3,854 2,302 19,257 11,506
ϱϬͲϱϰ 175,076 ϱ͘ϭϲϯй 7,545 4,508 5,967 3,565 3,380 2,019 16,892 10,093
ϱϱͲϱϵ 155,103 ϰ͘ϱϳϰй 6,684 3,994 5,286 3,158 2,995 1,789 14,965 8,941
ϲϬͲϲϰ 120,370 ϯ͘ϱϱϬй 5,187 3,100 4,102 2,451 2,324 1,388 11,614 6,939
ϲϱͲϲϵ 91,467 Ϯ͘ϲϵϳй 3,942 2,355 3,117 1,862 1,766 1,055 8,825 5,273
ϳϬͲϳϰ 77,511 Ϯ͘Ϯϴϲй 3,340 1,996 2,642 1,578 1,496 894 7,479 4,468
75+ 122,365 ϯ͘ϲϬϵй 5,273 3,151 4,170 2,492 2,362 1,411 11,806 7,054
dKd> 3,390,816 ϭϬϬ͘ϬϬϬй 146,125 87,314 115,566 69,044 65,466 39,112 327,157 195,470

LFS survey Somaliland technically supported by ILO

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Annex E: Key Personnel
ILO Somalia
Mr Paul Crook Chief Technical Adviser
Mr Ilias Dirie Enterprise Development OfÀcer
George .olath Technical Adviser for Skills Development
Ms Najma Elmi IT specialist
Mr Mohamed Hassan Programme OfÀcer, Hargeisa
Mr Abdelmalik Jama Mohamed Programme OfÀcer, Garowe

UNDP Somalia
Mr Bernard Mokam Head, Poverty Reduction and Environmental Protection
Mr Sriram Pande Senior Economist, MDG/HDR
Mr Amir Baker (interest in Employers Survey)
Ms Mariam Alwi Project Manager, Statistics
Mr Sammy Oyombe Statistics Specialist

Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit – Somalia

Mr .amau Wanjohi Data Systems and Information Manager

UNICEF Somalia
Ms Sicily Matu M & E Specialist (Studies and Research)

Hargeisa University, Amoud University and Burao University

LFS survey Somaliland technically supported by ILO

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LABOUR FORCE SURVEY SOMALILAND 2012
REPORT ON BORAMA, HARGEISA & BURAO

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