RAILWAY, BRIDGE

AND
TUNNEL ENGINEERING

By
Ketki B. Dalal (K. S. Rangwala) REVISED

Edition : 2nd Revised and Enlarged Edition : 2016

ISBN : 9789385039133
Size : 170 mm × 240 mm
Binding : Paperback
` 350.00 BUY Pages : 560 + 16 = 576

ABOUT THE BOOK CONTENT

This book aims at presenting the topics of Railway, Bridge and Tunnel Engineering written in a SECTION I: RAILWAY ENGINEERING
simple manner. The subject-matter is characterized by comprehension as well as methodical   1 : INTRODUCTION
and easy-to-follow style.   2 : RAILWAY TRACK GAUGES
The Section I: Railway Engineering is well divided in to Thirteen chapters including Introduction;   3 : SURVEYS AND ALIGNMENT OF RAILWAY LINES
Railway track gauges; Surveys and alignment of railway lines; Railway traction; Rails; Sleepers;   4 : RAILWAY TRACTION
Ballast; Track fittings; Geometric design of a track; Resistance to traction; Points and crossings;   5 : RAILS
Railway stations and yards; Signalling and interlocking; etc.
  6 : SLEEPERS
The Section II: Bridge Engineering is well divided in to Nine chapters including Introduction;   7 : BALLAST
Bridge foundations; Sub-structures; Classification of bridges; Bridge flooring; Bridge bearings;
  8 : TRACK FITTINGS
Design of bridges; Construction and erection methods of bridge super-structure; Maintenance
  9 : GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF A TRACK
of the bridges; etc.
10 : RESISTANCE TO TRACTION
The Section III: Tunnel Engineering is well divided in to Nine chapters including General aspects
11 : POINTS AND CROSSINGS
of tunnelling; Alignment of a tunnel; Shafts and portals; Tunnelling in hard rock; Tunnelling in
soft ground; Tunnel lining; Lighting, ventilation and dust control in tunnels; Drainage of tunnels; 12 : RAILWAY STATIONS AND YARDS
Safety in tunnel construction; etc. 13 : SIGNALLING AND INTERLOCKING
The Appendix I gives Abbreviated Terms and Appendix II gives five solved examination papers SECTION II : BRIDGE ENGINEERING
of GTU. 14 : INTRODUCTION
Salient features of this book are: 15 : BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS
16 : SUB-STRUCTURES
* 346 Self-explanatory and neatly drawn sketches;
17 : CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES
* 32 Illustrative problems;
18 : BRIDGE FLOORING
* 40 Important useful tables;
19 : BRIDGE BEARINGS
* 590 Typical questions at the end of the chapters. 20 : DESIGN OF BRIDGES
The text-matter has been arranged systematically according to the curriculum developed by the 21 : CONSTRUCTION AND ERECTION METHODS OF
Gujarat Technological University (G.T.U.) for the Sixth Semester students of Civil Engineering BRIDGE SUPER-STRUCTURE
(Subject code: 160603) and also it should prove to be extremely useful to the Civil Engineering 22 : MAINTENANCE OF THE BRIDGES
students preparing for the Degree Examinations of all the Indian Universities, Diploma Exami- SECTION III: TUNNEL ENGINEERING
nations conducted by various Boards of Technical Education, Certificate Courses as well as for
23 : GENERAL ASPECTS OF TUNNELLING
the A.M.I.E., U.P.S.C., G.A.T.E., I.E.S. and other similar competitive and professional examina-
tions. It should also prove great of interest and practical use to the practising professionals. 24 : ALIGNMENT OF A TUNNEL
25 : SHAFTS AND PORTALS
26 : TUNNELLING IN HARD ROCK
27 : TUNNELLING IN SOFT GROUND
28 : TUNNEL LINING
29 : LIGHTING, VENTILATION AND DUST CONTROL IN
TUNNELS
30 : DRAINAGE OF TUNNELS
31 : SAFETY IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I ABBREVIATED TERMS
APPENDIX II GTU EXAMINATION PAPERS
Catalogue Checklist INDEX
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 RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING
DETAILED CONTENTS
Section I : RAILWAY ENGINEERING Chapter 6 SLEEPERS
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 6-1. Functions of sleepers
1-1. Brief history of railways 6-2. Types of sleepers
1-2. Importance of railways 6-3. Requirements of an ideal material for sleeper
1-3. Trends in modern railways 6-4. Materials for cross-sleepers
1-4. Trains of tomorrow (Maglev Trains) 6-5. Sleeper density
1-5. Automatic train operation QUESTIONS 6
1-6. Indian railways Chapter 7 BALLAST
1-7. Development of the Indian railway 7-1. Functions of ballast
1-8. Classification of Indian Railways
7-2. Requirements of an ideal material for ballast
1-9. Achievements of Indian Railways
7-3. Materials used as ballast
1-10. Future plan of indian railways
7-4. Size and quantity of ballast
QUESTIONS 1
7-5. Screening of ballast
Chapter 2 RAILWAY TRACK GAUGES QUESTIONS 7
2-1. Definition of gauge of track
Chapter 8 TRACK FITTINGS
2-2. Factors affecting the choice of a gauge
2-3. Types of gauges 8-1. Rail joints
2-4. Uniformity in gauges 8-2. Avoidance of rail joints
2-5. Loading gauge 8-3. Types of rail joints
2-6. Construction gauge 8-4. Requirements of an ideal fastening
2-7. Track capacity 8-5. Fastenings for rails
2-8. Electrification on the Indian railways 8-6. Fish-plates
QUESTIONS 2 8-7. Spikes, fang-bolts and hook-bolts
Chapter 3 SURVEYS AND ALIGNMENT OF RAILWAY LINES 8-7-1. Spikes
3-1. Reasons for laying a new railway line 8-7-2. Fang-bolts
3-2. Factors influencing the proposed route 8-7-3. Hook-bolts
3-3-1. Reconnaissance survey 8-8. Chairs and keys
3-3-2. Preliminary survey 8-9. Bearing-plates
3-3-3. Location survey QUESTIONS 8
3-3-4. Railway Electrification Survey Chapter 9 GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF A TRACK
3-4. Project report and drawings 9-1. Objections to curvature of track
3-5. Construction of new lines 9-2. Designation of a curve
QUESTIONS 3 9-3. Types of curves and limiting radius or degree of curvature
Chapter 4 RAILWAY TRACTION 9-4. Transition curves
4-1. Tractive effort of a locomotive 9-5. Super-elevation or cant
4-2. Track stresses 9-6. Factors affecting super-elevation
QUESTIONS 4 9-7. Speed of trains on curves
Chapter 5 RAILS 9-8. Cant Deficiency and Negative super-elevation
5-1. Permanent way and its requirements 9-9. Cant Excess
5-2. Functions of rails 9-10. Grade compensation on curves
5-3. Requirements of an ideal rail 9-11. Bending of rails on curves
5-4. Types of rails 9-12. Cutting of rails on curves
5-5. Steel for rails 9-13. Widening gauge on curves
5-6. Weight and section of rails 9-14. Spirals for mountain railways
5-7. Marking on rails 9-15. Switch-backs
5-8. Corrugated or roaring rails 9-16. Rack railways
5-9. Corrosion of rails 9-17. String-lining of curves
5-10. Length of rail 9-18. Tilting train
5-11. Welding of rails QUESTIONS 9
5-12. Wear of rails
Chapter 10 RESISTANCE TO TRACTION
5-13. Methods adopted to reduce wear of rails
10-1. Train resistances
5-14. Measuring wear of rails
10-2. Rolling stock
5-15. Renewal of rails
10-2-1. Locomotives
5-16. Failure of rails
10-2-2. Coaches
5-17. Coning of wheels
10-2-3. Wagons
5-18. Hogged rails
10-3. Train-brakes
5-19. Buckling
5-20. Creep of rails 10-4. Dynamometer car
5-20-1. Causes of creep QUESTIONS 10
5-20-2. Factors determining magnitude of creep Chapter 11 POINTS AND CROSSINGS
5-20-3. Results of creep 11-1. Purpose
5-20-4. Method of measuring the creep 11-2. Some definitions
5-20-5. Methods of correcting the creep 11-3. Sleepers laid for points and crossings
QUESTIONS 5 11-4. Steel for points and crossings

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 RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING
DETAILED CONTENTS
11-5. Switches 13-4-3. Slotting of signals
11-6. Shapes of switches 13-4-4. Detectors
11-7. Length of stock rails and tongue rails 13-4-5. Point lock and treadle or lock bar
11-8. Heel divergence or heel clearance 13-4-6. Interlocking of level-crossings
11-9. Switch angle 13-4-7. Interlocking standards
11-10. Throw of switch 13-4-8. Improvements in interlocking and signalling
11-11. Crossings QUESTIONS 13
11-12. Types of crossings Section II : BRIDGE ENGINEERING
11-13. Theoretical nose of crossing (T.N.C.) and actual nose of
crossing (A.N.C.) Chapter 14 INTRODUCTION
11-14. Crossing clearance 14-1. General
11-15. Crossing number 14-2. Importance of bridges
11-16. Crossing angle 14-3. Identification of bridges
11-17. Different types of leads and their calculations 14-4. Requirements of an Ideal Bridge
11-18. Laying of points and crossings 14-5. Selection of bridge site
11-19. Maintenance of points and crossings 14-6. Preliminary data to be collected for bridge project
11-20. Combinations of points and crossings 14-7. Stages of investigation
11-20-1. Cross-overs 14-8. Preliminary and final project drawings
11-20-2. Scissors cross-overs 14-9. Choice of bridge type
11-20-3. Slips 14-10. Components of a bridge
11-20-4. Fixed point 14-11. Approaches of bridge
11-20-5. Three throws 14-12. Economic span of a bridge
11-20-6. Tandems or double turnouts 14-13. Number of spans of a bridge
11-20-7. Gathering lines or ladder tracks 14-14. Afflux
11-20-8. Gauntlet tracks 14-15. Clearance and freeboard
11-20-9. Double junctions 14-16. Maximum flood discharge or High flood level (H.F.L.)
QUESTIONS 11 14-17. Length of a bridge
Chapter 12 RAILWAY STATIONS AND YARDS 14-18. Grip length
12-1. General 14-19. Linear waterway of a bridge
12-2. Definition of a station 14-20. Bridge alignment
12-3. Purposes of a railway station 14-21. Joints of bridge
12-4. Selection of site for a railway station 14-22. Handrails
12-5. Facilities required at railway stations 14-23. River training works
12-6. Classification of stations QUESTIONS 14
12-6-1. Operational classification Chapter 15 BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS
12-6-2. Functional classification 15-1. General
12-7. Platforms 15-2. Essential requirements of a good foundation
12-8. Staff quarters 15-3. General principles of design of bridge foundations
12-9. Goods traffic at wayside stations 15-4. Subsoil exploration
12-10. Catch sidings 15-5. Testing of soil samples
12-11. Definition of a yard 15-6. Types of foundations
12-12. Types of yards 15-7. Spread foundations
12-12-1. Passenger yards 15-8. Pile foundations
12-12-2. Goods yards 15-9. Caissons and Cofferdams
12-12-3. Marshalling yards 15-9-1. Classification of caissons
12-12-4. Locomotive yards 15-9-2. Materials used for the construction of caissons
12-13. Level-crossing 15-9-3. Requirements of a cofferdam
12-14. Ash-pits, ash-pans and examination pits 15-9-4. Uses of caissons
12-15. Drop pits 15-9-5. Uses of cofferdams
12-16. Water columns 15-9-6. Types of cofferdams
12-17. Triangles 15-9-7. Prevention of leakage in cofferdams
12-18. Turntables 15-9-8. Factors affecting design of a cofferdam
QUESTIONS 12 15-9-9. Difference between cofferdam and caisson
Chapter 13 SIGNALLING AND INTERLOCKING QUESTIONS 15
13-1. Objects of signalling Chapter 16 SUB-STRUCTURES
13-2. Classification of signals 16-1. General
13-2-1. Classification according to function 16-2. Abutments
13-2-2. Classification according to location 16-3. Piers
13-2-3. Special signals 16-4. Wing walls
13-3. Typical layouts 16-5. Setting out for piers and abutments
13-4. Interlocking 16-6. Materials for sub-structures
13-4-1. Essential principles of interlocking 16-7. Bridge inspection
13-4-2. Methods of interlocking QUESTIONS 16

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 RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING
DETAILED CONTENTS
Chapter 17 CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES 20-16. Design of bridge foundations
17-1. Introduction 20-17. Forces acting on different components of a bridge
17-2. Classification of bridges QUESTIONS 20
17-3. Classification of bridges according to material used
17-4. Classification of bridges according to the position of bridge Chapter 21 CONSTRUCTION AND ERECTION METHODS OF
floor BRIDGE SUPER-STRUCTURE
17-5. Classification of bridges according to the inter span relations 21-1. General
17-6. Classification of bridges according to the form or type of 21-2. Erection of steel girders
super-structure 21-3. Erection of steel truss bridges
17-7. Classification of bridges according to the method of clearance
21-4. Erection of suspension bridges
for navigation (Movable bridges)
17-8. Classification of bridges according to the length of span or 21-5. Construction of pre-stressed concrete super-structure
as per linear waterway 21-6. Erection of R.C.C. and pre-stressed girder bridges
17-9. Classification of bridges according to the road level relative 21-7. Formwork for arch bridges
to highest flood level (H.F.L.) QUESTIONS 21
17-10. Classification of bridges according to life or expected period
of service of super-structure Chapter 22 MAINTENANCE OF THE BRIDGES
17-10-1. Bridges with intermediate supports 22-1. General
17-10-2. Bridges without intermediate supports 22-2. Deterioration of bridges
17-10-3. Floating bridges 22-3. Bridge Failures
17-11. Classification of bridges according to flexibility of super- 22-4. Defects of bridges and their rectification
structure
22-5. Inspection of bridges
17-12. Classification of bridges according to the alignment
22-6. Posting of bridges
17-13. Classification of bridges according to level of crossing of
highways and railways 22-7. Rating of existing bridges
17-14. Classification of bridges according to method of connections 22-8. Rebuilding of bridges
adopted for different parts of super-structure 22-9. Testing and strengthening of bridges
17-15. Classification of bridges according to the function of a bridge 22-10. Maintenance of the bridges
17-16. Classification of bridges according to the degree of redundancy
QUESTIONS 22
17-17. Classification of bridges according to the loading
QUESTIONS 17 Section III: TUNNEL ENGINEERING
Chapter 18 BRIDGE FLOORING Chapter 23 GENERAL ASPECTS OF TUNNELLING
18-1. General 23-1. General
18-2. Factors affecting the choice of flooring material 23-2. Advantages and disadvantages of tunnelling
18-3. Requirements of a good flooring material
23-3. Advantages and disadvantages of open cuts
18-4. Types of floors
23-4. Alignment of a tunnel
18-5. Flooring materials
18-6. Drainage of floors 23-5. Classification of tunnels
QUESTIONS 18 23-6. Shape of tunnels
Chapter 19 BRIDGE BEARINGS 23-7. Size of tunnels
19-1. Definition 23-8. Problems in tunnelling
19-2. Purposes or functions of bearings QUESTIONS 23
19-3. Importance of bearings
Chapter 24 ALIGNMENT OF A TUNNEL
19-4. Free and fixed bearings
24-1. Investigations for tunnel site
19-5. Types of bearings
19-6. Materials for bearings 24-2. Setting out or alignment of tunnel
19-7. Bed blocks 24-3. Excavation
19-8. Maintenance of bearings 24-4. Excavation of tunnels in rock with machines
QUESTIONS 19 24-5. Blasting
Chapter 20 DESIGN OF BRIDGES QUESTIONS 24
20-1. General
Chapter 25 SHAFTS AND PORTALS
20-2. Buoyancy pressure
25-1. General
20-3. Centrifugal forces
20-4. Dead load 25-2. Advantages of shafts
20-5. Deformation stresses 25-3. Size of shafts
20-6. Earth pressure 25-4. Location of shafts
20-7. Erection stresses 25-5. Classification of shafts
20-8. Impact load 25-6. Construction of shafts in rock
20-9. Live load 25-7. Construction of shaft in soft ground
20-10. Longitudinal forces
25-8. Precautions for shaft sinking work in soft soil
20-11. Secondary stresses
20-12. Seismic load 25-9. Protection round the shaft opening
20-13. Temperature variation forces 25-10. Portals
20-14. Water pressure 25-11. Twin tunnels
20-15. Wind load QUESTIONS 25

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 RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING
DETAILED CONTENTS
Chapter 26 TUNNELLING IN HARD ROCK Chapter 28 TUNNEL LINING
26-1. General 28-1. Necessity of lining
26-2. Sequence of operations for tunnelling in rock 28-2. Objects of lining
28-3. Materials for lining
26-3. Faces of attack for tunnelling in rock
28-4. Sequence of lining a tunnel
26-4. Methods of tunnelling in rock QUESTIONS 28
26-5. Mucking
Chapter 29 LIGHTING, VENTILATION AND DUST CONTROL
26-6. Hauling
IN TUNNELS
26-7. Safety precautions in rock tunnelling 29-1. Tunnel lighting
QUESTIONS 26 29-1-1. Spacing of lights
Chapter 27 TUNNELLING IN SOFT GROUND 29-1-2. Types of tunnel lights
27-1. Soil classification 29-2. Ventilation in tunnels
29-2-1. Objects of tunnel ventilation
27-2. Choice of method
29-2-2. Requirements of tunnel ventilation
27-3. Methods of tunnelling in soft ground 29-2-3. Volume of air required
27-4. Forepoling method 29-2-4. Methods of ventilation
27-5. Needle beam method 29-2-5. Equipments for ventilation
27-6. Army method or case method 29-2-6. Permanent ventilation
27-7. American method 29-3. Dust control
QUESTIONS 29
27-8. English method
27-9. Belgian method Chapter 30 DRAINAGE OF TUNNELS
30-1. General
27-10. German method
30-2. Pre-drainage
27-11. Austrian method 30-3. Dewatering (Temporary drainage)
27-12. Liner plates method 30-4. Pumping (Temporary drainage)
27-13. Shield tunnelling 30-5. Permanent drainage
27-13-1. Dimensions of shield QUESTIONS 30
27-13-2. Parts of shield Chapter 31 SAFETY IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
27-13-3. Terms used with shield 31-1. General
27-13-4. Primary lining 31-2. Safety precautions in tunnelling
27-13-5. General steps of tunnelling with shield 31-3. Health protection
QUESTIONS 31
27-13-6. Shield tunnelling in different types of soils
APPENDICES
27-13-7. Common Equipments with shield
27-13-8. Stages of using the shield Appendix I ABBREVIATED TERMS
27-14. Timbering in soft soil tunnelling Appendix II GTU EXAMINATION PAPERS
QUESTIONS 27 Index

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