PHYSICS PROJECT (2019-2020)

To:
By:
Mr. Ramesh Babu Name: Yogesh
Class: 12th
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher Mr. Ramesh Babu as well
as our principal Mrs. Archana, who gave me this
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic Laser security system, which also
helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came
to know about so many new things I am really
thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents
and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.
 Index
1. Introduction
2. Aim
3. Theory
4. Materials Required
5. Circuit diagram
6. Procedure
7. Precautions
8. Working
9. Applications
10.Conclusion
11.Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
A laser alarm system operates by
projecting a beam of invisible laser
light across a doorway or window
opening. When the light is broken, it
activates a buzzer or alarm. The
principles are very similar to those of
lower tech burglar alarms. A laser
alarm requires only slightly more
sophisticated electronics and can be
put together by anyone with a
soldering gun and a knack for
tinkering with basic circuits and
transistors.
 AIM

To make and study the functions of a

Laser Security System.
 THEORY
This system for security uses the combination of
LASER light and LDR. The LDR module has an
onboard potentiometer to adjust the sensitivity
of LDR, so that it only senses laser light falling
onto it. The concept is quite simple and similar to
what we see in movies where antique, priceless
ornaments are protected under laser lights. As
someone crosses these lights, an alarm runs on to
indicate unauthorized presence. This project
works similarly. In normal conditions, where there
is always laser light falling on the LDR, the LDR
module always gives a high signal to
microcontroller. When someone crosses this laser
light, it will behave as an obstruction between the
LDR module and laser light, resulting in no light
falling on LDR. In such cases LDR module gives a
low signal to the microcontroller, which indicates
it to switch on an alarm.
 MATERIALS Required
• Electric buzzer
• LDR (Light Dependent Resistance)
• Breadboard
• 10k ohm Resistor
• 9V Battery
• Laser
• Connecting Wires
• Transistor
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 Procedure
1. Take the breadboard and mark its two extreme
sides, any one as positive and other as negative.
2. Use the circuit diagram and make the connections as
follows.
3. Punch in the transistor on the breadboard.
4. Connect the emitter of the transistor with negative
side of breadboard using a wire.
5. Connect the LDR with base of transistor and
negative side of breadboard.
6. Connect the buzzer with collector of transistor and
positive side of breadboard.
7. Now connect the 10k ohm resistor with base of
transistor and positive side of bread board.
8. Now connect the battery and at this time the buzzer
would be ringing.
9. Now drop the laser light upon the receptive surface
of the LDR and the buzzer stops ringing.
 Precautions
Cheap laser pointers that we find in most stores
are generally restricted to 5mW or less. These
are generally considered safe. However, it is still
possible to damage your eyes if you are not
careful. When working with lasers, it is a good
idea to wear the appropriate eye protection.
Avoid looking directly at the laser diode. Also
never point lasers at aircraft.
 Working
• This circuit is based on LDR(Light Depended
Resistor),variable resistor in which the resistance
varies according to the light intensity falling on
it.
• LDR and resistor R1 forms a potential driver
network which is the main
• The voltage drop across the LDR is used t drive
the transistor switch. When the voltage drop is
above cut in voltage(0.6v),the transistor is turn
ON.
• LDR has low resistance in the presence of light
and high resistance in the absence of light.
• In our security alarm, a laser light is allowed to
fall on the LDR continuously using 3 mirrors.
• Light from another source should not allowed to
fall on the LDR, so place the LDR in a box with a
single hole to pass laser.
• In this situation the resistance offered by LDR
is too low. Since the LASER light is continuously
• In this situation the resistance offered by LDR
is too low .Since the LASER light is continuously
allowed to fall on the LDR surface.
• Thus the voltage drop across the LDR is also low
[V=IR(Ohm’s Law)] which is insufficient to turn
ON the transistor, so the transistor remains off
state.
• When a person makes a blocks to the
continuously flow of LASER beam
• While resistance increases voltage drop also
increases when this voltage drop exceeds cut in
voltage of silicon NPN transistor(2N7000) it will
turn ON.
• Then current from vice starts flowing to ground
via the buzzer and transistor, which makes the
beep sound.
• The beep sound from the security alarm gives
the indication of some security failures.
 Applications
A laser security alarm is a system designed to
detect intrusion – unauthorized entry – into a
building or area. They are also called security
alarms, security systems, alarm systems, intrusion
detection systems, perimeter detection systems,
and similar terms.
Burglar alarms are used in residential,
commercial, industrial, and military properties for
protection against burglary (theft) or property
damage, as well as personal protection against
intruders. Car alarms likewise protect vehicles
and their contents. Prisons also use security
systems for control of inmates.
Some alarm systems serve a single purpose of
burglary protection; combination systems provide
both fire and intrusion protection. Intrusion
alarm systems may also be combined with closed-
circuit television surveillance systems to
automatically record the activities of intruders,
and may interface to access control systems for
electrically locked doors. Systems range from
small, self-contained noisemakers, to complicated,
multi-area systems with computer monitoring and
control.
 Conclusion
Laser security systems are a high tech
technology that used to be a part of home
security only available to the wealthy. It is
manually switch dependent sensors and a basic
alarm unit. Laser security system a person moves
in front of the sensor, that person triggers the
system’s alarm by cutting the laser. And the
alarm signals the security monitoring company and
local law enforcement. The basic alarm unit will
also sound a loud alarm. Both analysis and
experiment indicate that rather stringent
requirements must be met in order to obtain
efficient optical heterodyne detection. At some
wavelengths it may provide the only means of
overcoming noise and detect noise problems. The
operation of LDR depends upon the
photoconductivity process.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.encyclopedia.com
• www.sciencejournals.com
• www.zetascience.com
• www.scribd.com
• www.makezine.com
• www.electroschematics.com
• www.easycircuits.com
• www.youtube.com www.howcast.com